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Poverty Amid Currency Discrepancies and Inflation in Egypt

Inflation in Egypt

Egypt is starting to recover from what was, in 2023, a widening gap between its official currency exchange rates and black-market rates. With a record high inflation rate of 38% documented in September 2023, Egypt’s economy remains caught between the two exchange rates. To facilitate an understanding of the timeline, these figures reflect the peak of the crisis in 2023, followed by developments in 2024 and 2025 as reforms continued to unfold. Although the peak of inflation in Egypt has passed, recorded as 13.6% in March 2025, food prices continue to surge and remain an area of difficulty for the population. Meanwhile, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) continues to withhold poverty data, feeding fears that although there is an apparent phase of stabilization, worsening hardship and poverty may be masked.

Currency Dynamics and Discrepancies

Egypt has long held the problem of what can be known as a dual-rate system. While the Central Bank of Egypt sets an official currency rate against the U.S. dollar, the black-market rate continues to fluctuate based on supply and demand. As Egypt is heavily dependent on imports, many businesses and individuals need access to dollars to purchase goods and services. However, when the dollar supply becomes insufficient through official channels, many have to turn to the black market, where the exchange rate is significantly higher.

This reveals a widening gap between those who have access to foreign currency and those forced to rely on depreciating and unstable Egyptian pounds. Although this gap has narrowed in 2025, businesses still struggle to access dollars, driving up both import and consumer prices. These developments reflect gradual adjustments since 2023 instead of focusing solely on a single moment of change.

Inflation in Egypt and Purchasing Power

Although a recent decline in inflation in Egypt has been observed, pressure remains. In January, inflation in Egypt increased by 1.6% after having been stable in December. Despite this, the cost of health care services continues to rise by 4.6% monthly, with sustenance costs increasing by 2.1%. This continues to drive poverty and decrease the purchasing power of individuals, as the prices of goods erode real wages.

Egypt’s reliance on Russia for wheat, and the impacts of the war in Ukraine, have doubled bread costs. The government has tried to reduce these increases through subsidies and price restrictions, and many protests have occurred over the years regarding the price of bread. Even with slower inflation and subsidies, purchasing power remains weakened, with many still below the poverty line, although this is beginning to decrease.

There are also concerns regarding how CAPMAS defines poverty. The latest report classifies extreme poverty as 550 pounds per month per person, and poverty as 857 pounds per month. These definitions are not in line with global poverty standards. Therefore, what appears to be a decrease in poverty may partly reflect shifts in definitions.

Disproportionate Impacts on Business and Living Standards

Various groups of people are being affected in different ways by the economic crisis. One example is young people giving up on education and resorting to any available work to sustain themselves and their families. This includes redefining what a decent life means, as many are no longer able to uphold previous standards. This has also led to a decrease in confidence regarding the future, with concerns about stability. Many Egyptians have moved back in with family, delayed marriage or given up on private further education.

Businesses are also struggling, as many rely on higher unofficial exchange rates to operate. This leaves them with higher running costs and makes it difficult to stay afloat. With fluctuating inflation, instability and record import prices, many businesses operate at a loss or at reduced capacity. As individuals lose purchasing power, they are less able to afford goods and services that once fit within their budgets.

Policy Response and Recommendations

In recent years, Egypt has been heavily reliant on loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its Gulf allies. In 2024, the IMF approved a $3 billion loan for Egypt with the condition of “a permanent shift to a flexible exchange rate regime.” With effective implementation, Egypt may be able to improve economic stability and build resilience. This would require measures that boost investor confidence, increase transparency and reduce incentives for black-market activity. Investor confidence could be strengthened through clearer public communication of monetary policy, more frequent publication of economic data and improvements in financial governance that make procedures easier for businesses and households to navigate.

To do this, Egypt needs to strengthen its foreign currency reserves by increasing and diversifying foreign investment and exports. Foreign currency reserves could also receive support through the encouragement of investment in infrastructure that improves transport and shipping efficiency, which would lower import costs and encourage export competitiveness. A focus on greater flexibility of the official exchange rate would go a long way toward this stable future, in which market forces play a more influential role, keeping in mind that adjustments need to be gradual to inhibit shocks and destabilization. Gradual adjustments paired with targeted fiscal measures would support small and medium-sized businesses during periods of volatility, which would also support employment and production.

Looking Ahead

In clarifying the progression from 2023 through 2025 and devising practical steps for reform we can see how stabilization may eventually translate into improvements, namely the alleviation of poverty, felt across society. While current data indicate a decline in poverty and unemployment, many Egyptians have not yet felt improvements in daily life. The country could benefit from intentional efforts toward a more stable and transparent economic landscape for a future where the positive impacts reach every household.

