In a report for the BBC, Jon Kelly recounts how B. K. S. Iyengar rose from extreme poverty to become one of the most influential figures in bringing yoga to the Western world. After what Kelly described as a “poverty-racked childhood in Karnataka,” doctors predicted Iyengar would not live past 20.
He went on to play a central role in yoga’s international expansion, promoting its physical and mental health benefits to a global audience. Beyond popularizing the practice, Iyengar inspired generations to view yoga as a tool for resilience, cultural connection and shared well-being.
His legacy provides the foundation for this article, which examines how yoga initiatives intersect with poverty reduction efforts through programs contributing to community well-being and livelihood development across diverse communities.
Yoga and Poverty Reduction
Advocates point to several connections between yoga and poverty-related outcomes, including reduced chronic stress, improved overall health and decreased reliance on costly medical care. Some organizations promote self-reliance through complementary initiatives such as microloan programs, while others help young people and families address trauma and participate more fully in economic life.
Hands to Heart Center, a Boston nonprofit, provides more than 700 free yoga classes in branch libraries, community centers, detention units, domestic violence shelters, high-poverty schools, homeless shelters, public housing developments and residential treatment programs, according to HuffPost.
Susan Lovett, who works with low-income youths and families through the organization, said yoga “can be practiced by anyone, in any condition, in any location.” She said the practice fosters connection among participants despite differences in background and circumstance.
Lovett added that mindfulness may increase civic engagement. “I don’t think mindfulness alone positively affects income inequality,” she said, “but I do think that people who develop mindfulness practice often seek out others who do the same.”
Yoga and Community Development in China
Taking Susan Lovett’s observations on mindfulness and social engagement as context, similar approaches are underway in China.
In the remote village of Yugouliang, Lu Wenzhen, a government official tasked with improving economic prospects, introduced yoga after noticing health benefits in his own practice, according to Global Citizen.
“As a result, they were able to spend more time working in fields and felt encouraged to pursue new opportunities,” the report said. The village has developed a yoga center and tourist sites that contribute to local economic growth.
Wenzhen’s efforts are part of a broader anti-poverty strategy that includes modernizing transportation, investing in renewable energy and expanding health care access. Yugouliang’s focus on holistic well-being is presented as one component of efforts aimed at strengthening local resilience.
Foundations Supporting Communities in India
China is not the only country using yoga in efforts connected to poverty reduction. Yogi Ashokananda founded the Yogi Ashokananda Foundation in 2013 and its U.K. sister organization, the Ashok Tree Foundation, in 2014.
The group aims to “relieve the impoverished conditions and promote academic education, animal welfare, health and wellness in communities served,” according to the foundation’s website.
Programs include the Sita Devi Primary School, which educates children ages 4 to 10; daily nutritional meals for at-risk adults and schoolchildren; and monthly health camps at Yogiville led by an ayurvedic practitioner, focusing on women’s wellness, children’s health and stress management.
By addressing poverty, education, nutrition and wellness, the foundations aim to support economic and physical well-being for children and families.
In an interview with practicing yogi Ravi Pinniti in India, he said yoga has influenced his own life. When asked if yoga has made a difference, Pinniti responded, “Of course it did. It improved my discipline, stress management and overall physical health, influencing every aspect of my daily life,” and improved his decision-making approach.
When asked if yoga creates a sense of community and belonging, Pinniti replied, “Yes, very strongly, with people from different places and communities, creating a safe, accepting environment, especially for those who feel isolated. It gives people the strength to live life more fully.”
The Africa Yoga Project in Kenya
In Africa, Paige Elenson founded the Africa Yoga Project in 2007 as an outreach program to train yoga instructors from Kenya’s poorest communities. “The goal is to help the teachers spread health and well-being throughout their communities while also providing them with a stable income,” the organization said.
The program operates in some of Nairobi’s largest informal settlements, including Kawangware, Korogosho, Kibera, Mathare and Kangemi. Twenty-one-year-old Walter Mugwe said yoga changed his life. “Three years ago, I was drinking and smoking marijuana, which sometimes led to violence,” he said. “That has since subsided.”
Haydee Bangerezako of the BBC reported that the program has 42 teachers working with nearly 2,000 students each week in close to 50 locations. Workshops are held in community halls, schools, prisons and other organizations.
Looking Ahead
From the resilience of B. K. S. Iyengar to community initiatives in Asia and Africa, yoga’s reach now extends beyond personal practice. While yoga alone cannot address systemic inequality, organizations are incorporating it into broader programs aimed at strengthening well-being, supporting livelihoods and fostering community engagement.
In villages, urban centres and underserved communities worldwide, practitioners are demonstrating that improved health and shared purpose can help lay the groundwork for opportunity and ease international poverty. After all, “the organized actions of mindfulness practitioners who focus on social justice can be powerful.”
As these efforts continue to expand, yoga’s enduring lesson remains clear: sustainable change often begins within — and, when nurtured collectively, can ripple outward to transform lives and livelihoods across generations.
– Gemma Nailer
Gemma is based in Manchester and focuses on Good News, Global Health for The Borgen Project.
Photo: Flickr
Hunger in Kericho: Nishkam Projects’ Feeding Program
This systemic challenge is reflected in recent regional data. Kenya’s regions of Kericho and Tharaka Nithi experienced sharp increases in poverty from 2021 to 2022 and the figures have been slowly climbing since. Poverty in Kericho County increased from 39.8% in 2021 to 47.8% in 2022.
