Every 12 minutes, a girl dies as a result of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) – a practice with no medical purpose and devastating consequences. Now the fourth leading cause of death among girls and young women in Africa, FGM/C affects more than 230 million people worldwide. Despite the tireless efforts of dedicated organizations working to end this violence, the global response remains alarmingly muted.
The Link between Poverty and FGM/C
Although many recognize FGM/C as a serious violation of human rights, it continues to persist in certain communities where cultural and social traditions deeply weave it into community life. In these societies, the practice is often upheld under the guise of religious or traditional values, with generations passing it down to preserve cultural identity.
Beyond cultural continuity, FGM/C is often justified by rigid gender norms and beliefs. In some contexts, a prevailing notion suggests that controlling a girl’s sexuality from an early age is necessary. By curbing her desires, families believe they safeguard her virginity, prevent perceived moral transgressions, and ensure marital fidelity. Some proponents also argue that FGM/C promotes hygiene and aesthetic appeal. They hold the belief that female genitalia are inherently impure and that girls who have not undergone the procedure are considered unclean or undesirable for marriage.
Poverty’s Role in the Persistence of FGM/C
Poverty and FGM/C are increasingly recognized as deeply connected, with poverty serving as a significant driver in the persistence of FGM/C. Research published in the journal Reproductive Health underscores the strong influence of socio-economic and demographic factors on the prevalence of FGM/C across sub-Saharan Africa. Findings indicate that the practice is more common among women and their daughters in the lowest wealth quintiles, while its prevalence declines with higher levels of education.
These patterns suggest that poverty not only increases the likelihood of undergoing FGM/C but also contributes to a broader cycle in which communities subject girls to the practice, marry them off at a young age and deny them educational opportunities – thereby perpetuating intergenerational poverty. In many impoverished communities, women and girls often remain unaware of their rights or the protections available to them regarding FGM/C. Many in the community view the practice as a cultural duty and those who refuse to undergo it may face severe criticism, stigma and social exclusion.
Safe Hands for Girls
Jaha Dukureh founded Safe Hands for Girls in 2013. She created a survivor-led women’s rights organization dedicated to ending FGM/C and gender-based violence. Since its inception, the organization has implemented initiatives such as the SAFE Training Program. This program equips law enforcement and health care professionals in the United States (U.S.) with the knowledge to identify signs of FGM/C and enforce the Stop FGM Act of 2020. This training is critical, as an estimated 513,000 women and girls in the U.S. have undergone or are at risk of FGM/C.
In 2025, the organization launched Regenerative Hubs, an international program training women farmers in regenerative agriculture across rural communities in the Gambia and Ghana. This initiative links economic empowerment to the eradication of FGM/C, child marriage and domestic violence.
Men End FGM
Tony Mwebia launched the #MenEndFGM campaign online in 2013. The initiative is based on the understanding that, in many patriarchal African societies, men hold significant power as fathers, breadwinners, religious and political leaders and custodians of tradition. Engaging men and boys is therefore essential to advancing the elimination of FGM/C. By 2015, young Kenyan activists had joined the movement. In 2019, it was formally registered as the Men End FGM Foundation.
Brothers for Balance, one of its key initiatives, promotes male advocacy for gender equality by working with cultural and religious leaders who can influence their communities. It also trains a network of Men End FGM advocates across 22 hotspot counties to challenge and change harmful social norms. Additionally, the Boy Guard Movement empowers boys and young men to become agents of change from an early age. The Positive Parenting Forum brings together fathers, mothers and their children to foster open dialogue on FGM/C, menstrual health and child marriage.
Sahiyo
While most international funding to prevent FGM/C is directed toward Africa, regions such as Asia, Latin America and the Middle East remain significantly under-resourced. Sahiyo, founded in 2015 by a group of women united against FGM/C, works to empower Asian communities to end the practice. Among its key initiatives is Voices to End FGM/C, a global storytelling project that organizers launched in 2018. It mobilizes survivors to share their experiences and normalize conversations around the FGM/C.
Since its inception, Sahiyo has conducted nine workshops under this initiative. This has resulted in 88 videos and more than 120,000 views across social media platforms. Another impactful program is Thaal Pe Charcha (TPC), Sahiyo’s flagship initiative in India since 2017. TPC draws from the Dawoodi Bohra tradition of communal meals. It creates safe, private spaces where men and women can share stories, ask questions and engage in dialogue around FGM/C.
Moving Forward
Poverty and FGM/C remain interconnected challenges that disproportionately affect girls and women in vulnerable communities. Indeed, socioeconomic disadvantage limits access to education, health care and legal protections, creating conditions where harmful practices continue. Progress toward eliminating FGM/C by 2030 potentially requires greater investment in education, economic empowerment and local advocacy efforts. Sustained action from governments, communities and international organizations could be necessary to ensure that future generations grow up free from the threat of FGM/C.
