Malta is a southern European island country located in the Mediterranean Sea. It has a small population of just less than 575,000. However, the country is seeing relatively fast rates of population growth. In 2024, the total net migration into Malta was 6,323, and in total, the population grew by almost 2% that year.
It has relatively low levels of unemployment, malnutrition and food insecurity. However, more work is necessary for the country to meet the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, which outline the need to work towards achieving zero hunger and poverty.
Luckily, everyone in Malta has access to safe drinking water and sanitation services. However, 3% of the population suffers from malnourishment, and the prevalence of severe food insecurity is 2.1%. As of 2021, 16.7% of the population lived below the national poverty line.
Data from November 2025 shows that the country has a low unemployment rate of just 3.1%, with most of this attributed to youth unemployment, which sits at 11.3%. Malta also has educational participation rates 0.7% lower than the EU27 average, with less than half of those aged 18-69 in any kind of formal or informal training.
These five charities operating in Malta aim to improve living conditions for citizens and help towards reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
1. Foodbank Lifeline Foundation
Reverend Kim Hurst started Foodbank Lifeline Foundation in 2015. It was the first foodbank in Malta, located in its capital, Valletta. Originally, the foodbank operated from the basement of St Andrew’s Scots Church, where the founder was Minister and gave food directly to those in need.
As demand grew, so did Foodbank. In 2018, it became a Foundation, and in 2019, it was registered as a voluntary organization. Now, the Foodbank has multiple distribution points across the island as well as a driver who can collect donations and deliver them to the distribution points. The charity states that in its time in operation, it has provided an average of 16,000 food packs per year, helping feed more than 300 homes.
The Foodbank Lifeline Foundation does great work helping to eradicate the remaining food insecurity and malnourishment in Malta.
2. Fondazzjoni Sebħ
Fondazzjoni Sebħ focuses on the welfare of children and families. It does this by providing residential services to children as well as female survivors of violence and their children. It also provides community services to individuals and families.
The charity has been operating since 1956 (although under different names), but became an officially registered NGO in 2018, becoming Fondazzjoni Sebħ in 2019. Originally, the organization was focused on Children’s Homes, but later started to include survivors of domestic violence in its work. Il-Milja is one of their second-stage shelters for survivors of domestic abuse.
The organization currently houses 12 families, Il-Milja, and 42 children across seven apartments. It is also supporting 75 individuals via their Community Family Service, which focuses on early intervention, support, and preservation of families.
3. The St Jeanne Antide Foundation
The St Jeanne Antide Foundation is a nonprofit organization that focuses on social care. It provides professional support services to vulnerable individuals and families. Since 2007, it has been carrying out street outreach to bring care as close to where families are already located as possible. The services offered by the foundation are:
- A Charity Shop: The volunteer-run shop helps to raise funds for services and acts as a pick-up point for families facing financial hardship.
- SOAR: SOAR is a survivor-led service to help people rebuild their lives after facing violence in an intimate relationship. It prioritizes inclusion, peer support, appreciation for lived experience and social justice.
- LWIEN: This service provides support for family members caring for someone suffering from a mental illness or dementia. It provides individual and family consultations, social work support, self-help literature and access to the St Jeanne Antide Foundation emotional freedom service.
The St Jeanne Antide Foundation has helped as many as 5,253 families and 9,641 individuals since commencing its work in 2007. It now has as many as 79 active volunteers who continue to provide compassionate support to vulnerable people.
4. The Migrant Women Association Malta
The Migrant Women Association is one of the charities operating in Malta that aims to help refugees, migrants and asylum seekers integrate into society in Malta. The charity began work in April 2015. It supports, advises, promotes, collaborates with, listens to and defends the women it works with.
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that “Social cohesion does not happen instantly and is not a one-sided effort. Adapting to a new culture, language, system, climate, and environment is only one aspect of it. Local communities play an important role in integrating refugees and migrants, which is essential for achieving health equity.” Given the high rate of population growth in the country and the WHO’s statement, it is clear that this charity has an important task.
Currently, the organization is working with Women Without Borders and has its own projects that aim to teach women skills and help to provide them with employment opportunities. Its projects include:
- SAĦĦA Community Kitchen Project: This aims to empower migrant women via a catering project in which cuisine from the different cultures of those involved will be served to those in Malta.
- IT Literacy Skills for Job Compliance Project: This project aims to provide participants with digital and technological literacy skills, such as computer literacy and IT security, opening up more job opportunities for these women.
- Emergency Response Support Project: This responded to the needs of migrant women who found themselves particularly vulnerable to health crises caused by COVID-19.
5. FIDEM Foundation
The FIDEM Foundation is another of these five charities operating in Malta that provide services relating to education. But, unlike the Migrant Women Association, it is the main focus of this charity.
The FIDEM Foundation aims to improve the rate of educational participation among adults in Malta. It started providing education, well-being guidance and access to arts and culture in 2018. It aims to provide support and empowerment, and promote wellbeing and fulfilment.
Its Educate to Empower Programme provides vocational assistance to vulnerable women and funds educational courses and materials. If required, it also provides psychological support services alongside emotional support.
Skill Up is another of the Foundation’s projects; this is a year-long course that aims to bridge the gender education gap in Malta. It covers English Literacy, computer literacy, and emotional literacy workshops. The course is free and provides participants with an official certificate once it is completed.
The Bigger Picture
These five charities operating in Malta work to help reduce educational gaps and reduce rates of malnourishment, unemployment and poverty. They have all had a positive impact on vulnerable people in Malta, helping improve their social standing. Their continued work will help Malta reach the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
– Ryan Cowen
Ryan is based in Brighton, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.