– Maryam Qutbuddin

Maryam is based in Reading, UK and focuses on Business and New Markets for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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How Policy Has Helped Eradicate Extreme Poverty in India

Extreme Poverty in IndiaAccording to the World Bank, India has lifted 171 million people out of poverty in just 10 years. In 2011, 16.2% of the population was living on less than $2.15 per day. By 2023, this number went down to 2.3% This is the fastest reduction of poverty seen by any nation globally. India has seen strong economic growth, increased employment rates and improved infrastructure. The continual implementation of policy reforms has made the biggest difference in eliminating extreme poverty in India.

There have been continuous five-year plans, dating back to 1951. The country has focused on tackling unemployment, economic growth, building and improving infrastructure and ensuring food security. However, the last ten years have seen the most impactful reforms across these sectors.

Labor Laws

India has been praised for its social protection systems. Employment rates have recently outpaced the working-age population since 2021, with urban unemployment falling to 6.6.% in 2025.

The government implemented the most impactful policies in 2019, with the introduction of the Code on Wages, 2019, the Industrial Relations Code, 2020, the Code on Social Security, 2020 and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code in 2020. These ensured that workers had easier access to security, dignity, health, and wellness measures. As a result, the government increased the minimum wage for workers across all sectors, where it had previously only covered 30% of workers.

Female Employment

Many policies directed towards women have helped to see an increase in the economic position of women and a decrease in the overall levels of extreme poverty in India. For instance, the government launched the National Maternity Benefit Scheme in 2016, which ensured mothers over the age of 19 with financial aid during pregnancy; The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), which distributed 50 million LPG connections to women below the poverty line and the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), which provided loans to help businesses. Of loans awarded, 68% went to female entrepreneurs, boosting women’s success in the labour market.

Introduced in 2018, the Solar Charkha Mission helped young unemployed people gain employment in the poorest rural areas. A rise in female employment has also been seen, with the number of women in paid self-employment nearly tripling since 2018. Policies also ensured that discrimination could not take place based on gender, further helping women succeed in the labour market.

Female Welfare

There have also been various schemes, such as Mission Poshan 2.0, which oversaw the investment into women’s health and wellbeing. Starting in 2018, it has helped to feed, educate and improve the health of women across India. This includes policies such as the Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (SUMAN), which has strengthened maternal and neonatal care and provided free access to quality healthcare for pregnant people, newborns and new mothers for up to six months after delivery. As of March 2025, authorities have improved a reported 90,015 health care facilities.

Other policies, such as the Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) and the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), have also provided improved healthcare and financial benefits to Mothers in India. Such schemes have ensured improved health and well-being of women across India, and prevented many pregnant women from falling into poverty.

Transportation

India has seen deep investment into its transportation infrastructure, with a 500% increase in its budget allocation over the last 10 years. The country has improved its metro system, with the network set to increase from 248 km in 2014 to 945 km by the end of 2024; the government have selected 1,318 railway stations for redevelopment; it nationalized 111 waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016. This allows for more efficient trade and movement. The reform of infrastructure in India has allowed for increased economic growth, provided jobs across the country and allowed for increased accessibility.

What Now?

Despite the successes achieved through India’s policy reforms, there is still much more work necessary. Even though India has eradicated extreme poverty, one quarter of the population still remains poor. Further policy introductions and reforms will help lift those still living in poverty in India.

– Alys Gaze

Alys is based in Wales, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Thailand Is Granting Myanmar Refugees Access to Employment

Myanmar Refugees Access to EmploymentThailand has enacted a policy granting Myanmar refugees living in border camps access to employment. Reuters reports that this policy shift will grant 80,000 refugees the right to work; many of them have been living at these border camps for 40 years. According to UNHCR, around 47% of refugees were born in these shelters.

Background

A violent military regime drove the refugees out of Myanmar. Since then, they have been living in nine camps spread across the Thai border and have been completely dependent upon foreign aid. A diminishing foreign aid budget, particularly from the United States, has contributed to this decision.

According to Léon De Riedtmatten, executive director of the Border Consortium (TBC), the United States was one of the largest donors to the refugee camps. The TBC is one of the largest suppliers of food to the camps. The current administration has significantly reduced the overseas budget this year, which has, in turn, forced the TBC to provide aid only to the most vulnerable. According to De Riedmatten, Thai officials knew that no other government would be willing to support as much as the United States would.

As a result, Thai officials approved employment access for Myanmar refugees to reduce labor shortages and protect human rights. Cambodian workers leaving the labor force following an armed conflict at the border also influenced this policy change.

Economic Impacts

Tammi Sharpe, a UNHCR representative, has emphasized this development as a turning point. According to Sharpe, “With this policy shift, Thailand transforms hosting refugees into an engine of growth – for refugees, for host communities and for the nation as a whole.” She further confirms that providing employment access to Myanmar refugees benefits both Thailand and the refugees themselves.

Refugees will have the opportunity to provide for themselves and their families while also stimulating the Thai economy. Job growth is expected to increase as thousands of Myanmar refugees join the workforce and, in turn, the national GDP is also projected to rise. This marks a positive step toward poverty reduction.