– Charlotte Codd
Charlotte is based in Waterford, Ireland and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.
Photo: Flickr
Disability and Poverty in the DRC: Destitution With Stigma
Disability in the DRC has been a subject of scrutiny for decades; despite recent breakthroughs for rights, disabled people are often in poverty due to social stigma. About 10% of the population in the DRC has a disability, often due to poverty or conflicts, with the physically disabled more likely to be in poverty and stigmatized. With the shadow of past wars and the ongoing conflict in the DRC, disabled people are more than ever at risk of going into extreme poverty and even death. Here is more information about disability and poverty in the DRC.
Stigmatized and in the Background
The DRC has one of the lowest health care access rates in the world, making it difficult to provide disease prevention and sufficient care. Many diseases are preventable through vaccines, such as polio and measles. Without health care and mental health aid in the country, they can resurge and wreak havoc on communities, causing more disability in the DRC.
Many people with disabilities in the DRC struggle to receive acceptance in their community, both from peers, who fear them due to their disability, and their families who can view them as a hindrance. The stigma surrounding disabled people means that their families are more likely to abandon them compared to abled people. This may leave them in dire situations and poor mental health.
The physically disabled among the population find it hard to get an education, due to stigmatization from educators who do not understand the latest laws and policies when it comes to disabled rights. This can lead to illiteracy among disabled children, thus leading to extreme poverty, which can lead to medical deaths without support.
This means that DRC’s disabled people are more vulnerable to extreme poverty compared to its able-bodied citizens. DRC’s disabled population is viewed in a negative light due to their disability, due to the lack of education about disabilities among the populace. A lot of the population (including disabled individuals) believe that something otherworldly, such as punishment by god or witchcraft, cause disability.
Tribulations for Disabled Rights
To make matters more difficult for the disabled, there is a lack of resources for the disabled in the country, despite a law passed in 2022 to protect their rights. The difficulty of implementing policies to improve their lives, mixed with the stigma of disability from their peers, has made it a struggle to find purpose and receive opportunities.
Additionally, the DRC planned a policy to help those with mental health struggles in 1999. But this policy does not include a law about how it will treat those with disabling mental illness, with mental illness without assistance affecting 80% of those under 40.
Despite the DRC’s trade and industry of mining resources, the wealth does not go to the citizens who have worked to procure them. About one in six people in the DRC lives in extreme poverty, and 73% of the population lives on $2.15 a day. For those with disabilities, it is not enough to support themselves, with approximately 10.5 billion living with disability in the DRC, 96% of them live in poverty.
This has contributed to the poverty in the DRC amongst those with disabilities, both in finding work and education that is willing to support them. These multifaceted factors, such as conflict, economic instability and disability, have caused them to be stuck in a state of destitution that is difficult to leave.
Hope Amongst Conflict
The situation with the disabled in DRC seems like a difficult conundrum, but with proper support and awareness provided by aid, they can have improved lives. Organizations such as Humanity & Inclusion have assisted in providing health care to those with disabilities, such as giving prosthetics and therapy to children who have disabilities or are developing one.
Humanity & Inclusion is a nonprofit organization that originated in 1982 and has helped more than tens of millions of people globally in 2024. It helps with emergencies and long-term developments, from removing explosives left behind from wars to working with disabled people to better their future opportunities.
Looking Ahead
Aid for people with disabilities is essential for any developing society to grow both in happiness and in economics. Disabled people need crucial support to thrive in society, so they can give themselves the independence they desire and the hope to create a life they can feel happy about.
– Anastasia Flerchinger
Photo: Unsplash
Fighting the Gender Wage Gap in Kosovo: Efforts and Initiatives
Impact on the Economy and General Income
The gender wage gap is a clear representation of the gender inequality that exists in every country, even if it looks different in each one. A study by the Regional Cooperation Council based on data from the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) revealed that women in Kosovo earn 74 (USD 0.84) cents for every 1€ (USD 1.13) men earn. The largest gap appears in sectors such as mining and quarrying, where women earn 27 cents (USD 0.3) per 1€, and the only sector where women earn slightly more than men is in financial services, around 2 cents (USD 0.02) more than men.
Women in Kosovo make up around 20% of the labor force, representing the lowest work participation in the region. This results in a potential economic loss of 13% for the country and contributes to the gender wage gap. When women earn less, they have less money to invest in education and opportunities, which impoverishes life quality. The reasons for the existence of this income difference lie in the employment access barriers and gender roles experienced by women.
Causes for Gender Disparities
Workers perceive different salaries depending on their field of expertise. In Kosovo, women occupy fewer positions in higher revenue fields such as STEM and engineering, but dominate the education and healthcare fields. However, the higher income positions remain attributed to men. Women predominate in the working landscape in the sectors of public administration, education, health care, retail and wholesale trade.