Photo: Flickr
Trained Local Health Professionals in Developing Nations
However, these issues have shown to decrease in developing nations that have had access to trained local health professionals, marking their importance. Western countries, such as the U.K. and the U.S., must make contributions to the increase in trained local health professionals in developing nations. One way to do so is through health organizations that provide training, such as Health Volunteers Overseas (HVO).
Danielle Stonehirsch, Manager of Communications and Donor Relations at HVO, recently spoke with The Borgen Project to demonstrate the importance of trained local health professionals and answer questions about the concept.
The Importance
The uneven global distribution of health care workers has left many developing nations without enough trained local professionals. This shortage places a heavy burden on public health, resulting in reduced access to treatment and higher rates of illness. While developed nations, such as the U.S. and the U.K., attempt to provide aid to developing countries, much of this support consists solely of medical supplies rather than trained health care professionals.
According to Stonehirsch, this approach is problematic because the absence of skilled professionals can lead to the misuse or complete underuse of donated equipment, ultimately depriving patients of proper care. She cites an internal medical project run by HVO in Nepal, where a physician facilitated the donation of multiple bedside ultrasound machines.
Without proper training, local staff may have been unable to use the equipment effectively. However, the physician, along with other volunteers, established regular in-person visits and ongoing online mentorship to train multiple hospital departments. As a result, local health care workers can now use the machines to save lives and educate students and colleagues on their operation.
Local health professionals hold importance as they understand the patients’ language and culture, which allows for greater trust from patients and enhances the effectiveness of treatment. Hiring local professionals in developing nations may also be economically beneficial, as it creates more job opportunities for those in impoverished areas. Additionally, according to Stonehirsch, trained health care providers who are sent from developed nations (rather than being locally trained) must eventually return to their own country. Once they do so, the areas they were serving no longer receive the much-needed assistance.
How Local Health Professionals Have Benefited Countries in the Past
Trained local health professionals have greatly benefited developing nations in the past. In Honduras, Liberia and Kenya, they were responsible for multiple tasks, including ensuring access to care, improving equity, alleviating disease and more. Twenty-four countries in sub-Saharan Africa, representing 80% of the region, relied on these professionals for risk communication, surveillance and testing.
HVO has worked extensively in regions including Africa, Asia, Latin America, Haiti, St. Lucia and Georgia, building long-term partnerships with hospitals, clinics and universities. Stonehirsch shared with The Borgen Project an example from an HVO hand surgery initiative. In this project, a volunteer met a young surgeon with an interest in hand surgery.
Although the volunteer’s expertise was in pediatrics, she encouraged him to specialize in pediatric hand surgery and trained him alongside several colleagues who formed a dedicated team. He went on to become the first pediatric hand surgeon in his country. HVO volunteers also trained the only hand therapist in Ghana, who is now teaching others across the country.
This illustrates how developing nations can benefit from trained local health professionals. The organization also offers virtual options, including Zoom lectures, mentorship, online resources and more, as well as scholarships to support partners’ travel to other countries. Its volunteers are always available to partners through texting, emailing and calling.
What Can Be Done
Multiple steps are required to ensure an adequate distribution of trained local health professionals in developing nations. This includes collaboration between the United Nations and the World Health Organization to develop policies that support the training of health care workers in these countries, as well as strategies to retain them. As one report notes, this involves “solutions to retain more health care workers, as many seek to migrate to other countries where social and economic conditions are more favorable for work and living.”
It is also important for health programs to recognize this issue and actively contribute to increasing the number of trained local health professionals in developing nations. “More organizations need to invest in long-term, sustainable solutions,” Stonehirsch says. While several organizations, such as HVO, have acknowledged the problem, they often require support from additional partners to expand their impact.
For HVO, increasing training opportunities requires both time and financial resources, making volunteers and donors essential to program growth. The organization currently trains about 3,100 health care providers each year. “I would love to see that number double,” Stonehirsch adds. “Each of those individuals then becomes capable of teaching others.” As more people donate and volunteer, opportunities to strengthen local health care capacity continue to grow.
When asked why some countries require support from organizations like HVO, Stonehirsch explained, “In many low-resource areas, hospitals and clinics are understaffed and providers are working hard to care for many, many patients. That often leaves little to no time to teach and mentor interns, residents and younger colleagues.”
As a result, early-career professionals often leave to practice in other countries rather than returning to their home countries. Expanding local opportunities increases the likelihood that these professionals will stay and contribute to their communities.
– Renata Hirmiz
Photo: Unsplash
Dangerous Diseases Impacting Djibouti
Diseases Impacting Djibouti
Diseases impact the majority of communities in Djibouti. These are examples of some of the most severe illnesses harming vulnerable members in society. Both communicable and non-communicable diseases are threatening.
How Effective Is Medical Care in Djibouti?
Health centers are limited. This is attributed to a lack of staff and resources, which impacts Djibouti’s health care system. Medical systems are strained from pressure and the heavy disease rate.
There is a substantial divide in medical care between rural and urban areas. Urban areas are more likely to have a stronger infrastructure and more funding. Djibouti has 66 medical centers and most of them are located in the capital, Djibouti City. Peltier Hospital is the biggest hospital there, which is not only a place to treat disease, but also home to medical discoveries as research takes place there.
Poverty in Djibouti
A main cause of Djibouti’s hardships is because of poverty, which one can see through its medical care. Even though public health care costs less and is easier for people to access in Djibouti compared to private health care, there are lengthy wait times and staff shortages. Meanwhile, private health care has shorter wait times and more advanced staff.
About 79% of people in Djibouti live in poverty but 42% live in the most extreme conditions. Health care is a constant battle due to people lacking income and having a constant threat of disease. As private health care is more costly, most of the population cannot afford it.
Malaria and Genetically Engineered Mosquitos
Malaria is an ongoing issue in Djibouti. In the year of 2012, 27 cases took place but over the following years to 2020, it has dramatically grown to above 73,000.