Time and time again, a pattern emerges where children are frequently the first to suffer the consequences of this economic instability.
The Importance of School Meals
Simply put, school meals can hold the key to unlocking a truly accomplished education and a pathway out of poverty. School meal programmes protect households from hunger and mitigate the effects of rising food costs by offering a consistent supply of food at no cost to families, saving 10–20% of their yearly food expenses.
The development of jobs is another indication of the economic potential. Globally, for every 100,000 students fed, school lunch programs provide around 1,591 cooking job opportunities. Every $1 invested in feeding programs yields $7 to $35 in economic benefits, making them widely recognized as high-return investments in decreasing poverty.
Hungry children are less likely to attend school on a regular basis and are more likely to fall behind when they do, according to several studies. Hunger impairs focus, memory and engagement, which undermines the very education that would provide a means of escaping poverty. Therefore, food insecurity not only reflects existing inequality; it actively perpetuates it. School meals are increasingly understood as being much more than a simple plate of food.
Nishkam Projects Kericho
Against this backdrop of rising food insecurity, Nishkam Projects Kericho has become a locally based response to child hunger that prioritises community and humanity. The organisation collaborates with local communities and schools to provide children from low-income homes with regular meals so that hunger will not deter them from attending school.
The Sikh values of communal duty and sewa (selfless service) have shaped a larger humanitarian legacy that encompasses Nishkam’s work in Kericho. Instead of seeing hunger as a temporary crisis, the organization approaches it as a structural issue that requires ongoing dedication and long-term presence.
This philosophy is articulated by Bhai Sahib Mohinder Singh Ji, Chairman of the Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha and philanthropist, recently honored by Kipsigis elders in Kericho for his leadership in peace and service.
He explains the deeper motivation behind the initiative: “When people become disconnected from God, they become disconnected from creation — and when that happens, compassion disappears.” Nishkam Projects’ work seeks to bring back these connections, foster community and place compassion at the forefront of action. By incorporating its feeding program within educational institutions such as Highlands Primary School, the organization promotes a broader ethic of care while addressing pressing nutritional needs.
It centers around notions of mutual responsibility. Poverty exists when wealth is not shared, and inequality increases when individuals and communities no longer feel obligated to one another. As Bhai Sahib Ji illustrates: “When people lose that connection, greed takes over. They want more and more, and they stop wanting to share.”
In a world where widespread poverty and food waste coexist, this insight resonates strongly. Each year, a significant amount of food is wasted, despite the fact that millions of children lack access to even one consistent meal. By basing its feeding programs on seva, Nishkam Projects frames hunger as a societal issue that can be addressed through collective action.
Positive Impacts
The classroom at Highlands Primary School in Kericho demonstrates the effects of regular school meals. As Bhai Sahib Mohinder Singh explains: “Children are the most vulnerable, and they are our future. If you want a good future, you must look after the children.” He adds that hunger affects children with particular force because of their dependence on others. “If there is no compassion, they are the first to suffer.” By embedding feeding within the school day, Nishkam’s programme protects children from the immediate effects of food insecurity while also supporting long-term development goals.
A basic daily meal acts as a stabilising factor, supporting education, strengthening households and helping interrupt cycles of hunger that can pass from generation to generation. Nishkam Projects Kericho sees education as the key to long-term development, while feeding programs address urgent hunger. In this way, food serves as a foundation rather than an endpoint. It stabilizes children’s lives so learning, growth and future opportunities become possible.
Without education, efforts to alleviate hunger risk becoming recurrent. With it, communities can begin to escape chronic poverty. Bhai Sahib Mohinder Singh emphasizes that “good education, value-led education,” must accompany material support.
The Principle of Langar
This legacy of sharing food is embedded at the heart of another Sikh tradition: Langar. A centuries-old practice, Guru Ka Langar began in Punjab in the fifteenth century by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Langar embodies the Sikh virtues of sharing, community, inclusivity and the fundamental oneness of mankind.
Food is prepared collectively, shared freely and consumed side by side, with no distinction between those who give and those who receive. As Bhai Sahib Ji explains: “We prepare langar and everyone sits in the same line, at the same level, sharing the same meal.” By eliminating social status symbols, langar reframes food distribution as a gesture of solidarity rather than charity. No hierarchy places one group above another. Instead, the shared meal affirms Bhai Sahib Ji’s idea: “The wealthy person and the poor person are brothers.”
In the context of tackling hunger in Kericho, this approach carries particular significance. Food insecurity is often associated with stigma, reinforcing feelings of shame and exclusion among those who are struggling. By maintaining dignity and encouraging a sense of belonging, Langar actively counters this trend.
By basing its feeding programs on the philosophy of langar, Nishkam Projects provides more than just food. It provides a framework for addressing poverty that prioritizes equality, respect and shared humanity.
Nishkam Peace Festival, Kericho
Beyond schools and feeding programs, Nishkam’s dedication to ending hunger in Kericho reaches into the community’s broader social fabric.
This was particularly visible during Kericho’s Nishkam Peace Festival, when children from different schools gathered for a day of performances. Spoken-word, dance and music brought families and community members together.
The langar practice was central to the celebration. A free community meal, prepared and served in the same spirit of equality that guides Nishkam’s broader work, was extended to all children. The reasoning behind such initiatives is straightforward, as Bhai Sahib Ji observes: “Helping others becomes natural if we see all of humanity as one family.”