As more refugees gain employment, dependence on aid is expected to decrease, while social mobility improves. Sharpe explained that the UNHCR has partnered with the World Bank to analyze economic data tracking how refugees are entering and participating in the formal job market. Humanitarian organizations also hope to expand employment access for refugees living outside the camps.

Conclusion

Granting Myanmar refugees access to employment marks a turning point in their relationship with Thailand. It will serve as a mutually beneficial process; Myanmar refugees will receive the means to support themselves and increase their standard of living, while the Thai economy will experience a boost in job growth and GNP. Poverty will diminish directly for the refugees and indirectly over time for people living in Thailand via systemic change. Overall, this policy change provides a hopeful trajectory for the country’s economic future.

– Sasha Banaei

Sasha is based in San Diego, CA, USA and focuses on Business and Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Renewable Energy in Slovakia Is Powering a Sustainable Future

Renewable Energy in SlovakiaFor the last 10 years, renewable energy in Slovakia has changed from a developing goal to a national priority. A decade ago, this small Central European nation relied on imported fossil fuels to sustain its economy and power supply. Today, sustainable energy has become the cornerstone of economic and environmental growth. Supported by the European Union and local innovation, Slovakia invests heavily in solar, hydropower and wind systems to reduce emissions and strengthen energy security. This transformation demonstrates how small countries can contribute to global sustainability while improving the quality of life of citizens.

A Growing Commitment to Sustainability

Slovakia’s National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) requires renewable energy to supply at least 23% of gross final energy consumption by 2030. The plan aligns with the EU Green Deal while supporting job creation through green initiatives. EU financing and the Recovery and Resilience Plan have already funded projects that focus on sustainability, local employment and regional development, helping Slovakians gain stable work in growing clean-energy fields.

Harnessing the Sun

Solar energy is one of the most rapidly expanding forms of renewable energy in Slovakia. New photovoltaic farms across rural areas supply affordable electricity and reduce carbon emissions. The government proposed incentive programs that help households and businesses install rooftop panels, lowering utility costs for low-income families. These programs directly address energy poverty, which still affects about 6% of Slovak households due to aging infrastructure and high winter heating costs. By expanding solar access, families spend less of their income on energy and gain energy independence.

Hydropower: Slovakia’s Renewable Backbone

Hydropower remains Slovakia’s most consistent renewable source. The Danube River and its tributaries host hydroelectric plants that generate a large portion of the country’s clean energy. Ongoing modernization projects improve efficiency while protecting fish migration and water ecosystems. By upgrading its hydro systems, Slovakia demonstrates that environmental progress can build on tradition rather than replace it.

Wind and Community Energy Projects

Although wind energy is not yet a large part of Slovakia’s energy mix, many small-scale renewable energy in Slovakia projects are being developed. Supported by EU investments, western regions have installed small turbines where wind conditions are favorable. Local cooperatives let citizens invest collectively, meaning profits from green power stay within communities and support local growth. These initiatives empower residents and increase awareness of the environmental and economic value of clean energy.

Job Creation

Renewable energy in Slovakia is an economic win as much as an ecological one. The renewable sector has created more than 10,000 jobs in production, implementation and maintenance, which is necessary for a country that had a 6% unemployment rate in 2023. Furthermore, the IEA indicates that renewables create substantial private investments which stimulate regional economies and are, ultimately, cost-cutting. Thus, for households that experienced energy poverty and employment deficits during the crisis, the clean-energy sector serves as a stable employer and provider of safety.

Renewable energy in Slovakia is not just an ecological success, but an economic one, too. The International Energy Agency (IEA) observes that thousands of jobs are created because of the renewable energy sector in Slovakia. Furthermore, the more practical and efficient technological applications become, the more private investments it will receive and technological sustainability in the field becomes more realistic. These new energy applications will be economically sustainable for the long-term future for Slovakia.

– Sudhansh Reddy Pakala

Sudhansh is based in Monroe Township, NJ, USA and focuses on Technology and Solutions, and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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How Higher Education in Algeria Is Pivoting Toward Jobs 

Higher Education in AlgeriaHigher education in Algeria has grown at remarkable speed and now focuses on improving its quality, job outcomes and student infrastructure. This article will look at what expanded access has achieved, what the LMD reform changed and how Erasmus projects and new incubators are tying degrees more closely to work.

A System That Scaled Up Fast

In two generations, higher education in Algeria has pivoted from being only for the elite to now being accessible to the masses. In 1963, the country had less than 10 higher education institutions and 3,000 students: fast forward to 2025 and that figure has grown to 115 with just shy of 2 million full-time students. Out of these students, 500,000 were working towards masters degrees while 65,000 were doctoral candidates. Women make up more than 60% of students in Algeria, putting them in the top 15 countries in the world for female enrolment.