These statistics show how malaria is an increasing issue. Malaria is spread when a mosquito is infected and bites a living organism. This is not communicable, but the infection spreads in the blood stream. The cycle continues as a mosquito will bite the infected person and it resumes. In rare cases, people can catch it through blood transfusions.
In 2024, tens of thousands of genetically engineered mosquitos were created to mitigate the spread of infection thanks to Oxitecs Friendly™. The male mosquitos carry a gene that kills the female mosquitos, reducing malaria. Only female mosquitos carry the disease, so reducing them mitigates the spread of malaria.
HIV and Mobile Brigades
More than 1% of local people are diagnosed with HIV. This is classed as a high rate, underlining the conditions people of Djibouti experience daily. This chronic condition is a virus, that harms the immune system.
HIV passes from person to person through close contact with bodily fluids. Unfortunately, there is no current cure, but treatment can help. If it is not quickly treated, it can develop and become more serious.
Djibouti faces the harshest realities of poverty and this heightens HIV rates. Due to a lack of funding and awareness into health care, more people will unfortunately suffer. Women are more vulnerable to this because they are fearful to reach out for help to help end HIV. This is because of the negative stigma attached to HIV/AIDS.
However, new developments are emerging to reduce the negative stigma. One example is mobile brigades. These are vehicles with medical professionals that go to communities, test for HIV and bring awareness. In 2019, they raised awareness of HIV/AIDS to about 26,000 people who were at risk. Additionally, the mobile brigades provided 6,000 tests and treatment to 2,900 people.
Addressing Cholera
Another of the diseases impacting Djibouti is cholera. Cholera is a disease that is bacterial and passes through contaminated food sources. Cholera can cause stomach pain, sickness, dehydration and death in some severe cases.
The latest cholera outbreak that Djibouti considered a threat was in 1893. However, the country continued to view cholera as high risk in 2007, and it is significantly dangerous for children. This is because children with cholera often do not show symptoms and fatalities can come about quietly.
UNICEF is implementing WASH interventions in several countries across the globe to eliminate cholera and Djibouti is one of its target countries. Some strategies include implementing reliable and safe water sources and medical treatments, and improving hygiene practices.
The Impact of Tuberculosis
There are around 40 to 499 cases every 100,000 people of the Djibouti population. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that is passed from one infected person to the other. This occurs through direct encounters as people can get it through contact with a contaminated person.
The statistics show that this disease is a persistent problem. This is reflected through safety information, as travelers are advised to do screening for their safety and others. This highlights the importance of medical care. Fortunately, it is a curable disease, although if not treated, it can be fatal.
The Prevalence of Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a virus that can cause liver issues and is another of the diseases impacting Djibouti. Depending on its severity, it can either be short term or long term. Hepatitis B is spread through bodily fluids or infection spread through blood.
Many see Hepatitis B as a prevalent issue because there is no cure. However, vaccines and treatments can reduce the possibility of Hepatitis B. According to recent data, out of every 100,000 people of the population of Djibouti, 1,044.47 people are diagnosed with Hepatitis B. The statistic is considered high. Sometimes people can be a carrier of it without their knowledge, making it more dangerous.
Looking Ahead
Overall, disease impacts all parts of life in Djibouti. With the hardships of natural disasters and lack of funding, poverty still continues to be the main issue. Funding gives access to medical care and education, and a better life for people of Djibouti. However, with more awareness, this can happen. The new medical achievements show a more positive future for the Djibouti nation.
– Daisy Maidment
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
5 Charities Operating in Malta
It has relatively low levels of unemployment, malnutrition and food insecurity. However, more work is necessary for the country to meet the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, which outline the need to work towards achieving zero hunger and poverty.
Luckily, everyone in Malta has access to safe drinking water and sanitation services. However, 3% of the population suffers from malnourishment, and the prevalence of severe food insecurity is 2.1%. As of 2021, 16.7% of the population lived below the national poverty line.
Data from November 2025 shows that the country has a low unemployment rate of just 3.1%, with most of this attributed to youth unemployment, which sits at 11.3%. Malta also has educational participation rates 0.7% lower than the EU27 average, with less than half of those aged 18-69 in any kind of formal or informal training.
These five charities operating in Malta aim to improve living conditions for citizens and help towards reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
1. Foodbank Lifeline Foundation
Reverend Kim Hurst started Foodbank Lifeline Foundation in 2015. It was the first foodbank in Malta, located in its capital, Valletta. Originally, the foodbank operated from the basement of St Andrew’s Scots Church, where the founder was Minister and gave food directly to those in need.
As demand grew, so did Foodbank. In 2018, it became a Foundation, and in 2019, it was registered as a voluntary organization. Now, the Foodbank has multiple distribution points across the island as well as a driver who can collect donations and deliver them to the distribution points. The charity states that in its time in operation, it has provided an average of 16,000 food packs per year, helping feed more than 300 homes.
The Foodbank Lifeline Foundation does great work helping to eradicate the remaining food insecurity and malnourishment in Malta.
2. Fondazzjoni Sebħ
Fondazzjoni Sebħ focuses on the welfare of children and families. It does this by providing residential services to children as well as female survivors of violence and their children. It also provides community services to individuals and families.
The charity has been operating since 1956 (although under different names), but became an officially registered NGO in 2018, becoming Fondazzjoni Sebħ in 2019. Originally, the organization was focused on Children’s Homes, but later started to include survivors of domestic violence in its work. Il-Milja is one of their second-stage shelters for survivors of domestic abuse.
The organization currently houses 12 families, Il-Milja, and 42 children across seven apartments. It is also supporting 75 individuals via their Community Family Service, which focuses on early intervention, support, and preservation of families.