The Peace Festival in Kericho demonstrated how community, culture and langar can come together to promote harmony.
Looking Ahead
The demand for solutions that address both the material and social dimensions of poverty continues to grow. Nishkam Projects Kericho illustrates how combining values-driven action with practical programs can support children and communities facing food insecurity.
– Prubleen Bhogal
Photo: Needpix
The Impact of IMF Debt Restructuring in Zambia
Sovereign Domestic Debt in Zambia
In 2019, Zambia’s external debt totaled almost $16 billion. A combination of declining national GDP, increased borrowing for commercial projects and a sustained fiscal deficit, further entrenched by the global financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, left the country unable to maintain economic growth.
Much of this debt was also worsened by inflexible loan agreements with bilateral lenders. As a result, the type of debt Zambia accumulated carried higher interest rates and strict repayment deadlines that the country struggled to meet.
Before defaulting on its November 2020 payment, Zambia’s debt-to-GDP ratio, a key indicator used by the IMF to calculate a country’s ability to repay debt, was nearing 103%. The IMF expects that countries with ratios below 60% are more able to repay loans effectively and sustainably. Ratios above this level indicate a high risk of economic default.
Conditions in Zambia were classified as extreme poverty under the United Nations (U.N.) frameworks, with more than half of the citizens living on less than $2 per day.
The Gamble of Restructuring
In response to growing trends of debt defaults and fiscal instability in low-income countries, the IMF and the World Bank launched two initiatives aimed at providing debt relief and encouraging poverty reduction strategies: the 1996 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the 2005 Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).
Support from these institutions allowed countries with the highest debt-to-GDP ratios to access comprehensive debt relief. These programs expanded following the COVID-19 pandemic, which disrupted global economic growth and placed pressure on international trade. The expansion produced the G20 Common Framework.
After defaulting in November 2020, Zambia applied for debt treatment under this framework. The goal was to temporarily stabilize debt levels while also improving fiscal management.
The application was formally accepted in the summer of 2022. Zambia received a 38-month ECF worth $1.3 billion, which the IMF increased to $1.7 billion in 2024. Upon approving the ECF terms, the IMF stated that efforts to alleviate Zambia’s debt distress would include increased social spending to “improve access to basic social services… [provide] a critical mitigant against food insecurity… and [increase] spending on health and education.”
The Impact of IMF Debt Restructuring in Zambia
Alongside institutional reforms aimed at preventing future debt mismanagement, IMF debt restructuring in Zambia has also produced several developments affecting citizens’ daily lives.
Across the health and education sectors, the ECF agreement allowed the Zambian government greater fiscal freedom to recruit “tens of thousands of teachers and health workers.” This expansion has improved access to education and strengthened service delivery in clinics and hospitals.
The government also expanded the Social Cash Transfer (SCT) scheme, which provides welfare payments to the country’s most vulnerable and excluded families. More than 1 million households were expected to receive support by the end of 2022.
Although current data remains limited due to gaps in surveys and census collection, the Civil Society for Poverty Reduction in Zambia reports that poverty remains widespread, reaching about 60% of the population in 2024. However, the organization notes that long-term economic stabilization may help lift millions of Zambian households out of poverty.
Some indicators of stabilization have already appeared. Inflation has declined steadily for more than a year and GDP growth has returned for the first time since before the COVID-19 pandemic.
Zambia’s ECF deal officially ended in October 2025. In reviewing progress, the IMF reported earlier this year that while fiscal restructuring during the 38 months showed progress, long-term sustainability will depend on the Zambian government maintaining these reforms independently.
Implementing Positive Social Change
Strategic initiatives like those led by the IMF still face barriers to comprehensive poverty reduction. One of the most significant challenges is the time required to negotiate funding and relief terms.
Zambia’s government waited nearly two years for its agreement to move forward. Other countries in the region, including Ethiopia, Ghana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have also experienced delays ranging from months to years before reaching similar agreements.
Some scholars attribute these delays to rigid institutional processes or lingering structural inequalities in global financial systems. The IMF instead points to “delays on structural conditionality” as a key factor slowing negotiations.
Looking Ahead
Despite the challenges, Zambia offers one example of how IMF-supported debt restructuring and ECF programs can provide low-income countries with a structured pathway out of financial crisis. These programs aim to restore macroeconomic stability while protecting essential social spending during broader institutional reforms.
By combining fiscal reform with commitments to health, education and social services, such programs seek to address immediate economic pressures while strengthening long-term fiscal capacity. The impact of IMF debt restructuring in Zambia illustrates how coordinated relief, fiscal reform and targeted social investment can help move a country from default toward stability and create a foundation for sustainable growth and gradual poverty reduction.
– Hannah Michie
Photo: Flickr
Yoga and Poverty Reduction in China, India and Africa
He went on to play a central role in yoga’s international expansion, promoting its physical and mental health benefits to a global audience. Beyond popularizing the practice, Iyengar inspired generations to view yoga as a tool for resilience, cultural connection and shared well-being.
His legacy provides the foundation for this article, which examines how yoga initiatives intersect with poverty reduction efforts through programs contributing to community well-being and livelihood development across diverse communities.
Yoga and Poverty Reduction
Advocates point to several connections between yoga and poverty-related outcomes, including reduced chronic stress, improved overall health and decreased reliance on costly medical care. Some organizations promote self-reliance through complementary initiatives such as microloan programs, while others help young people and families address trauma and participate more fully in economic life.