These patterns directly contribute to the gender wage gap in Kosovo, as reflected in the results in national statistics and data analysis. This income gap exists largely due to the employment barriers and gender roles that limit women’s opportunities. The biggest one is child or adult care. Society establishes the role of women as primary carers, discouraging women from seeking employment and making them less productive for potential employers. Because they must balance childcare and work, many women turn to part-time jobs or unpaid household care, which increases their risk of poverty. This reinforces lower economic capacity and poverty risk.
Women in Kosovo experience higher rates of poverty compared to men. Female-headed households show higher poverty rates than male-headed ones, except in 2017. On an individual level, 18.9% of women lived in poverty, compared to 17.2% of men. While poverty declined during this period, the reduction was more significant for men, highlighting the economic vulnerability and persistent inequality faced by women in Kosovo.
Kosovo’s Program for Gender Equality 2020-2024
The Agency for Gender Equality (AGE) is a governmental body that promotes gender equality in the country. Together with the international support of the UNDP and the EU, it has created a strategic plan to eliminate these gender gaps in the country. The economic empowerment and social welfare measures addressed are central to driving change in the current economic situation.
The program wants to enhance women’s skills relevant to the labor market demands, especially in underrepresented fields. It introduces legal reforms to fight workplace discrimination, ensure equal parental leave and improve access to social services. Financial support and access to credit to foster women’s entrepreneurship. The legal system will strengthen gender equality laws and the state will demand regular progress tracking on improved employment conditions.
Evaluation Report
The AGE and the Prime Minister revealed the accomplished results of the four-year project on 21 October, 2024. The goals highlight women’s employment dropping from 29.7% to 17.2%. More than 12,000 women have received employment support, and 14,000 young people, 51% of whom are women, secured jobs through the Superpuna platform designed to connect job seekers with employers. Additionally, specific projects such as “Government for Families” helped provide allowances to nearly 60,000 future mothers, which allowed 100,000 women to open their first bank account.
Future Expectations
Kosovo has made significant progress by involving public institutions in the journey towards gender equality. International cooperation and support is crucial to guarantee success, and the strategies implemented offer potential for future change. Research shows that the incorporation of gender in national policies brings change to society. In the end, closing the gender wage gap in Kosovo will improve the economy and the life quality of a group that represents half of the global population.
– Sara Arias Saiz
Photo: Wikipedia Commons
Policies to Reduce Poverty in Nigeria
Early Policy Responses
A comprehensive effort to reduce poverty in Nigeria is the National Social Investment Program (NSIP), introduced in 2016. Key components include:
President Tinubu’s Antipoverty Initiatives
Since assuming office in 2023, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has introduced several transformative policies:
Positive Outcomes from Recent Reforms
Although many initiatives are still in early stages, initial results show progress:
Looking Ahead
Poverty in Nigeria remains a persistent challenge. However, recent policy shifts under President Tinubu’s administration reflect a multi-pronged approach to economic recovery and poverty reduction. With early indicators of progress in government revenue, investment inflows and agricultural output, Nigeria is laying the groundwork for broader, long-term improvements. Sustained commitment to these reforms will be critical to achieving lasting change and improving livelihoods for millions of Nigerians.
– Vanuza Antonio
Photo: Flickr
The Gender Wage Gap in Croatia: Giving Women Time To Shine
Status of the Gender Wage Gap in Croatia
Croatian girls consistently outperform boys in school, both in test scores and average years of schooling. However, these achievements do not translate into similar success in the labor market. Men earn significantly more over their lifetimes, with women earning just 86.8% of what men earn monthly. Additionally, while Croatian men and women begin working at similar employment levels, women’s market participation drops with age. This gender earnings gap has serious long-term consequences, not only reinforcing women’s economic vulnerability but also contributing to higher rates of poverty among women.
Key Factors Leading to the Gender Wage Gap in Croatia
One reason for this is Croatia’s notably large gender gap regarding the allocation of time spent on care and domestic tasks. While the EU average score for this time disparity is 48.6 out of 100, Croatia’s score is 68.5. Similarly, 80% of Croatian women report they do housework every day as opposed to 40% of Croatian men—a disparity well above the EU average—with women performing almost 20 hours more of unpaid domestic work per week. As of 2017, 32% of Croatian women aged 25-64 did not seek employment due to having to perform unpaid labor looking after children or incapacitated adults. This pattern of unpaid labor limits women’s access to income and financial independence, which increases their risk of poverty, especially for single mothers and women in rural communities.