Since 2004, Algeria has implemented the License–Master–Doctorate (LMD) aligning with the French/European model in order to boost international compatibility. The reform followed earlier restructurings in 1971 and 1999 and remains the framework for teaching and assessment today.

Incubators

A clear policy pivot is linking university study to entrepreneurship and regional development. Under the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MESRS), campus incubators are now helping students and researchers turn their ideas into businesses and ventures. The incubator push is part of a wider strategy with the Algerian government setting a national target of 20,000 startups by 2029. Universities view incubators as a key mechanism to diversify the economy and tackle youth unemployment.

International Projects

International cooperation is reinforcing these shifts. Through Erasmus’ Capacity Building in Higher Education (CBHE), Algerian universities have been able to design an employment ready curriculum, strengthen their governance and emphasize quality assurance. Projects such as COFFEE created new professional bachelor degrees in partnership with Algerian companies and the ministry of higher education. This project has already led to the accreditation of 17 professional bachelor’s programs in areas such as industrial maintenance, building rehabilitation and e-commerce. These degrees focus on management and technical profiles that are in demand, helping young graduates move quicker into decent jobs and out of poverty.

A Linguistic Turn With Classroom Impacts

Algeria has made visible reforms to its language policy. While French remains widely used socially and academically, the government has focused its attention in making English the country’s secondary language. In 2025, schools, universities and medical programs will begin to utilize the English language with plans to train 30,000 English teachers. This shift aims to widen Algeria’s global research base as well as help them build industry networks that can create more skilled jobs for graduates of higher education in Algeria.

However, due to the government’s focus on rapid expansion, the quality of the staffing and facilities are unevenly distributed across the country. Studies have found that there are persistently high unemployment rates among graduates in certain fields.

A Brighter Future

Algeria’s higher education system has improved significantly in such a short amount of time with diversification and constant innovation playing a pivotal part in its success. The components for a better future are in place with modular degrees, incubators and international cooperation in place. If they continue with their consistent quality assurance, improved infrastructure spending and significant contributions to academic research Algeria will be able to quash their high youth unemployment rate and boost its economy further.

– Jibreel Meddah

Jibreel is based in Cardiff, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

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Everything To Know About Seasonal Poverty in Greece

Seasonal Poverty in GreeceEach year, Greece’s tourism season fuels the economy throughout the summer months. However, when the holiday crowds depart, the industry’s seasonal nature leaves workers vulnerable. Without stable income or job security, thousands face economic challenges once Greece’s resorts close for winter.

Amanda Williams, a tourist who visited Santorini in 2023, told The Borgen Project about a conversation she had with a waitress working at a local beach resort. The waitress described 16-hour shifts, six days a week, while her partner worked nights as a security guard at the same hotel. They barely saw each other or their two young children, yet she explained that they had no choice saying “I need to help my children.” The couple had to maintain this demanding routine so the money earned over summer could sustain them through the winter, when Santorini’s economy slows dramatically as resorts and restaurants temporarily close down. This is when seasonal poverty in Greece becomes most visible.

A Seasonal Economy

Tourism is Greece’s economic backbone, contributing between 28.5% and 34.3% of national GDP in 2023. On islands like Santorini and Mykonos, that dependence is even more extreme as the South Aegean region relies on tourism for an estimated 97.1% of its GDP.

According to official data, from October to November 2024, the number of international visitors arriving in Greece dropped by 62%. Most hotels, restaurants and tour operators shut their doors from November to March, forcing thousands of seasonal workers into unemployment.

Industry reports confirm that Greece’s tourist season runs from April through October, with the majority of arrivals concentrated between June and August. During those peak months, popular destinations like Santorini can see crowd densities estimated at 33 people per square meter. Yet, by winter, these same streets are empty, and the workers who once kept them alive face months without receiving any income or benefits, a defining feature of seasonal poverty in Greece.

The sharp divide between summer prosperity and winter hardship is visible in Greece’s poverty statistics. In 2024, 26.9% of Greece’s population was at risk of poverty or social exclusion, one of the highest rates in the European Union. Amongst children, the rate rises to 27.9%, meaning roughly one in four Greek children grow up in poverty.

This poverty is particularly severe on the islands, where import and transport costs inflate the cost of living. A survey found that 6.2% of Greek households reported skipping meals in the past year due to lack of money. When tourism stops, many families are left jobless and forced to rely entirely on their summer savings, stuck with rationing themselves and often running out long before spring returns.

Lower Wages Against Higher Costs

Seasonal employees in Greece typically earn the national minimum wage of €880 per month, compared with roughly €2,000 per month in the United Kingdom before tax. Although the cost of living in Greece is around 20% lower than in Britain, the wage gap means Greek workers face a significantly higher financial strain.

Greece’s tax system also deepens the disparity. Income is taxed 9% starting from the first euro earned, while in the U.K., workers pay no income tax until earning around £12,570 per year. With limited government support and no consistent child benefit programs, many Greek families depend entirely on what they earn during the tourist season.