Hands to Heart Center, a Boston nonprofit, provides more than 700 free yoga classes in branch libraries, community centers, detention units, domestic violence shelters, high-poverty schools, homeless shelters, public housing developments and residential treatment programs, according to HuffPost.
Susan Lovett, who works with low-income youths and families through the organization, said yoga “can be practiced by anyone, in any condition, in any location.” She said the practice fosters connection among participants despite differences in background and circumstance.
Lovett added that mindfulness may increase civic engagement. “I don’t think mindfulness alone positively affects income inequality,” she said, “but I do think that people who develop mindfulness practice often seek out others who do the same.”
Yoga and Community Development in China
Taking Susan Lovett’s observations on mindfulness and social engagement as context, similar approaches are underway in China.
In the remote village of Yugouliang, Lu Wenzhen, a government official tasked with improving economic prospects, introduced yoga after noticing health benefits in his own practice, according to Global Citizen.
“As a result, they were able to spend more time working in fields and felt encouraged to pursue new opportunities,” the report said. The village has developed a yoga center and tourist sites that contribute to local economic growth.
Wenzhen’s efforts are part of a broader anti-poverty strategy that includes modernizing transportation, investing in renewable energy and expanding health care access. Yugouliang’s focus on holistic well-being is presented as one component of efforts aimed at strengthening local resilience.
Foundations Supporting Communities in India
China is not the only country using yoga in efforts connected to poverty reduction. Yogi Ashokananda founded the Yogi Ashokananda Foundation in 2013 and its U.K. sister organization, the Ashok Tree Foundation, in 2014.
The group aims to “relieve the impoverished conditions and promote academic education, animal welfare, health and wellness in communities served,” according to the foundation’s website.
Programs include the Sita Devi Primary School, which educates children ages 4 to 10; daily nutritional meals for at-risk adults and schoolchildren; and monthly health camps at Yogiville led by an ayurvedic practitioner, focusing on women’s wellness, children’s health and stress management.
By addressing poverty, education, nutrition and wellness, the foundations aim to support economic and physical well-being for children and families.
In an interview with practicing yogi Ravi Pinniti in India, he said yoga has influenced his own life. When asked if yoga has made a difference, Pinniti responded, “Of course it did. It improved my discipline, stress management and overall physical health, influencing every aspect of my daily life,” and improved his decision-making approach.
When asked if yoga creates a sense of community and belonging, Pinniti replied, “Yes, very strongly, with people from different places and communities, creating a safe, accepting environment, especially for those who feel isolated. It gives people the strength to live life more fully.”
The Africa Yoga Project in Kenya
In Africa, Paige Elenson founded the Africa Yoga Project in 2007 as an outreach program to train yoga instructors from Kenya’s poorest communities. “The goal is to help the teachers spread health and well-being throughout their communities while also providing them with a stable income,” the organization said.
The program operates in some of Nairobi’s largest informal settlements, including Kawangware, Korogosho, Kibera, Mathare and Kangemi. Twenty-one-year-old Walter Mugwe said yoga changed his life. “Three years ago, I was drinking and smoking marijuana, which sometimes led to violence,” he said. “That has since subsided.”
Haydee Bangerezako of the BBC reported that the program has 42 teachers working with nearly 2,000 students each week in close to 50 locations. Workshops are held in community halls, schools, prisons and other organizations.
Looking Ahead
From the resilience of B. K. S. Iyengar to community initiatives in Asia and Africa, yoga’s reach now extends beyond personal practice. While yoga alone cannot address systemic inequality, organizations are incorporating it into broader programs aimed at strengthening well-being, supporting livelihoods and fostering community engagement.
In villages, urban centres and underserved communities worldwide, practitioners are demonstrating that improved health and shared purpose can help lay the groundwork for opportunity and ease international poverty. After all, “the organized actions of mindfulness practitioners who focus on social justice can be powerful.”
As these efforts continue to expand, yoga’s enduring lesson remains clear: sustainable change often begins within — and, when nurtured collectively, can ripple outward to transform lives and livelihoods across generations.
– Gemma Nailer
Photo: Flickr
Syrian Refugee Entrepreneurship in Turkey
According to the World Bank, Syrian youth in Turkey increasingly start businesses as a pathway to economic empowerment, navigating formal and informal markets despite legal and financial constraints. These enterprises range from retail and services to manufacturing, creating jobs for both refugees and Turkish citizens. This growing business activity highlights how migrant entrepreneurship can contribute to a host country’s economy by generating income, expanding local markets and supporting poverty reduction. Syrian refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey shows how displaced communities can build economic opportunities despite challenging circumstances.
The Scale of Syrian Refugee Entrepreneurship in Turkey
Since the start of the Syrian conflict in 2011, many Syrians living in Turkey have moved beyond informal work and started their own businesses. Research from the Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey indicates that more than 10,000 Syrian-owned companies have been officially registered across the country. These businesses operate in sectors such as retail, trade, manufacturing and food services, reflecting both market demand and the needs of local communities.
Syrian-owned businesses are especially concentrated in cities such as Istanbul, Gaziantep, Hatay and Mersin, where strong trade networks and geographic proximity to Syria support commercial activity. In industrial centers like Gaziantep, Syrian entrepreneurs also contribute to regional trade connections and export activity.