The widest gender gap in employment rates in Croatia is among the age group of 25-29, at a rate that increased between 2013 and 2022 from 5 percentage points to a whopping 20 points. The World Bank theorizes that this gap stems from expectations around child-rearing, stating that “women around this age could be at a disadvantage on the labor market, as an expectation that they might soon take maternity leave makes employers hesitant to hire or promote them.” The World Bank likewise theorizes that women in this age group are more likely to “seek flexible or part-time roles” over full-time employment in anticipation of family responsibilities. Croatia’s coverage of daycares and kindergartens is low, at 51% compared to the EU average of 86%. Childcare is even scarcer in rural areas, where as few as 13% of children have access to kindergarten.
Overall, Croatian social norms contribute greatly to the gender wage gap. The expectation and anticipation that women perform the brunt of domestic tasks leads to a greater share of women performing unpaid labor and facing limited access to professional opportunities, and likely influences a social structure that provides little support for women seeking childcare. These social norms also influence occupational segregation that contributes to the gender wage gap, with female-majority sectors such as education and health care offering more part-time roles and lower wages.
The Impact of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic deepened gender inequality in Croatia. Women held a disproportionate number of jobs in sectors that lockdowns hit the hardest, such as tourism and personal services, and many, particularly those with lower education levels, lacked the option to work remotely. Women thus lost jobs or income more than men and at the same time had less protection from formal social safety nets. Unpaid care responsibilities surged during school closures, limiting women’s ability to seek or retain employment. Many women lacked access to health insurance or unemployment benefits, excluding them from government support. The pandemic also worsened mental health and coincided with a 31% rise in reported domestic violence, a crime in which women make up the vast majority of victims.
Addressing the Gender Wage Gap in Croatia
Addressing the gender wage gap in Croatia and creating a more equitable labor market requires systemic cultural and policy-driven changes. Expanding access to affordable childcare and eldercare services is essential to ease the caregiving burden that disproportionately falls on women, allowing them increased time and energy for paid work. Promoting flexible work arrangements such as part-time roles with benefits, remote work options and adjustable hours could help women remain in the workforce, particularly during childbearing and childrearing years. Enhancing parental leave policies to encourage shared caregiving responsibilities between men and women could also reduce career interruptions for women. In addition, public awareness campaigns and educational efforts that challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes could shift societal expectations and foster more inclusive work environments.
Change Is Happening
Croatia has introduced several concrete measures to help close the gender wage gap. In 2022, Croatia enacted legislative changes to the Employment Relations act, including defining “equal work” and mandating more salary transparency. However, the impact of such changes on the gender wage gap in Croatia is not yet clear. Starting in 2023, lawmakers introduced amendments to the Gender Equality Act and the Labor Act mandate that employers implement internal procedures for addressing harassment, establish equal treatment plans and are subject to stricter penalties for non-compliance with anti-discrimination rules. While comprehensive national statistics are not yet available, recent EU-wide surveys indicate a slight increase in women’s reported satisfaction with workplace equity and growing awareness of legal protections.
The Croatian government is also enacting policies aimed at improving access to childcare and eldercare services. Under the EU-funded National Recovery and Resilience Plan (2021–2026), Croatia committed €190 million toward building and upgrading kindergartens, with a goal of enrolling 90% of children aged 3–6 by 2030. The plan also includes investments in eldercare such as day centers and in-home services for the aging population. These efforts help reduce the unpaid care burden on women and improve their ability to participate in the labor market. Again, exact statistics on the immediate effect of this plan are not yet available. However, by increasing access to paid employment, particularly for women in low-income or rural households, these changes contribute directly to poverty reduction.
Moving Forward
While Croatia continues to grow economically, the gender wage gap still limits opportunities for women and deepens poverty among those who shoulder the burden of unpaid care work. However, policymakers have introduced new laws, increased wage transparency, and expanded access to care to begin addressing these inequalities.
– Kelsey Eisen
Photo: Unsplash
Empowering Widows and Orphans in Nigeria: The Fight Continues
The Reality Facing Widows and Orphans
More than 15 million widows, about 21 million children and 17.5 million orphans live in Nigeria. Many in these groups face poverty due to economic hardship, a lack of resources and harmful cultural practices. Gender-based violence (GBV) compounds the difficulties. Around 30% of Nigerian women and girls experience physical, emotional or sexual abuse. Many survivors of GBV—about 55%—do not seek any support to end the violence. Cultural practices, such as widowhood rites, continue to restrict women’s advancement socially, economically and politically.
Folorunso Alakija
Alakija is a Nigerian businesswoman, philanthropist and one of Africa’s highly prominent entrepreneurs. Her endeavors in business cover the real estate, oil exploration and printing industries. Dipping into many hats, she was also a fashion designer and made the “Rose of Sharon House of Fashion” a household name in Nigeria. In collaboration with her husband, they founded the Rose of Sharon Glorious Ministry International and the next step was to tend directly to widows and children.