Tourism’s rapid growth has also reshaped the housing market. Rising demand for short-term rentals has pushed up prices, making it harder for locals to find affordable homes. In Santorini, housing costs are increasing by 15%-25% in the past year alone.

Nikos Gouliomis, Secretary of ELME Corfu, has highlighted the growing financial strain on teachers as increasing rent prices on islands like Corfu now consume nearly “two thirds of a teacher’s salary.” Many are left with no choice but to sleep in their cars or on the beach while tourists occupy most available apartments and homes. This mirrors a broader national issue where housing prioritizes tourists over residents, displacing low-income workers and pushing essential community members such as our teachers, nurses and police, off the islands altogether.

A Seasonal Paradise

Greece is now ranked at third for the top holiday destinations in the world for Europeans, yet much of this prosperity bypasses the people who make tourism possible. For many, the end of the tourist season means the start of financial insecurity, reinforcing this cycle of seasonal poverty in Greece that affects families each year. Without steady income, social support or affordable housing, thousands of workers face winter in poverty while the resorts they serve remain desolate.

The Greek government has begun addressing some of these issues, introducing new regulations on short-term rental properties to prevent extreme housing inflation and launching initiatives like Social Consideration and Social Leasing to create 10,000 affordable housing units for low-income families. However, these efforts will need to go hand in hand with policies that expand unemployment support, introduce child benefits, and promote year-round employment, especially in regions dependent on tourism. Expanding winter tourism, investing in local industries, and improving worker protections could help stabilize income and reduce poverty among seasonal workers.

Emfasis is a nonprofit organization working to assist people experiencing extreme poverty and social exclusion across Greece. Starting in 2013, the organization maps unmet needs and delivers targeted assistance ranging from material support and counseling services to emergency humanitarian aid and capacity-building programs for long-term impact. Emfasis has documented rising economic precarity, including the fact that 83.9% of the population cannot cover an unexpected but essential expense of 410 euros. Through both immediate and preventive action, Emfasis aims to help individuals regain access to basic rights like housing, health and employment.

Looking Ahead

Greece’s islands continue to attract millions of tourists each year, but for many residents, financial stability remains out of reach once the tourist season ends. Organizations such as the Emfasis Foundation can help strengthen social protection systems and build a more sustainable future for Greece’s island communities, reducing seasonal poverty in Greece. 

– Daisy Winstone

Daisy is based in Cardiff, Wales and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

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SDG 5 in Cuba: Updates on Gender Equality

SDG 5 in CubaThe United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 5 aims to increase gender equality worldwide. SDG 5 seeks to improve women’s political representation, enhance women’s academic achievement, reduce gendered divisions of care and domestic labor and combat the violence and exploitation of women. This article will examine the implementation of SDG 5 in Cuba, highlighting successes and areas that require continued attention.

Women in Government

The Federation of Cuban Women (FMC) formed in 1960 to implement reforms following the revolution. The FMC continues to work towards achieving gender equality within the political and public spheres. According to the U.N. Resident Coordinator in Cuba, Francisco Pichon, Cuba has made remarkable strides in gender equality; its parliament is one of only six governments worldwide to have achieved gender parity in its membership. As of 2024, women hold 55.74% of seats in Cuba’s parliament. This represents a nearly doubling of women’s parliamentary representation. A gendered power gap continues to exist for key government positions. For example, women hold only 18.5% of cabinet minister positions.

Education for Women

SDG 5 in Cuba has achieved significant successes in the realm of equitable education. Cuban women have achieved high levels of academic success with women reaching educational parity with their male peers in 2013. Today, Cuban women, on average, are more educated than men. Efforts to reform the National Education System during reviews in 2023 and 2024 worked to integrate education on gender-based discrimination and lack of equity in unpaid labor.

Maternal Health Care

The realm of women’s health care Cuba has made remarkable progress. Today, Cuba has among the lowest maternal mortality rates in the world. Cuba’s efforts to reduce maternal mortality have seen them collaborate with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Efforts to bolster health and better allocate resources have built more robust health screenings and statistics on maternal health. The integration of genetic counseling at all levels of care has helped health care providers and women gain insight into individual health needs. Current efforts have been aimed at rebuilding lost gains that have occurred since the COVID-19 pandemic where mortality rates increased.

President Raúl Castro’s speech at the 2015 global leaders meeting emphasized the need for continued work to achieve true equality, stating that “Political will is much needed to avoid turning the results obtained so far into our goals instead of making them a starting point and a pledge to achieve true equality for women.” Cuba demonstrates both the rapidity at which effective change can occur but also the resilience of the entrenched patriarchal culture, even with presence of women in the halls of power and ideological commitment towards at the highest echelons.