3. The St Jeanne Antide Foundation
The St Jeanne Antide Foundation is a nonprofit organization that focuses on social care. It provides professional support services to vulnerable individuals and families. Since 2007, it has been carrying out street outreach to bring care as close to where families are already located as possible. The services offered by the foundation are:
The St Jeanne Antide Foundation has helped as many as 5,253 families and 9,641 individuals since commencing its work in 2007. It now has as many as 79 active volunteers who continue to provide compassionate support to vulnerable people.
4. The Migrant Women Association Malta
The Migrant Women Association is one of the charities operating in Malta that aims to help refugees, migrants and asylum seekers integrate into society in Malta. The charity began work in April 2015. It supports, advises, promotes, collaborates with, listens to and defends the women it works with.
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that “Social cohesion does not happen instantly and is not a one-sided effort. Adapting to a new culture, language, system, climate, and environment is only one aspect of it. Local communities play an important role in integrating refugees and migrants, which is essential for achieving health equity.” Given the high rate of population growth in the country and the WHO’s statement, it is clear that this charity has an important task.
Currently, the organization is working with Women Without Borders and has its own projects that aim to teach women skills and help to provide them with employment opportunities. Its projects include:
5. FIDEM Foundation
The FIDEM Foundation is another of these five charities operating in Malta that provide services relating to education. But, unlike the Migrant Women Association, it is the main focus of this charity.
The FIDEM Foundation aims to improve the rate of educational participation among adults in Malta. It started providing education, well-being guidance and access to arts and culture in 2018. It aims to provide support and empowerment, and promote wellbeing and fulfilment.
Its Educate to Empower Programme provides vocational assistance to vulnerable women and funds educational courses and materials. If required, it also provides psychological support services alongside emotional support.
Skill Up is another of the Foundation’s projects; this is a year-long course that aims to bridge the gender education gap in Malta. It covers English Literacy, computer literacy, and emotional literacy workshops. The course is free and provides participants with an official certificate once it is completed.
The Bigger Picture
These five charities operating in Malta work to help reduce educational gaps and reduce rates of malnourishment, unemployment and poverty. They have all had a positive impact on vulnerable people in Malta, helping improve their social standing. Their continued work will help Malta reach the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
– Ryan Cowen
Photo: Flickr
Vocational Education and Training in Samoa
In the case of Samoa, high levels of general education coupled with a limited amount of formal employment opportunity can be a conundrum. While Samoans are well educated, for many years the country lacked a structured system of job training that aligned education with local labor market needs. As a result, young people often moved overseas where larger economies rewarded their existing skillsets.
Although migration has declined slightly in recent years, Samoa continues to expatriate more people than it gains. Because of this, the country maintains one of the largest overseas diaspora populations in the Pacific. This reality speaks to the urgency of creating new pathways to encourage working-age Samoans to remain in-country. Retaining talent is not simply a demographic concern—it is essential to sustaining economic growth, strengthening local industries and reducing long-term dependence on remittances.
Recognizing this challenge, deliberately building vocational education and training in Samoa or TVET has become a priority in the last 15 years. These reforms are beginning to show results, but their long-term successes depend on sustained investment and continued policy support.
How the System Was Built
A major turning point came in 2010 with the passage of the Samoa Qualifications Authority Act. This legislation established a national framework to define training standards and qualifications across all levels of education, from certificate programs to doctoral degrees. For the first time, clear and nationally recognized standards governed vocational education and training in Samoa. After years of progress, the country was able to graduate from the LDC list in 2014 only four years after the re-structuring of vocational education and training in Samoa.
This framework provided the foundation for expanding TVET programs across the country. By formalizing qualifications and aligning training with industry needs, Samoa began to address long-standing gaps between education and employment. The goal was not only to improve skills, but to ensure those skills were relevant to local economic priorities such as construction, agriculture, tourism and skilled trades.
Building on this foundation, the Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture introduced the National School TVET Policy in 2018, covering the period through 2023. This policy focused specifically on integrating vocational training into the national education system and promoting TVET as a viable and respected pathway for young people. It emphasized employability, workforce readiness, and economic growth, while also aiming to shift public perceptions that had long viewed vocational training as inferior to academic education.
What Progress Looks Like
Samoa is now seeing encouraging signs that these reforms are working. Participation in formal TVET programs has increased, and the stigma surrounding vocational education is gradually fading. Young people are increasingly viewing trade and technical training as practical, respected routes to stable employment.
These changes are beginning to translate into broader economic gains. Employment in the formal sector is growing, and tertiary education enrollment has increased. While it takes time to measure the full impact of workforce reforms, early indicators are promising. Samoa’s adult unemployment rate stands at approximately 2.8%, and the country has experienced steady GDP growth in recent years.
Although TVET reforms are not solely responsible for these outcomes, they suggest that aligning education with labor market needs is contributing to improved economic resilience.
The Path Forward
Despite this progress, vocational education and training in Samoa is a system that remains under-resourced. Expanding access, maintaining quality standards and keeping programs aligned with evolving industry needs will require continued investment. Without it, the gains made over the past decade risk stagnation.
Strengthening TVET is ultimately about more than skills training. It is about giving Samoans meaningful opportunities to build livelihoods at home, reducing the pressure to migrate, and ensuring that economic growth benefits local communities. With sustained commitment, vocational education can help Samoa retain its young workforce and position itself as a stronger, more self-sufficient participant in the global economy.
– Nicole Miller
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
Renewable Energy in Kiribati
Kiribati’s Energy Challenges
As a developing nation in the remote continent of Oceania, Kiribati has distinct economic challenges. Among these is its ability to provide reliable, affordable energy to all of its citizens. Not only is Kiribati dependent upon imported fossil fuel (currently about 80% of its power comes from foreign oil) but energy distribution to its outlying islands is difficult due to their long ocean distances from the inner islands. Kiribati’s outer islands currently derive their energy from limited-capacity solar power systems and biomass (mainly wood).