RoSF Programs Driving Change
RoSF uses baseline data collection, capacity-strengthening programs, advocacy and community engagement to understand and address the needs of widows and children. In partnership with local governments and international NGOs, the foundation has helped more than 900 widows access microcredit schemes and interest-free loans to expand their businesses. More than 340 graduates have also benefited from RoSF’s programs. Mentorship and educational initiatives have had a life-changing impact. Agbayi Agu, a widow from Lagos, said, “[RoSF] has been a second God to my life… they are the ones who changed my mentality in a time of despair, that I can still forge ahead.”
The Importance of Legislative Protection
Legislation plays a key role in protecting women and promoting equality. Yet, as of 2023, women account for only 3.6% of Nigeria’s House of Representatives and 7.3% of the Senate, far below the global average of 27%. The Violence Against Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act, passed in 2015, was a landmark achievement. RoSF and other NGOs championed the law, which protects widows from violence, discrimination and harmful practices. Before VAPP, widows endured cruel rites, such as sleeping beside a husband’s corpse to prove innocence, being confined indoors, or undergoing forced head shaving. The Act introduced punishments for perpetrators and offered legal protections for victims and their families.
Threats to Progress and Continued Advocacy
Although the VAPP Act was passed at the federal level, it took nearly 10 years for 35 out of 36 states to domesticate and enforce it. In 2024, Senator Jibrin Isah of Kogi East proposed repealing the VAPP Act, citing “legislative errors” and claiming the law lacked comprehensiveness. In response, RoSF and partners like the Malala Fund and Invictus Africa are working to defend the VAPP Act. Bukky Shonibare, Executive Director of Invictus Africa, advocates for amendments and stricter enforcement, rather than repeal.
Building Toward a Brighter Future
Since its founding, RoSF has grown from serving three widows to reaching nearly 1,000 widows directly, empowering more than 4,200 women overall. Indeed, through vocational training, scholarships and economic support, the foundation is creating opportunities for widows to rebuild their lives. Future goals include expanding NGO partnerships, reducing reliance on self-funding, strengthening social protection laws and rallying policymakers to support widows and orphans in Nigeria.
– Rachael Wexler
Photo: Flickr
The Link Between Poverty and FGM/C: Breaking the Cycle
The Link between Poverty and FGM/C
Although many recognize FGM/C as a serious violation of human rights, it continues to persist in certain communities where cultural and social traditions deeply weave it into community life. In these societies, the practice is often upheld under the guise of religious or traditional values, with generations passing it down to preserve cultural identity.
Beyond cultural continuity, FGM/C is often justified by rigid gender norms and beliefs. In some contexts, a prevailing notion suggests that controlling a girl’s sexuality from an early age is necessary. By curbing her desires, families believe they safeguard her virginity, prevent perceived moral transgressions, and ensure marital fidelity. Some proponents also argue that FGM/C promotes hygiene and aesthetic appeal. They hold the belief that female genitalia are inherently impure and that girls who have not undergone the procedure are considered unclean or undesirable for marriage.
Poverty’s Role in the Persistence of FGM/C
Poverty and FGM/C are increasingly recognized as deeply connected, with poverty serving as a significant driver in the persistence of FGM/C. Research published in the journal Reproductive Health underscores the strong influence of socio-economic and demographic factors on the prevalence of FGM/C across sub-Saharan Africa. Findings indicate that the practice is more common among women and their daughters in the lowest wealth quintiles, while its prevalence declines with higher levels of education.
These patterns suggest that poverty not only increases the likelihood of undergoing FGM/C but also contributes to a broader cycle in which communities subject girls to the practice, marry them off at a young age and deny them educational opportunities – thereby perpetuating intergenerational poverty. In many impoverished communities, women and girls often remain unaware of their rights or the protections available to them regarding FGM/C. Many in the community view the practice as a cultural duty and those who refuse to undergo it may face severe criticism, stigma and social exclusion.
Safe Hands for Girls
Jaha Dukureh founded Safe Hands for Girls in 2013. She created a survivor-led women’s rights organization dedicated to ending FGM/C and gender-based violence. Since its inception, the organization has implemented initiatives such as the SAFE Training Program. This program equips law enforcement and health care professionals in the United States (U.S.) with the knowledge to identify signs of FGM/C and enforce the Stop FGM Act of 2020. This training is critical, as an estimated 513,000 women and girls in the U.S. have undergone or are at risk of FGM/C.
In 2025, the organization launched Regenerative Hubs, an international program training women farmers in regenerative agriculture across rural communities in the Gambia and Ghana. This initiative links economic empowerment to the eradication of FGM/C, child marriage and domestic violence.