Gender Disparities in the Labor Force

According to U.N. Women, significant gendered disparities existed in terms of labor and security. According to the 2025 Sustainable Development report, despite ever-increasing academic achievement, gaps in labor force equity exist. Cuba falls short of the SDG target indicator 5.4, which aims for a more equitable gender balance in unpaid domestic and care work. Women and girls 15 and up spent 21% of their time on unpaid domestic and care work, nearly double the 12.5% of time spent by men. SDG 5 in Cuba faces challenges in addressing a significant labor gap. Women comprise 39.5% of Cuba’s labor force, while men comprise 60.5%.

Cuba’s economy has stagnated over the last half decade, a trend with negative impacts on women in the labor force. When economies struggle, women bear the brunt of the effects. During times of recession, women are forced out of the workforce. About 17.5% of women in Cuba are in vulnerable employment, lacking the safety nets that help absorb economic shocks. Cuban women are less likely than their male peers to be in vulnerable employment, but major reversals for job security have occurred for both men and women since 1991. To drive the achievement of SDG 5 and strengthen its social safety net, the Cuban government has extended maternity benefits to 15 months. Cuba has made efforts to reduce the strain of care on women by increasing in-home care support for severely disabled children.

Violence Against Women and Girls

SDG 5.2 aims to combat violence against women and girls in public and private spheres. Statistics from U.N. Women point to the continued resilience of patriarchal violence in Cuba with data indicating 4.6% of Cuban women aged 15-49 had experienced physical and or sexual violence from a partner in the last 12 months. 

In Cuba, legal frameworks protecting women are often stronger than enforcement. In September 2022, the country ratified a new Family and Penal code. These new codes have stronger protections for custody of children, and in cases of divorce, materially punish perpetrators. The penal code establishes harsher punishment for crimes based on gender. Still, common police inaction in events of abuse mean there is a substantial gap in the enforcement of robust legal codes.

Takeaways 

Cuba has seen great success in the achievement of SDG 5 in the realms of parliamentary representation, education, and health. Economic hardship means that critical gains in women’s compensation for labor are at risk. An enduring patriarchal culture means much progress remains in eliminating domestic violence. Work towards achieving SDG 5 in Cuba has been heterogeneous, demonstrating that progress on the Sustainable Development Goals requires continuous effort.

– Atticus Flanagan

Atticus is based in Cambridge, MA, USA and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project. 

Photo: Unsplash

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Paws for Progress: Commercialization of Voluntary Services

Commercialization of Voluntary ServicesThe bustling energy of Bangalore, India’s Silicon Valley, is famous for its tech hubs, vibrant culture and increasingly, its love for pets. As urban life accelerates, demanding long hours and challenging commutes, the city’s pet parents are searching for reliable, loving care for their canine companions. Consequently, new service-based markets emerge, providing unique avenues for employment, particularly for marginalized youth and women. The professionalization of pet care, notably dog walking, illustrates this phenomenon by transforming a casual chore into a formalized, skill-based livelihood and the commercialization of voluntary services

The Rise of the Professional Pet Care Economy

India’s burgeoning pet ownership, especially in Tier 1 cities, has created a significant market demand for reliable and professional pet services. With high-pressure work schedules and long commutes being common in cities like Bangalore, pet parents are increasingly seeking structured, trustworthy care for their dogs. This demand for safe and consistent dog walking services has professionalized the field, moving it beyond a purely informal arrangement to one supported by tech-enabled platforms and service quality standards.

This emerging pet care economy is highly compatible with the needs of the underemployed, including youth and women who may lack formal education credentials for traditional white-collar jobs. Numerous platforms and service providers now actively recruit and train individuals, often requiring minimal educational qualifications, sometimes even less than a 10th-grade completion, but emphasizing traits like reliability, punctuality and a genuine love for animals.

By offering flexible working hours, especially in the high-demand morning and evening slots, this employment model caters to students seeking part-time income or women looking for work that can be balanced with household responsibilities.

Professionalization Through Structured Training

The success of this unconventional livelihood relies on converting an informal activity into a reputable profession, primarily through systematic training and certification. Training programs instituted by service providers focus on three key areas to ensure a high-quality, trustworthy service. Trainees receive instruction on essential aspects of dog behavior, handling diverse breeds and basic pet first aid. This knowledge is critical for managing emergencies and building confidence in both the walker and the pet owner. There is emphasis on professional conduct, including adherence to scheduled walk times, clear communication with clients (often via app-based live updates and GPS tracking) and responsible clean-up of dog waste, which elevates the service’s perceived value. Workers are often paid commission-based or monthly salaries, with earnings potentially ranging from ₹10,000 to more than ₹30,000 per month, depending on commitment and location.

Social and Economic Empowerment

The impact of this phenomenon extends beyond mere financial transactions, offering a path to holistic empowerment for its workforce. Firstly, it offers an economic safety net; the high-demand, non-traditional nature of the work often results in hourly wages that are substantially better than those for comparable unskilled or manual labor jobs. Secondly, it provides a crucial boost to social capital and self-respect. The designation as a ‘certified’ or ‘professional’ dog walker, coupled with branded gear, gives workers a formal identity and status within the community. This recognition helps to dismantle pre-existing social barriers and instills a sense of pride in their contribution to the modern urban service sector.