On average, Syrian-owned firms employ between five and nine workers, including both Syrian refugees and Turkish citizens. This level of activity shows that Syrian refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey has moved beyond subsistence strategies and now contributes to local labor markets and small business ecosystems.
Economic Contributions: Jobs and Market Expansion
Syrian refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey also plays a growing role in job creation and market expansion. Since the start of the Syrian conflict, thousands of Syrian-owned businesses have opened across the country, operating in sectors such as retail, manufacturing and food services. These enterprises generate employment opportunities for both refugees and Turkish citizens.
Studies show that Syrian small and medium-sized businesses employ around seven workers on average, strengthening local labor markets and supporting small business ecosystems. In addition to employment, Syrian entrepreneurs contribute to trade networks that connect Turkish markets with partners across the Middle East. Through investment, production and cross-border commerce, Syrian-owned businesses increasingly support economic activity in the regions where they operate.
Challenges and Barriers for Syrian Entrepreneurs
Despite the growth of Syrian-owned businesses, refugee entrepreneurs in Turkey still face several structural barriers. Access to finance remains one of the most significant challenges, as many refugees lack the credit history or collateral required by formal financial institutions. Language barriers and unfamiliar administrative procedures can also make business registration and regulatory compliance more difficult.
Limited access to professional networks and business support services may restrict opportunities for growth and market expansion. Although Turkey introduced work permit regulations for refugees under temporary protection in 2016, many entrepreneurs still face difficulties navigating the formal business environment. Addressing these barriers remains important to help refugee-led businesses reach their full economic potential and expand their contributions to local economies.
Programs Supporting Refugee Entrepreneurship
Several international organizations and local initiatives support refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey. Programs led by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and other partners focus on strengthening refugee-led businesses through training, mentorship and policy guidance. These initiatives promote entrepreneurship as a pathway to sustainable livelihoods while also encouraging economic cooperation between refugees and host communities.
Local initiatives such as the İMECE Project also support refugee entrepreneurs by providing training and networking opportunities. Supported by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Habitat Association, the program has trained more than 9,000 participants and helped develop new refugee-led businesses. These initiatives demonstrate how targeted support programs can help transform refugee entrepreneurship into long-term economic opportunities that benefit both refugees and local communities.
Looking Ahead
Syrian refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey illustrates how displaced communities can contribute to economic growth when given opportunities to participate in local markets. By creating businesses, generating employment and strengthening trade networks, Syrian entrepreneurs increasingly support economic activity in the regions where they live. Continued support through training programs, inclusive policies and business development initiatives can help expand these contributions and promote long-term economic resilience for both refugees and host communities.
– Elif Oktar
Photo: Flickr
Substance Abuse and Poverty in India: A Vicious Cycle
These substances have led to serious addiction among young and old generations alike. They have also played roles in increasing fatal road accidents, criminal activity and, of course, poverty. Over the years, the government has focused on building rehabilitation centers and raising awareness among the public.
That being said, the lower-income strata of the Indian economy still show higher risks of falling into substance abuse and the subsequent negative consequences. This has prompted the Indian government to give more attention to dismantling the nuances surrounding the issue.
An Overview of Substance Abuse and Poverty in India
In the last two decades, several researchers have focused on the correlation between poverty and substance abuse. Substance abuse in the form of chewing tobacco, consuming alcohol and cannabis remained the point of study. Results suggest that populations residing below the poverty line are more prone to abusing and getting addicted to these substances.
A 2016 PubMed study reported that 72% of abusers in its sample were laborers or individuals from lower-income strata. Furthermore, slum areas have emerged as key regions for substance abuse among children, including glue and other inhalants. Children often turn to these substances to cope with harsh living conditions, such as extreme cold or unsanitary environments.
Thirdly, substance abuse is also highly prevalent among convicted offenders. A 2025 study found that moderate substance users exhibited higher risks of criminal behavior, while low-level users showed lower risks of unstable or criminogenic traits. These findings highlight the harmful effects of substance use on impoverished communities and underscore the additional risk factors to which these substances expose vulnerable populations.
Substances as Cause and Effect of Being Poor
When looking at causative factors for the correlation of substance abuse and poverty in India, more complex aspects arise. Experts state that most tobacco and alcohol industries target customers from low-income families. They keep prices and accessibility cheap with discounts to facilitate affordability.
Industry leaders present these substances as an escapism for people with low incomes from their harsh realities. Many studies state that people turn to substances as a coping mechanism to endure the hardships of everyday life. However, the result is that these substances further deteriorate living conditions.
Statistics show that tobacco use increases the likelihood of a household being pushed into poverty by 3.4% to 3.7%. Furthermore, addicted individuals often spend large portions of their limited income on tobacco or alcohol. Addiction and increased substance use also lead to major diseases, such as cancer and liver cirrhosis.
This, in turn, pushes households further into poverty, especially since these individuals are often the primary earners in their families. Thus, substance abuse both initiates and sustains a vicious cycle within impoverished communities in India.
Why Does Breaking the Cycle Matter?
A vicious cycle, such as the one between substance abuse and poverty in India, requires targeted attention. Experts say that breaking the cycle requires increased awareness and education. While the ideal solution would be the elimination of these substances, moderating use or preventing addiction can be a starting point.