Men End FGM
Tony Mwebia launched the #MenEndFGM campaign online in 2013. The initiative is based on the understanding that, in many patriarchal African societies, men hold significant power as fathers, breadwinners, religious and political leaders and custodians of tradition. Engaging men and boys is therefore essential to advancing the elimination of FGM/C. By 2015, young Kenyan activists had joined the movement. In 2019, it was formally registered as the Men End FGM Foundation.
Brothers for Balance, one of its key initiatives, promotes male advocacy for gender equality by working with cultural and religious leaders who can influence their communities. It also trains a network of Men End FGM advocates across 22 hotspot counties to challenge and change harmful social norms. Additionally, the Boy Guard Movement empowers boys and young men to become agents of change from an early age. The Positive Parenting Forum brings together fathers, mothers and their children to foster open dialogue on FGM/C, menstrual health and child marriage.
Sahiyo
While most international funding to prevent FGM/C is directed toward Africa, regions such as Asia, Latin America and the Middle East remain significantly under-resourced. Sahiyo, founded in 2015 by a group of women united against FGM/C, works to empower Asian communities to end the practice. Among its key initiatives is Voices to End FGM/C, a global storytelling project that organizers launched in 2018. It mobilizes survivors to share their experiences and normalize conversations around the FGM/C.
Since its inception, Sahiyo has conducted nine workshops under this initiative. This has resulted in 88 videos and more than 120,000 views across social media platforms. Another impactful program is Thaal Pe Charcha (TPC), Sahiyo’s flagship initiative in India since 2017. TPC draws from the Dawoodi Bohra tradition of communal meals. It creates safe, private spaces where men and women can share stories, ask questions and engage in dialogue around FGM/C.
Moving Forward
Poverty and FGM/C remain interconnected challenges that disproportionately affect girls and women in vulnerable communities. Indeed, socioeconomic disadvantage limits access to education, health care and legal protections, creating conditions where harmful practices continue. Progress toward eliminating FGM/C by 2030 potentially requires greater investment in education, economic empowerment and local advocacy efforts. Sustained action from governments, communities and international organizations could be necessary to ensure that future generations grow up free from the threat of FGM/C.
– Charlotte Codd
Photo: Flickr
Which Is More Severe Urban or Rural Poverty?
Rural Poverty
Rural areas are typically defined as regions outside towns and cities, often called the countryside. They consist of open land for farming, villages or towns with fewer buildings and a low population. With a lower population density and a heavy dependence on the agricultural industry, rural areas are necessary to a country’s overall landscape. They contribute to providing food, natural resources and a sense of community.
Rural poverty is defined as “residents of non-urbanized areas or non-urban clusters who earn below the income threshold” in their country. Despite impactful contributions, rural populations do not have comfortable access to healthcare facilities, transportation and education services. Residents have fewer options for resources, resulting in them struggling to seek help or improve their situation. Several rural tenants do not have a secured income because they are either unemployed or participate in seasonal work due to a short supply of job offers.
Urban Poverty
Urban areas are cities, towns and suburbs with high population density. They have many apartment buildings, public transit and telecommunications. Most urban residents work non-agricultural jobs. Metropolitan areas are crossroads of economic activity, cultural exchange and innovation, offering support systems in fast-paced environments and meeting the population’s needs.
Urban poverty is “residents of urbanized areas (50,000+ people) or urban clusters (2,500-50,000 people) who earn below the income threshold” of their country. While there are support systems for the urban population, many individuals struggle with finances because of inadequate housing, inaccessibility to education and healthcare, unemployment and high exposure to environmental hazards such as natural disasters or air pollution.
Is Urban or Rural Poverty More Severe?
Urban and rural poverty have their complexities. Rural poverty is more hidden and persistent within the countryside community, while urban poverty is more visible and acute. The majority of the neediest individuals live in rural areas, but an estimated 200 million people in urban regions experience poverty. “Many issues faced by urban poverty mirror those experienced in rural poverty, such as limited or no access to education and healthcare” in countries like India, China and Nigeria.
Urban and rural inhabitants have key differences in economic opportunities, infrastructure and services, social isolation, overcrowding and cost of living. The rural economy is strongly related to agriculture, mining and small businesses. In contrast, the urban economy relies on job markets, including manufacturing, services and technology. In rural geographical locations and small neighborhoods, individuals do not receive as much social support as in urban societies that contain social networks. Therefore, rural poverty is more severe than urban poverty due to the “difficulties in infrastructural access/fundamental service limitations in running economic activities.”
The Future
Rural poverty is expected to decline, while urban poverty may persist. In 2030, rural poverty will decrease by 26% to 293 million from 395 million and urban poverty will decrease from 203 million to 200 million. Poverty-reduction bills like the Global Malnutrition Prevention and Treatment Act confront both forms of poverty so everyone can live a standard life with food and health care resources.