Burning of biomass can release particulates and chemicals that can cause respiratory issues, heart problems and cancer. A lack of reliable, affordable energy can affect the health and well-being of island inhabitants. The use of renewable energy in Kiribati can provide a sustainable, economic solution to the country’s energy challenges and could push Kiribati’s current long-term growth rate from slightly over 2% to 4% and significantly reduce poverty.
Kiribati’s Energy Roadmap
In 2017, Kiribati developed an “Integrated Energy Roadmap” to address its energy dilemma. The roadmap defines a plan for making Kiribati’s energy supply not only more cost effective, but also greener, targeting a 22% reduction in fossil fuels. Reducing fossil fuel use will not only help to lessen the global carbon footprint but can also manifest social inclusion by providing affordable energy to all of Kiribati’s citizens. The country’s proposed strategy can help Kiribati to achieve energy independence and enhanced economic development by harnessing natural resources and utilizing indigenous workers. The energy roadmap includes strategic choices tailored to various islands’ characteristics. Plans for renewable energy in Kiribati include more efficient solar programs, wind power, biofuels and ocean energy.
The Green Hope Foundation
Kiribati has made progress towards its goal. The Green Hope Foundation has installed solar water distillation systems that purify seawater for drinking and agricultural use on several islands. Purification systems are essential as Kiribati’s groundwater is being depleted due to rising sea levels. Indigenous women help manage the facilities and educate their communities on water conservation. The distillation systems currently serve 1,900 people on three islands. Green Hope has plans to serve five additional communities of 6,500 individuals. Also in the works is a grid-connected solar photovoltaic project in Tarawa, the nation’s capital city that holds almost half of its 116,000 residents.
Other Types of Energy
Wind power holds promise for some of Kiribati’s islands. Kiritimati (also known as Christmas Island) has sufficient wind speeds to provide energy generation for its population of about 7,000 people. However, certain issues, such as noise, safety and the need to cut down coconut trees that provide much of the country’s income must be resolved prior to implementation.
Biofuel from coconut oil holds potential as nearly 80% of Kiribati’s land is covered in coconut trees. A coconut oil mill owned by Kiribati Copra Mill Limited in Tarawa has done trials mixing coconut oil with diesel fuel and with kerosene. The trials were reasonably successful, and commercialization is feasible in the near future. This biofuel could potentially be used across the country.
Kiribati’s location and environmental conditions are optimal for ocean energy development. Indeed, the country’s energy roadmap includes plans for a 1-megawatt ocean thermal energy conversion plant. Testing and development have already occurred in South Tarawa. Though results demonstrated that such a plant would be feasible, it would require high startup costs and has logistical challenges such as the need for specialized vessels, ongoing maintenance, subsea cabling and material corrosion issues.
Outlook for Implementation of Renewable Energy in Kiribati
The use of natural resources for energy is an economical and environmentally friendly choice; however, implementation does not come without complications and challenges, including high installation costs. Kiribati and other developing countries do not always have the funds to build the required energy infrastructures. However, large-scale renewable power projects can attract investors who expect to receive a substantial return on their investment. The World Bank has contributed a considerable amount of funding, helping to enable renewable energy in Kiribati to become a reality.
Not only does Kiribati’s energy plan benefit the environment and help to accelerate its rise from poverty, but it also addresses social issues such as inclusion and women’s resilience. Indeed, Kiribati’s approach is a reminder that a well-thought out, inclusive policy to address energy challenges can have benefits far beyond the dollar.
– Debbie Barto
Photo: Flickr
Fragility and Rule of Law in Serbia
From Recovery To Institutional Fragility
Serbia’s post-Yugolsav trajectory has moved through three distinct phases. War and international isolation defined the 1990s under the authoritarian rule of President Milošević. However, the 2000s brought political openings and rapid recovery through stronger international ties such as the EU Stabilization and Association Agreement, which helped anchor domestic reforms.
This momentum stalled after the 2008 financial crisis, as public confidence in EU accession waned. This shift aligned with the rise of the Serbian Progressive Party (SPS). In 2014, the SPS’s ascent to power under Aleksandar Vučić triggered a measurable decline in democratic performance and institutional independence. International bodies, including the OSCE have repeatedly raised concerns that the centralization of power and political pressure on institutions is producing corruption. This corruption has undercut the state’s legal accountability and exacerbated poverty for marginalized groups.
How Fragility and Rule of Law in Serbia Impacts Poverty
Serbia’s at-risk-of-poverty rate stands at around 20%, with nearly one-fifth of the population receiving an income below the poverty line. The government continues to highlight GDP growth, which grew 3.9% in 2024, as markers of success. Nevertheless, these gains have not alleviated Serbia’s poverty, partly because weakening rule of law has distorted how authorities wield state power and distribute support.
Since 2014, corruption allegations and institutional deregulation have hollowed-out watchdog bodies, limiting civic oversight and weakening the delivery of public resources. The geographies of poverty remain most concentrated in the south and east, where it affects more than 27% of residents. The region counted around 77,000 unemployed in 2025. A slowed inflow of FDI amid failing investor confidence has accelerated factory closures. Serbia’s Association of Free and Independent Trade Unions warn the shutdowns “have only just begun.”
A major turning point came with the collapse of a newly built train station in 2024. The incident triggered a series of anti-government protests. Protesters blamed the collapse on corruption and the breakdown of rule of law. Student-led demonstrations swiftly grew into a national movement, exposing Serbia’s political fragility and exacerbating concerns from foreign investors. The economy felt the impact immediately, producing a rise in job insecurity and pushing households closer to poverty.