Intervention and awareness strategies remain the foremost requirement in combating substance abuse, which contributes to poverty. Over the years, the government has worked to include these topics in school curricula and many outreach programs exist today. Many NGOs also conduct regular awareness sessions in impoverished communities, educating people about the harmful effects of substance use.
These sessions play a vital role in raising awareness and caution among people exposed to these substances. Furthermore, governments and nonprofits have established numerous correctional and rehabilitation institutions to help those addicted to tobacco, alcohol and cannabis.
Governmental Schemes and Correctional Institutions
The Indian government has introduced several intervention strategies to reduce and mitigate the negative impacts of substance abuse. A detailed report published in 2023 explored the various programs launched in the last two decades, including the National Tobacco Control Program (NTCP). The NTCP, introduced in 2007–2008, works strategically to cover all regions of the nation.
This task force takes a multifaceted approach to preventing tobacco addiction and abuse. It organizes awareness programs for the public, collaborates with schools to educate children and partners with NGOs to help affected individuals quit. The NTCP has also partnered with the WHO to set up 19 tobacco cessation clinics since 2005.
The report also states that the latest Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) shows a rise in smokers planning to quit, increasing to 55.4% from 46.6% in the previous GATS survey.
Looking Ahead
In India, as in any other country, experts describe poverty as a multifaceted problem requiring a multifaceted solution. Identifying pain points, such as the connection between substance abuse and poverty in India, helps officials address these issues with the right strategies. As a result, many individuals can break free from the harmful risks posed by these recreational substances and improve their lives.
– Shafika Fathima
Photo: Flickr
An Interview With Steve Collins of the African Safari Foundation
Rural Southern African economies are land-based; value is determined by the land itself and the concomitant rights it necessitates, such as hunting or agriculture. When land belonging to Indigenous tribes was taken, so too was their socioeconomic mobility.
Displacement and the Limits of TFCAs
Much of Collins’s work focuses on the South Africa–Mozambique border. This area traverses two national parks: the Kruger and the Limpopo. Around 3,000 people were displaced during the Kruger Park’s inception in 1913. In exile, they formed rural communities which, according to Professor Brian King, have “some of the highest rates of socioeconomic poverty in the country.”
Global data resource Focus on Land in Africa (FOLA) adds that these areas suffer particularly from “high rates of infant mortality, malnutrition and illiteracy.” TFCAs were introduced to address these issues. However, the original proposal was inadequate. Indeed, the founding of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park saw a further 7,000 Mozambicans relocated.
As such, Collins denounced these programs as “colonialism as conservation.” Indigenous tribes received “no compensation and no consultation.” This undermines the prospects for genuinely sustainable economies in South Africa and the wider region.
Community-Led Models for Sustainable Development
Collins has since reimagined how TFCAs operate and, through ASF, has successfully implemented long-term nature-based employment schemes that simultaneously serve conservation requirements. He refers to the Makuleke tribe. Expelled in 1969, ownership of their land was restored in 1998.
Totaling more than 22,000 acres, it now holds 80% of Kruger National Park’s biodiversity. It houses two private five-star tourist lodges, which tribe members are employed to manage. Under the Makuleke Communal Property Association, members hold exclusive commercial rights over the land. Additionally, a proliferation of employment has resulted in 99% of the workforce being Makuleke members.
Many claimants received financial compensation through a scheme that distributed 84 million Rand (about $5 million) to dispossessed communities. However, Collins notes that poor subsequent regulation has resulted in little meaningful improvement. FOLA spokesperson M. Mercedes Stickler agrees, stating that “cash compensation… [detracts] from land reform’s ultimate goal of achieving racial equity in landholding.”
Still, Collins’s ambition extends further. He believes his model offers solutions for rural communities in countries such as Angola. There, development must comply with governmental restrictions demanding low-carbon growth, no intensive agriculture, no fracking and no pollution.
Final Remarks
Through the African Safari Foundation and reformed TFCAs, Collins and his team have established non-exclusionary, community-led and sustainable economic structures across Southern Africa. These initiatives have reinstated dispossessed populations as “agents and recipients of the land’s economic worth,” reinforcing pathways toward sustainable economies in South Africa.
– Jude Parsons
Photo: Flickr
How Communal Living Benefits the Rural Poor in India
India, while known for its overpopulated cities, is also prominently known for its vast rural landscape. Numerous small towns and villages where community living is the backbone still continue to exist. Kambam is one such town. On speaking to more locals in the region, there seemed to be several unofficial and low-key groups. These groups consistently reached out to the needy living in their area.
The Rural Poor in India
According to a recent SBI Research report, rural poverty has recorded a significant reduction. The report stated that in FY24, rural poverty accounted for about 4.86%, falling from 25% in 2011-12. This represents a notable reduction in rural poverty.
Taking a broader view of impoverished people in rural areas of the country brings several aspects to light. Similar to their surroundings, they more often tend to live as groups rather than individuals.
Secondly, experts state that there exists a notable disparity between homelessness in rural and urban areas. A recent census shows that 52% of India’s homeless live in urban areas, while 47% live in rural regions. Most of this population, however, lives in very inadequate and substandard housing situations. Nevertheless, studies show that they are less likely to be stranded on the streets like their urban counterparts.
On the other hand, access to health care and other basic facilities is often more difficult to reach in rural areas in India. These individuals, particularly those residing in remote parts, also face difficulties claiming the benefits of governmental schemes that can aid them in improving their lifestyles.