– Makayla Johnson
Photo: Freepik
Mental Health in Palau
The Facts
Depression affects 5.2% of Palau’s adult population, including 6.7% of young adults and 6.5% of elderly adults suffer from depression. This makes up about 920 people out of Palau’s entire population. To put this into perspective, 5.2% of the United States of America’s population is about 16.3 million people.
Anxiety affects 4.3% of adults, 10.5% of young adults and 4.3% of elderly adults suffering from anxiety. Anxiety is significantly more prevalent in young adults compared to any other age group. 4.3% of Palau’s population is about 760 people.
About 2.3% of adults in Palau suffer from suicidal ideation, being significantly more prevalent in young adults. Meanwhile, about 8.5% of young adults and 0.6% of elderly adults suffer from suicidal ideation. Palau also has a high rate of schizophrenia, according to the National Library of Medicine.
Links Between Poverty and Mental Health
While it is often hard to recognize, depression and anxiety have a huge influence on a person’s work ethic. Depression often leads to a lack of motivation, exhaustion, careless attitude and reclusive tendencies. This behavior can prevent a person from keeping a job or pursuing a career, leading a person towards financial issues, and if not helped, can cause a person to slip into poverty.
Anxiety also creates challenges that affect work ethic. Anxiety tampers with energy, concentration and sleep. Oftentimes, it is difficult to make a decision or pay attention to the task at hand, lowering a person’s quality of work. Anxiety may also prevent a person from attending work due to fear of commitment or embarrassment. Similar to depression, this can manifest financial instability and lead to poverty.
Schizophrenia, among all other mental health conditions, is one of the most connected mental illnesses to poverty. A big part of this is due to schizophrenia’s impact on a person’s social life, such as reclusive behavior, trouble communicating and negative effects on social cognition, making employment a difficult task.
Those with poor mental health are more likely to have addictions to drugs and alcohol, another major influence on poverty due to low work performance and work ethic. While poor mental health can be a leading cause for poverty, oftentimes poverty is the cause of poor mental health, increasing stress and hopelessness, often resulting in social rejection and loneliness, making it hard to re-establish financial stability.
Lack of Services
As the country is small and isolated, accessible mental health care is sparse. Psychology is an ambitious field to pursue, and there are only so many people on such a small island who have the ability or desire to join a career in psychology. The further from the main island, the less the population, which further decreases the number of people who are interested or knowledgeable about mental health.
While it is difficult to pinpoint the exact number of behavioral health care professionals in Palau, an interview in 2019 of 17 health care professionals showed that there was only one in behavioral health care.
Current Solutions
Since 2008, when the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) signed a Standard Basic Assistance Agreement, the UNDP has strengthened health systems, helped address the impacts of COVID-19 and rehabilitated three community health centers. These produce positive influences on mental health in Palau through the creation of stronger, more reliable health centers and helping those who COVID-19 impacted get back on their feet.
UNICEF Pacific Islands heavily focuses on children’s education and health care. It originated in 1997 and has made strong efforts to help children lead a good life. It helps not only Palau but also the entirety of the Pacific Islands. UNICEF Pacific Islands provide mental health assistance in emergency settings, and is working to integrate mental health into education and have established the Global Coalition for Youth Mental Health.
Since Palau gained its independence in 1994 and established diplomatic relations with the United States of America, the U.S. has provided a lot of government and economic assistance. Currently, the United States provides financial aid through the Compact of Free Association (COFA), which can be used to fund health care systems, education and take care of Palau’s architecture and environment, crucial for Palauans’ mental and physical health.
Looking Ahead
With the current help of these organizations and Palau’s already thriving community and healthy environment, the people can continue to improve and stabilize mental health through community support, providing a sense of belonging and safety that encourages people to speak out and advocate for mental health in Palau.
– Sevyn Whatley
Photo: Unsplash
Transforming Poverty With Innovative Recycling in the DRC
Furthermore, due to ongoing political conflict in recent years, many of the DRC’s vital institutions, including hospitals and waste management systems, have been destroyed. The accumulation of waste in public spaces that this caused has resulted in skyrocketing rates of malaria and cholera, an additional humanitarian crisis that the DRC does not have the resources to alleviate.
However, by utilizing new sustainable technologies, particularly innovative recycling, several Congolese organizations are working to lessen the impact of waste on the DRC. Below are two stand-out nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) utilizing innovative recycling in the DRC to lower poverty rates and help lessen the country’s current crisis.
Plastycor
Plastycor was established in 2019 by Nicole Mugoli Menemene. The organization uses discarded plastic waste to create homes, furniture and other household appliances, including “chairs, walls with masonry and without masonry, bins and multipurpose baskets, flowers and flower pots, coasters,” and many more.