Failing Measures
Serbia spends 19.5% of GDP on social protection. However, most funding goes toward broad social insurance rather than targeted anti-poverty support. In reality, Serbia spends only 5% of GDP on program directly aimed at poverty reduction. Opposition figures argue officials use the inflated number to portray success while masking gaps in direct support.
For many families the support is not enough. An unemployed family of three receives 22,000 dinars per month in cash social assistance, far below the estimated 56,868 dinars that make up Serbia’s minimum consumer basket.
The Future of Fragility and Rule of Law in Serbia
Despite the declining rule of law, there are signs that Serbia’s future trajectory may be shifting. The 2024 protests evolved into a more organized political force in 2025, whose push for an early election has now been announced for 2026.
Civil society has also grown more influential. NGO groups such as the A11 Initiative for Economic and Social Rights argue leaders have governed Serbia through short-term, selective measures rather than sustained, rights-based policy. This has resulted in a system that A11 states keeps marginalized people “just enough above water to survive,” rather than reducing poverty in meaningful terms.
– Rory Wesson
Photo: Flickr
Housing Initiatives and Homelessness in Guinea-Bissau
How Homelessness in Guinea-Bissau Is a Development Issue
Housing insecurity in Guinea-Bissau reflects deeper structural constraints associated with low levels of human development. Data from the United Nations Development Programme place the country in the low human development category, ranking 174 out of 193 countries with a Human Development Index value of 0.514 in 2023.
On the HDI scale, values closer to zero indicate severe constraints across health, education and living standards while higher scores reflect more consistent access to these foundations of well-being. Although Guinea-Bissau has made gradual progress over time, persistent deficits across these dimensions continue to shape housing outcomes. Limited access to safe water, sanitation and durable shelter undermines health; overcrowded living conditions disrupt educational participation; and housing instability constrains households’ ability to sustain livelihoods. Poor housing quality therefore does not simply result from low human development but actively reproduces disadvantage by reinforcing vulnerability across multiple domains.
Informal Settlements
In Bissau, informal settlements frequently occupy areas that lack access to essential services, including safe water, sanitation and energy infrastructure. The absence of a comprehensive urban planning framework contributes directly to this pattern. These infrastructure deficits expose residents to heightened environmental risk, particularly during periods of heavy rainfall and flooding, which damage homes and intensify cycles of displacement. Housing instability therefore operates not as an isolated social issue but as part of wider structural vulnerabilities that undermine health, disrupt education and constrain economic participation.
Public health research shows that inadequate housing conditions, including overcrowded living spaces and poor sanitation, are associated with higher risks of infectious disease and other adverse health outcomes. The World Health Organization’s Housing and health guidelines highlight how crowded and substandard housing contributes to health burdens by increasing people’s exposure to communicable diseases and undermining personal hygiene.
Addressing housing insecurity, therefore, functions as a direct intervention in poverty reduction rather than a peripheral welfare concern.
Active Housing Solutions in Guinea-Bissau
In response to these challenges, development initiatives in Guinea-Bissau increasingly focus on strengthening housing stability by reshaping policy frameworks and addressing gaps in urban planning and infrastructure provision. Within this landscape, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) plays a central role. Since 2015, UN-Habitat has worked alongside national and municipal authorities to strengthen urban governance and expand access to adequate housing through technical assistance in planning and policy development.
Rather than prioritizing short-term relief, UN-Habitat emphasizes long-term structural change by strengthening the systems that shape how cities grow and how housing is planned and delivered. In the context of housing and urban development, this work includes:
Together, these interventions create conditions that allow affordable and secure housing to expand over time, reducing reliance on informal settlements and lowering vulnerability to displacement.
Measured Impact and Policy Outcomes
Through collaboration with the Government of Guinea-Bissau, UN-Habitat supported the development of the Bissau 2030 Sustainable Development Plan, which outlines a long-term strategy for inclusive urban development. The framework prioritizes infrastructure provision and more effective land-use governance in low-income areas where housing insecurity remains most pronounced.
By directing attention toward informal and underserved neighborhoods, the plan targets communities most exposed to housing insecurity. Its emphasis on improved planning and infrastructure provision is intended to reduce environmental risk and support more stable patterns of residential development. This approach aligns with World Bank analysis showing that deficits in basic infrastructure and service access in Guinea-Bissau compound exposure to shocks and restrict access to health and education—conditions that make housing instability harder to escape.
Why Housing-Led Approaches Are Effective
Homelessness in Guinea-Bissau remains a significant development challenge. However, housing-led initiatives demonstrate how coordinated urban planning, policy reform and infrastructure investment can strengthen urban stability. By addressing the structural conditions that produce housing insecurity, these interventions support healthier, more resilient communities and contribute to sustainable poverty reduction in one of the world’s most fragile economies.
– Kira Rai
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
Humanitarian Crisis in Venezuela: Who’s Helping?
Today, that reality is gone. After years of falling oil prices and production, corruption, political repression and poor economic management, Venezuela has been pushed into a humanitarian crisis, one of the most severe emergencies in the world.
Economic Collapse
Venezuela’s economy depends heavily on oil and now oil prices are dropping rapidly and abruptly. Under President Nicolás Maduro, global oil prices fell and the economy entered a deep recession. Inflation rose rapidly and shortages of food and medicine became common.
Every day of life became a struggle for millions of people. Inflation reached extreme levels, with estimates as high as 682%, leaving families unable to afford medicines and other essentials such as food because the prices keep increasing. At the same time, the minimum wage dropped to about $0.53 per day, far below the international extreme poverty line of $3 per day.
Even people with jobs can no longer afford necessities and in 2019, only 19% of adults worked full-time.