Looking Ahead

The commercialization of voluntary services to a formalized profession—complete with training in canine behavior, safety protocols, and certified credentials—bestows a new sense of dignity and respect upon the workforce. These ‘professional dog walkers’ engage with the affluent urban society not as casual labor, but as skilled, reliable service providers, enhancing their self-esteem and public standing. For women, this employment not only provides a source of income but also an acceptable and safe avenue to move outside the home, build a professional identity and contribute visibly to the household’s financial well-being, thereby challenging traditional gender roles and fostering genuine empowerment.

– Syam Kumar

Syam is based in Bangalore, India and focuses on Business and Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Vocational Training Centers in Zimbabwe Are Empowering Youth

Vocational Training Centers in ZimbabweWhen Dorothy, a young woman from Hopley, a suburb of Harare, dropped out of school, she believed her chances at a stable future had ended. Jobs were scarce and her family struggled to make ends meet. But through a short vocational course offered under the USAID-GOAL Uplift II program, she learned baking, catering and entrepreneurship skills. Today, Dorothy runs a small but thriving baking business that supports her siblings – a testament to vocational education’s transformative power.

Her story mirrors a broader transformation happening at vocational training centers in Zimbabwe (VTCs), where thousands of young people are finding pathways out of unemployment through practical skills and innovation. Through public-private partnerships and industry-aligned curricula, such programs equip youth with the technical and entrepreneurial skills they need to boost employability and self-sufficiency.

A Nation Confronting Crisis

Zimbabwe’s economic challenges have been persistent and profound. High inflation, currency volatility and a weak investment climate have induced widespread downsizing and stifled job creation, particularly for youth. This is problematic in a country where 62% of the 15.9 million population are under 25. As formal employment opportunities disappear, informality has become pervasive. Today, 47.6% of those 15 to 24 years old do not have employment, education or training.

While Zimbabwe’s school enrollment rates are relatively high for sub-Saharan Africa, the education system still struggles with access, quality and inequality. Those with only early childhood education are almost completely excluded from the labor market. Even secondary school graduates often find themselves unable to secure employment in an economy that fails to provide adequate job-ready opportunities. This is the gap vocational education seeks to fill.

Education 5.0 and Vision 2030

Recognizing this, the government has placed vocational education at the center of its Vision 2030 development strategy. Through its Education 5.0 policy, learning is built on five pillars – teaching, research, community service, innovation and industrialization – to link education directly with production. It emphasizes hands-on training that bridges the divide between education and employment.

According to Zimbabwe’s Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, more than 5,000 students graduated from VTCs in 2024 – many of them school dropouts or individuals previously excluded from formal education. Training in carpentry, garment construction, agriculture and catering provides tangible, income-generating skills while encouraging entrepreneurship. To this end, the government plans to establish a VTC in each administrative district, expanding access to locally relevant technical education.

Youth and Gender: Closing the Opportunity Gap

Zimbabwe’s youth unemployment rate remains among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, and young women bear the brunt. Social expectations, early marriage and limited access to credit or land make it harder for women to pursue economic independence.  

Vocational training centers in Zimbabwe now train women in trades once dominated by men – including welding, mechanics and electrical installation – while also expanding more traditional sectors like textiles, agriculture and hospitality. Young Africa Zimbabwe, for example, offers flexible, affordable courses with on-site childcare to support young mothers.

Yet, disparities persist. Female participation rates are high in VTCs like office management (92%) but drop to just 3.1% in mechanical engineering. Apprenticeships, which tend to lead to higher employment rates, remain male-dominated. Policymakers and educators therefore need to promote women’s participation in non-traditional fields and design targeted mentorship and scholarship programs.

Still, vocational education is about more than employment – it is about rebuilding confidence, fostering self-reliance and challenging the gender norms that have long constrained women’s economic participation.

Persistent Challenges

Despite notable progress, vocational training centers in Zimbabwe face significant barriers:

  • Funding and infrastructure gaps are acute. Zimbabwe’s public debt has constrained funding for vocational education, leaving VTCs with the smallest budget share in the education sector. Many centers lack modern equipment and qualified instructors, especially in rural areas.
  • Equity and access remain concerns. Formal VTCs largely exclude those who do not complete basic education or cannot afford tuition. Women, rural youth and those with disabilities are still under-represented in training and employment outcomes.
  • Fragmentation and weak coordination undermine the system. VTC programs fall under multiple ministries, creating confusion and inconsistent quality standards.
  • Social stigma still lingers. Colonial-era policies that privileged academic over technical education created the enduring perception that vocational training is only for those with lower academic ability.

The Role of NGOs and Private Partners

In the absence of sufficient public funding, NGOs and private institutions have stepped in with innovative approaches – with transformative results.