The Impact of Communal Living on the Rural Poor
India, similar to other Asian countries, exhibits a community-based lifestyle. This cultural approach has positive effects on people living below the poverty line. As mentioned earlier, casual conversations with locals in South India indicated the existence of several community outreach groups.
One group of young women hosts a cooking-based group. Members gather for a day of cooking, chatting and working together. They cook large meals, pack them and distribute them to areas where low-income residents live. These women report a sense of fulfillment through such outreach activities and say it provides a break from their routine.
Within the Muslim community in Kambam, following the rule of obligatory charity (“Zakath”), residents contribute regularly. Volunteers collect these funds and use them to help people who require health care assistance. This support can also extend to education and livelihood assistance.
These observations highlight the outcomes of communal living for people experiencing poverty. Studies also suggest that people living in rural India often approach the poor as members of their community.
As a result, individuals may help those who do not have access to basic life needs. For instance, it is common for a rural shopkeeper to give excess vegetables to a struggling person in the neighborhood.
Communities and Government Programs
In the last few decades, rural poverty has notably reduced. Several factors have contributed to this. While communal living and similar practices often provide short-term assistance, government schemes have focused on long-term solutions.
The central government’s housing schemes have contributed to reductions in homelessness. A research paper observes the difference between 2001 and 2011, showing a 28% decline in homelessness between the two decades.
In February 2025, the central government announced a new set of schemes focused on empowering rural communities. These initiatives aim to increase housing, employment, infrastructure and poverty alleviation efforts in rural areas.
Apart from governmental schemes and NGOs, projects often partner with local communities to enhance outreach and productivity. One such project was PURA (Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas). This large program began in 2001, with former President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam playing an integral role.
The project involved governments working with businesses and local communities to implement long-term solutions in rural areas. Although there were challenges, private-sector PURA initiatives reported more effective results. These outcomes ranged across housing, transport, education and employment.
Urban Versus Rural Poverty in India
Multiple studies suggest that rural poverty reduction in India has occurred at higher rates than urban poverty. One report stated that of the 22% of people experiencing poverty in India, nearly 25% live in urban areas. When considering that 70% of the nation’s population lives in rural areas, this suggests a higher concentration of poverty in urban settings. Additionally, homelessness shows higher rates in urban compared with rural India. While multiple factors contribute to this difference, lifestyle may be one factor. Urban environments often involve more individualistic living conditions compared with rural communities.
Looking Ahead
Global poverty can take many forms and requires diverse responses. Rural poverty in India highlights the need for strategies that combine government initiatives with community participation. In recent decades, government programs and community-based efforts have contributed to reducing poverty in rural areas. These approaches continue to support rural communities by improving access to services and economic opportunities.
– Shafika Fathima
Photo: Flickr
Legal Reforms in Nigeria’s Financial Sector
Modernizing Financial Law
One of the most significant legal reforms in Nigeria’s financial sector is the Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act (BOFIA) 2020. It replaced a 1991 law that had become outdated amid technological advancements and the rapid growth of non-bank financial players. BOFIA 2020 modernizes the legal framework governing banks and other financial institutions.
The Act clarified regulatory functions, expanding the Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN) regulatory reach and introducing stronger enforcement and credit recovery mechanisms. Experts note that the updated law also explicitly brings fintech companies within the CBN’s regulatory purview, requiring them to be licensed and regulated by the CBN. This reduces legal uncertainty and supports stable, legal expansion of digital financial services.
Financial Inclusion Gains Through Legal Frameworks
Legal backing for financial sector reform has coincided with measurable progress in financial inclusion, a key indicator of poverty reduction. The CBN’s National Financial Inclusion Strategy and related regulatory frameworks aim to expand access to formal financial services for all citizens. These efforts target financial exclusion, which once affected more than half of the adult population.
Progress on this front helps households save securely, access credit, make digital payments and protect assets. Improving access to finance is especially critical in a country where access to formal financial services was historically low. Nigeria’s strategy supports agent banking, mobile and digital financial services and initiatives targeting rural and underserved communities. All these are backed by legal and institutional reforms that make financial services safer and more predictable for consumers.
Strengthening Governance and Transparency
Nigeria’s broader legal reform agenda includes efforts to improve fiscal transparency and accountability at the state level through programs such as the World Bank-supported Fiscal Governance Reform and the State Fiscal Transparency, Accountability and Sustainability Program (SFTAS). This initiative uses legal and policy frameworks to improve public financial management across states, strengthening domestic revenue mobilization and sustainable financing for public services.
Fiscal transparency and accountable governance reduce leakage, corruption and inefficiencies. These problems disproportionately affect low-income households and limit funds for education, health and economic support programs that help lift people out of poverty.
Capitalization and Risk Management
Legal reforms have also supported initiatives such as bank recapitalization exercises, spearheaded by the CBN, to strengthen the stability and resilience of financial institutions. Higher capital requirements improve risk management capacities and reduce systemic vulnerabilities, fostering a safer environment for depositors and stakeholders alike. These moves help reduce the risk of bank failures, which can erode public confidence and destabilize local economies.
Reducing exclusion and strengthening the legal framework helps tackle financial instability. This, in turn, encourages domestic and foreign investment, a potential driver of economic growth and job creation in a country where millions still face multidimensional poverty.