Widespread Poverty and Hunger
Poverty and hunger are widespread across the country, with more than 70% of Venezuelans living in poverty. Additionally, more than two-thirds live in extreme poverty. When measured by income alone, almost the entire population falls below the poverty line.
Hunger has become part of daily life and a central feature of the humanitarian crisis in Venezuela. Many families skip meals or go entire days without eating. In 2025, 60% of Venezuelans reported struggling to afford food, with even some of the wealthiest households struggling. Children are among the most affected, facing malnutrition, interrupted education and limited access to health care.
Out of a population of about 30 million people, 8 million require humanitarian aid, including four million children. Government restrictions have made the situation worse by limiting the work of soup kitchens with a new law restricting NGOS. Although free school meals are guaranteed by law, many children have not received them for years.
As conditions worsened, millions of people left their country. Food shortages, violence, political repression and economic collapse have caused one of the largest migration crises in the world. Around 8 million Venezuelans, more than a quarter of the population, have fled in search of safety and stability.
Humanitarian Support
Despite these challenges, humanitarian organizations continue to provide lifesaving support. UNICEF plays a key role through its Humanitarian Action for Children program, delivering clean water, nutrition, health care and education services to children. In 2025 alone, UNICEF reached almost 600,000 vulnerable people across Venezuela, including more than 400,00 children.
The World Food Program (WFP) focuses on food assistance through school meals and monthly food baskets. In total, as of December 2025, it delivered 792.3 megatons of food and, in 2025, reached more than 750,000 people. Similarly, the International Rescue Committee (IRC) supports Venezuelans both inside the country and in neighboring Colombia, which hosts almost three million Venezuelan refugees and migrants.
The IRC helps people affected by the crisis to survive, recover and rebuild their lives, reaching more than 50,000 people in Venezuela in 2025. Following political developments in January, the IRC stated it was prepared to expand its help if needed. Furthermore, World Vision has supported more than two million people through its Hope at Home program, focusing on child protection, education, food security and access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene.
The R4V Inter-Agency Coordination Platform for Refugees and Migrants also coordinates support for Venezuelan refugees and migrants. Its 2026 Regional Refugee and Migrant Response Plan, backed by 152 partner organizations, aims to assist 1.2 million people while promoting long-term integration and giving them access to housing, food, water and education.
Finally, UNHCR, the U.N. Refugee Agency, protects Venezuelan refugees and migrants by providing emergency aid and legal support. It also supports integration in host countries and relocation to places with better employment opportunities.
Hope for Venezuela
The future remains uncertain. Venezuela faces three overlapping crises: a humanitarian emergency, mass migration and political repression. Recent political developments have added a new layer of instability and it is still unclear who will lead the country next or how quickly conditions may change.
Experts outline different possible paths forward, from economic recovery and gradual return of migrants if conditions improve to partial stability or further displacement if political violence and insecurity increase. Yet, even in uncertainty, there is reason for hope. A political transition could open the door to economic reform and the restoration of democratic rights.
Combined with continued humanitarian support and international cooperation, real change is possible. The recent political events have also brought renewed global attention to a country already experiencing one of the world’s largest humanitarian and displacement crises. Increased international attention can be a positive force, helping to channel aid, reinforce humanitarian programs and keep the needs of Venezuelans at the centre of the global agenda.
The humanitarian crisis in Venezuela has defined generations, but it does not have to define the country’s future. With sustained aid and political reform, recovery remains within reach. Venezuela’s story is not over and its next chapter could be one of renewal and hope.
– Jeanne Pellet
Photo: Flickr
Agricultural Initiatives Bringing Poverty Reduction in Peru
From 2013 onward, though, Peru’s rapidly expanding economy, including its agriculture industry, slowed. And recently, after COVID-19 hit Peru especially hard, recent events such as the war in Ukraine have skyrocketed inflation, worsening the food crisis. About half of the population is moderately food insecure as staple foods like potatoes suddenly have become unaffordable. Recently, though, effective initiatives expanding the agricultural industry have offered hope of a major turnaround toward economic growth and poverty reduction in Peru.
Why Agricultural Growth Aids Poverty Reduction in Peru
There is ample evidence suggesting an increase in agricultural growth can help lower rates of poverty. Investment in agriculture is two and a half to three times more successful at raising the income of the poor than non-agricultural investment, and in the 1990s and 2000s, countries experiencing exceptionally high agricultural growth rates, such as Malawi, Mozambique and Brazil also saw large reductions in poverty. In fact, higher agricultural growth marked early development in several places, such as Western Europe and Japan. Therefore, in order to decrease rates of poverty in Peru, targeting the productivity and development of the agricultural sector is essential.
World Bank Group Projects
Over the years, the World Bank Group has spearheaded numerous efforts to reduce poverty in Peru through improvements in agriculture. About 189 member countries operate the organization, who act as shareholders and have an impressive history in combating poverty: they built an international system of agriculture research centers in 1971, aided in the reconstruction of Yugoslavia in 1995, and financed $5 billion for education projects in 2010.
Since the early 2000s, the World Bank has been successful in improving Peru’s irrigation sector, especially in coastal areas. In 2010, the World Bank approved an ambitious project directed at improving irrigation for farmers in Peru’s Sierra, or mountainous regions of the Andes. At the time, the Sierra held a third of all irrigated land in the country, and agriculture represented the largest share of household income. Through the implementation of pipes, filters, small reservoirs and promoting the creation of farmers’ groups, crop yields increased, impacting nearly 18,758 farmers.
In 2025, the World Bank approved a 10-year, $200 million program to expand access to clean water in the cities of Lima and Puno. As a result, the hindrance farmers encounter from untreated wastewater and droughts will fall significantly, thereby boosting the agricultural industry. This will build onto the irrigation improvements realized earlier in a country where agriculture employs a quarter of the workforce. As a result, rural areas of Peru with higher poverty rates will experience increased development and economic growth.