Inspired by her mother, who taught her early on about the importance of proper sanitation and waste disposal, Menemene got her start in environmental advocacy. After founding Plastycor, she quickly searched for ways to maximize her impact.
In addition to her work with innovative recycling in the DRC, she headed community training on proper waste disposal and youth programs that bring awareness to environmental issues and supported the founding of other new start-ups.
Despite her early success, Menemene has not stopped expanding her business. Today, she “oversees three permanent full-time staff members and [more than] 30 volunteers.” Thanks to the efforts of Menemene and her team, Plastycor has recycled 510,000+ pieces of plastic waste, trained 1,000+ individuals on proper waste disposal and collected 450+ tons of urban waste.
Benelux Afro Center
The Benelux Afro Center (BAC) is an organization that specializes in the correct disposal of e-waste. The project focuses on educating individuals and communities about the proper ways to dispose of e-waste, the collection of the hazardous waste itself and the shipping and recycling process. There are BAC stations in most large cities in the DRC, run by young people trained in the e-waste disposal process.
The BAC isn’t only an incredible resource in waste disposal. It also has a huge environmental and socioeconomic influence: “The project had recycled 13,500 kilograms of e-waste by 2017 and by 2021 had recycled nearly 141 tonnes of e-waste. Each relay station provides work for 10 young people, mostly from disadvantaged backgrounds.”
Finally, like Plastycor, the BAC does not only utilize traditional recycling. In addition, “metal waste is processed by the students and made into beds, chairs and benches. Waste is also transformed into gardening tools, such as rakes and spades.”
Final Remarks on Innovative Recycling in the DRC
Although the future seems bleak, countless organizations are leading the fight against poverty and injustice with innovative recycling in the DRC. If countries like the U.S. and England commit to supporting their progress, it is undeniable that improvement is possible.
– Helena Birbrower
Photo: Flickr
Vaccine Coverage in Malawi Goes Solely Solar
SDD Refrigerators
SDD refrigerators are solar-powered devices used to store vaccines at the proper temperature. Before the introduction of SDD refrigerators, earlier models were less reliable and more costly. Ice-lined refrigerators, which had been used for more than 20 years, were considered the most economical option.
Alongside absorption refrigerators and water-pack freezers, people found these units less efficient than solar-powered alternatives. They operated using gas, kerosene or batteries, which required frequent replacement and incurred high operational costs.
SDD Fridges in Malawi
Remote areas such as Malawi have been the top priority for the Gates Foundation due to their previous reliance on gas-powered refrigerators. Around 40% of community health clinics in Malawi are not on the electrical grid, making costly and outdated refrigerators their only option.
However, in 2015, Malawi received its first grant to implement only a few SDD fridges. After about three years of reliability, Gavi and UNICEF helped fund the installation of about 600 more in 2018. Since then, Malawi has replaced all gas and battery-powered fridges with solar-reliant fridges.
SDDs proved to be successful and sustainable. It is cutting carbon dioxide emissions significantly and giving cold chain managers the ability to track the maintenance of each refrigerator to confirm it is at the proper temperature. The equipment is also long-lasting and reliable, creating a concrete solution for Malawi.
Vaccine Coverage in Malawi
In addition to improving storage, Gavi and UNICEF are trying to bridge the gap between urban and rural access to vaccines. These organizations have specifically targeted communities with high rates of zero-dose children and developing equity-focused programming in collaboration with local governments.
The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) from UNICEF shows that “across all antigens, Malawi is missing approximately 10% of children, with a significant portion of these zero-dose children in urban areas.” Providing adequate staff to recognize these patterns and advise immunization can catch these concerns promptly.
Impacts
According to Gavi, vaccine coverage in Malawi has shown impressive progress compared to a decade ago. This advancement has been supported by substantial funding and the availability of trained professionals in both rural and urban clinics, enabling effective vaccine storage and distribution.
Inclement weather is another factor in vaccine storage strategies. Malawi is particularly prone to extreme weather events such as cyclones and floods. When Tropical Storm Ana struck in 2021, significant damage was caused to the hydroelectric system, resulting in widespread power outages across the electrical grid. In previously vulnerable rural areas, health workers successfully kept vaccine doses cold using SDD refrigerators. At the same time, they had to move facilities relying on electricity-powered to avoid spoilage.
As a result, cold chain managers began re-evaluating the effectiveness of electric refrigerators compared to solar-powered ones. They transferred all vaccine doses from urban centers to more remote storage facilities. Solar refrigerators became the standard due to their strength and durability.
Conclusion
The benefits of SDD fridges are vast, including bettering the environment and lowering long-term medical equipment costs. Cold chain management has taken a step in the right direction, with the Gates Foundation and more creating the possibility for success in countries like Malawi.
– Rachael Wexler
Photo: Unsplash