Challenges and Continued Reform Needs
Despite improvements, substantial challenges remain. According to the World Bank’s latest development analysis, a majority of Nigerians continue to live in poverty even after macroeconomic reforms and legal changes, as household purchasing power remains weak and inequality persists. This highlights that legal reform is necessary but not sufficient in itself.
Effective enforcement, expanded digital inclusion and complementary social protections remain essential to ensure that financial sector progress translates into meaningful poverty-reduction outcomes for the most vulnerable.
Conclusion
Legal reforms in Nigeria’s financial sector have modernized regulation, expanded financial inclusion strategies and strengthened fiscal governance. Indeed, from BOFIA 2020 to broader governance reforms, these changes highlight the rule of law’s role in economic stability and anti-poverty efforts. By improving the predictability and transparency of financial systems, these reforms help unlock access to services, encourage investment and create a more inclusive economic environment.
Sustained focus on implementation and enforcement is essential. Targeted programs that expand access to finance for women, rural residents and microenterprises will help ensure Nigeria’s legal reforms deliver broad improvements in living standards and long-term poverty reduction.
– Sean Leung
Photo: Flickr
Eliminating Trachoma in the Most Impoverished Communities
Infection spreads easily due to poor hygiene, crowded housing and limited access to sanitation and water. Viral disease and poverty fuel this spread, making people vulnerable to preventable diseases such as trachoma.
Eliminating Trachoma in Libya
On February 18, 2026, the World Health Organization (WHO) celebrated Libya’s elimination of trachoma. Libya struggled with trachoma for more than a century, but hard work and commitment led to this recent success. The country’s victory over trachoma shows how supporting the fight against neglected tropical diseases can help millions over time.
Political unrest and displacement in Libya limited access to quality health care, yet the country still managed to eliminate trachoma. Displacement and such unrest drive poverty by increasing the demand for water, sanitation and hygiene services. This connection between disease and poverty makes eliminating trachoma even more significant.
The SAFE Initiative
Countries affected by trachoma adopted the Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement (SAFE) strategy. Through this effort, Pfizer and the International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) have delivered more than one billion doses of Zithromax to countries in need. Experts now estimate that trachoma could be eliminated as a public health threat worldwide by 2030.
ITI, a U.S.-based nonprofit, currently operates in more than 14 countries across Southeast Asia and Africa. These interventions address the link between disease and poverty and have improved the lives of millions. Twenty-seven additional countries, including Papua New Guinea and Pakistan have also eliminated trachoma, underscoring the importance of tracking its prevalence and taking decisive action against infectious diseases.
Fewer than 100 million people now require treatment, a historic global low since the WHO began recording cases. This milestone reinforces the need to confront disease alongside poverty. It demonstrates how strong local leadership, backed by international coordination, can improve the well-being of the world’s poorest populations.
Final Remarks
The massive success of the trachoma eradication campaign demonstrates the positive impact international help can have on many other tropical diseases. Research into trachoma has taught researchers much about how to slow its spread. Making hygiene a game for young children helps them avoid touching their eyes and mouths, which, in turn, helps women, who often act as primary caregivers.
Additionally, communities can use the structures built for trachoma to fight other diseases. If people around the world work together to combat disease and poverty, everyone’s well-being will improve.
– Caitlin Cooper
Photo: Flickr
Tackling Digital Poverty in Punjab
In India, for every household that is online, about one household remains offline. This gap underscores how digital poverty is shaping educational outcomes and the scale of the challenge in addressing it. Academic performance is impacted by the digital divide. Disadvantaged learners face reduced educational persistence and limited career prospects.
To ensure fair access and inclusion for all students and to create equal opportunities both in school and in the job market later in life, digital poverty has become a pressing issue for India and Punjab.
POISE and Tackling Digital Poverty in Punjab
The World Bank Board of Executive Directors is addressing digital poverty in Punjab to improve education through the Punjab Outcomes-Acceleration in School Education Operation (POISE) program. An investment of $286 million has been made available for the project, which uses technology to monitor learning outcomes.
The investment means that 1.3 million primary school students are enrolled and more than 2.2 million secondary school students are also attending classes. In addition, 592,000 students in early childhood education will receive support through POISE. Digital infrastructure in schools will be expanded through the installation of computer labs, tablets and projectors, particularly for science and mathematics curricula.
Creating a Future Without Digital Poverty in Punjab
Paul Proccee, acting country director for the World Bank India, stated that “digital infrastructure has the potential to significantly drive economic development and poverty reduction.” He also noted that digital infrastructure can help fulfill “India’s vision of Viksit Bharat through quality education for better jobs.”
Meghna Sharma and Ragnvald Michel Maellberg, task team leaders for the program, stated that “POISE will help to improve school readiness at pre-primary level, foundational learning at primary level, skills at the secondary level for school to higher education or work transition, as well as teacher training and school management.”
In recent years, India has shifted toward technology-led development. The aims of POISE include strengthening readiness for school, improving literacy and numeracy skills, enhancing the quality of STEM education and improving pathways into higher education and employment for students.
Looking Ahead
Tackling digital poverty in Punjab has the potential to transform education and expand opportunities for many students. The Digital Poverty Alliance has emphasized that digital poverty limits social and economic inclusion. The issue involves not only a lack of access to technology but also a lack of digital literacy and skills, which are essential in an increasingly connected world. POISE in Punjab represents a step toward ensuring that, regardless of background, more students have access to the opportunities created by the digital age.
– Suneel Mehmi
Photo: Unsplash