The Hand-in-Hand Initiative
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) created the Hand-in-Hand Initiative in 2019, developing into one of its primary programs. The organization has pushed for agricultural development in 83 countries, including Peru.
In the Sierra, the project is connecting smallholder farmers to larger markets and fair contracts with private companies. As a result, farmers such as Irineo Núnez Vargas have brought their crops to global markets through contracting with companies like Tiyapuy thanks to these initiatives.
The Inter-American Development Bank
After World War II, leaders formed the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) to lead economic development in Latin America. Though the United States is the largest shareholder, nearly every nation in the Western Hemisphere is a member. The IDB achieves its goals through grants, loans and economic research.
In 2024, the IDB approved an $85 million loan with the purpose of increasing productivity in Peru’s agricultural sector. It is set to benefit about 92,000 farmers, especially focusing on women and ethnic groups. Unlike the other initiatives, the IDB plans to enhance agriculture technology and agriculture research throughout the country, not only limited to a single ecosystem.
Takeaways
History shows that if farmers struggle, an entire nation usually struggles too. While focusing on agricultural improvements in Peru might appear slow and indirect at confronting poverty, it is actually one of the best methods at doing so. As a result, these many initiatives are essentially laying the groundwork for economic growth and poverty reduction in Peru for decades to come.
– Ben Anderson
Photo: Unsplash
Technologies Help To Fight Disability and Poverty in The Gambia
Disability and poverty in The Gambia are perpetual issues. One of the smallest countries in Africa, The Gambia has one of the most vulnerable economies on the continent. Rain-fed agriculture employs around 70% of the population, meaning the livelihood of many lives and dies with the country’s climate. Poverty levels are high. In fact, according to the Gambia Poverty & Gender Assessment 2022, 53.4% of Gambians lived below the national poverty line in 2020. Amputees catch the brunt of this trend due to the labor-intensive nature of farming, which offers few opportunities to those with physical disabilities.
Reasons for High Numbers of Amputations in The Gambia
Experts cite the country’s complex and divergent cultural makeup as one of the reasons for the high incidence of disability and poverty in The Gambia. Colonial and Gambian native histories converge in many ways. According to scientist Ryan Anderson, this coexistence of divergent cultural traditions “is exemplified in The Gambia’s health care system.” Many Gambians prefer to visit traditional healers when seeking treatment for an injury. In fact, many rural communities rely exclusively on the practice of these traditional healers, such is the lean presence of large hospitals in remote regions. These traditional practitioners, while popular, often do not have access to modern facilities or advised levels of sanitation. This results in infections and ultimately the need for amputations in patients.
Dr. Ammar Al Jafari, chief medical director of Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, a modern university facility in Banjul, stated that around 70% to 80% of amputation cases at his hospital stem from initial preference for traditional fracture treatments. These patients often seek his hospital’s treatment once infection has set in to an inadequately treated fracture. Speaking to Africa Press in 2024, Dr. Al Jafari said, “If the patient falls today or has an accident today and has a fracture in the bone, if they come on that very day, in one week we can do the operation, but after three months, we cannot do the operation and they will blame the hospital.” Poverty and disability in The Gambia is often perpetuated by the complex national interplay between tradition, regional circumstances and a lack of accessible, modern health care.
Amputations also occur in large numbers in The Gambia thanks to medical conditions such as Type 2 diabetes. According to STAND, an NGO specializing in providing support for Africa’s amputee community, as many as 40% of all amputations in sub-Saharan Africa result from the condition. Thus, disability and poverty in The Gambia stems in many cases, from the prevalence of known and treatable illnesses.
Challenges for People With Disabilities
Fatou Nije, president of LEGS (Ladies Empowered for Growth and Success), says, “Here in Gambia, if you are disabled, you face many challenges.” Indeed, many amputees find themselves cut adrift from typical societal institutions such as school and work due to a lack of accessibility and support on offer.
While it exists, assistive technology is not yet widely available, meaning many Gambian amputees are unable to live, work and most importantly, earn with as much independence as their able-bodied compatriots. Families can face destitution if a parent undergoes amputation and is subsequently unable to resume work. The Gambian Amputee Association is the only organization of its kind in the country. It supports around 100 amputees with rehabilitation and social facilities, although there are doubtless many more amputees in need of care and medical attention.
Fighting Against Disability and Poverty
Thankfully, amidst these issues there are certain groups dedicated to the fight against disability and poverty in The Gambia. Most of these efforts focus on improving treatment and opportunities for Gambian amputees. For example, the work of STAND and Make3D is rooted in the supply of prosthetic limbs to Gambian patients in need.
STAND specializes in the provision of refurbished and surplus prosthetics from Europe. These prosthetic limbs, which otherwise would go to waste, the organization rescues and supplies to the people who need them most. Since 2016, the organization has supplied almost 1,000 rescued prosthetics to The Gambia alone, as part of nearly 6,000 total supplied to African countries across the period.
Make3D, on the other hand, deals in the low-cost construction of new, 3D-printed prosthetics, using sustainable materials and small-scale manufacturing processes that allow their products to service the hearts of small communities nationwide. In 2021, the company held a design competition in conjunction with Nottingham Trent University in which the university invited artists to submit designs for new prosthetics utilizing sustainable and local materials. The winner’s design went to production for a small run of prosthetics designed for a select group of grateful, young Gambian beneficiaries.
Looking Ahead
While disability and poverty are prominent in The Gambia, initiatives like these are leading the way in providing a source of hope for the next generation of Gambian amputees. There may very well be a day when the loss of a limb in The Gambia does not condemn a patient to a life of destitution.
– Louis Sartori
Photo: Wikimedia Commons