Young Africa Zimbabwe, with training centers in Harare and Chitungwiza, offers vocational training that targets out-of-school youth aged 16-25, with strong links to both the government and local businesses. Meanwhile, CAMFED Zimbabwe focuses on empowering young women through vocational skills training, start-up grants and mentorship. In Mudzi district, its support for women in a baobab processing plant increased their earnings fivefold through improved processing and marketing skills. These initiatives complement government efforts by embedding practical, gender-sensitive and community-driven approaches that bridge education and employment.

Dorothy’s story is one of many, but it captures a broader truth. Across Zimbabwe, vocational training centers are not just teaching trades, they are nurturing independence, restoring dignity and offering a lifeline to a generation too often defined by unemployment. With sustained investment, thoughtful reform and deepened collaboration between government and civil society, VTCs could become one of the most powerful engines for youth empowerment – and a cornerstone of Zimbabwe’s economic recovery.  

– Caroline Sheehan

Caroline is based in Edinburgh, UK and focuses on Good News and for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Vocational Training Centers in the Philippines

Vocational Training Centers in the PhilippinesRecent data from the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) indicates a steady increase in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) enrollment from 2020 to 2024. Over the last five years, from 2020 to 2024, the TVET Sector in the Philippines has shown a “consistent upward trend” in both enrollment and graduation outcomes. During these five years, numerous TVET programs enrolled a “total of 6,549,726” Filipinos. Vocational education training centers in the Philippines are crucial for providing employable skills, reducing unemployment and creating new opportunities both domestically and internationally.

What Is Vocational Training?

Vocational training provides practical skills and information for specific jobs or trades, often through apprenticeships, technical schools or degree programs, while academic education focuses on theoretical knowledge. Today, the demand for vocational skills has never been higher. Approximately 94% of skilled trade workers report that their occupations are in demand among employers, while 89% claim they use modern technology.

History of Vocational Training in the Philippines

The Vocational Act of 1927 established vocational education training centers in the Philippines during the American colonial era. Subsequent laws, including Commonwealth Act No. 313 and Republic Act No. 3742, improved the system.

Also known as the “Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994,” the National Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC) and the Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education (BTVE), were combined to become TESDA by Republic Act No. 7796. President Fidel V. Ramos signed it into law on August 25, 1994, combining efforts in both technical and vocational education training.

Role of TESDA

The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) in the Philippines is crucial for managing technical education and skills development. It establishes national standards, regulates educational institutions and implements training programs to improve job readiness, promote social justice and meet global market demands. TESDA aims to provide quality technical education and certification programs to Filipinos, alleviate global poverty, create job opportunities and boost global competitiveness through technical and vocational education and training (TVET).

Types of Vocational Training Centers in the Philippines

There are six different types of vocational training centers in the Philippines, including government-run centers, TESDA training centers, local government initiatives, private institutions, accredited technical-vocational schools, industry-partnered training centers and community-based training.

TESDA Technology Institutions are made up of 125 schools, regional, provincial and specialized training schools across the country that provide direct training for TESDA. Examples of these training centers include the MFI Technological Institute, located in Pasig City and the Quickskills Training Center in Manila.

Courses and Programs Offered

TESDA offers a wide range of courses and programs to fulfill the demands of specific industries in the Philippines. It frequently provides courses in automotive, welding, electrical installation, caregiving, hospitality and information and communication technology (ICT). There are also new programs in renewable energy systems, animation, digital marketing and e-commerce. There is a complete list of available courses individuals can take on the TESDA website, ranging from 2D animation, all the way to health care-related courses such as nursing.

Poverty and Unemployment in the Philippines

Vocational education training centers in the Philippines can help break the cycle of poverty and unemployment by providing essential skills for better-paying formal jobs. Lack of education and skills leads to worse labor market outcomes, and these centers help individuals move beyond low-wage temporary jobs, improving employment and earnings potential.

The government is working to train Filipino workers for higher-skilled positions, such as in analytics and artificial intelligence, software development and security and business process management, through a new program funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). It aims to expand the number of formal jobs in the private sector by “an average of 600,000 to 700,000 jobs” per year.

Impact on Employment and the Economy

Vocational education training centers in the Philippines improve job outcomes by equipping students with in-demand skills, leading to graduates working in major industries like construction, hospitality and health care, which reduces unemployment and promotes small business growth and improves the economy as a whole.

According to TESDA’s 2022 Study on the Employment of TVET Graduates, the average employment rate for TVET graduates over the last five years is 74.76, which equates to about seven out of every 10 TVET graduates being employed at the time of the survey.

Challenges That Vocational Training Centers Face

Vocational education training centers in the Philippines face challenges like inadequate funding, outdated technology and inconsistent teaching quality, particularly in rural areas. Many consider technical-vocational education inferior to college degrees, hindering enrollment and accessibility.

The government is enhancing accessibility, relevance, and employment outcomes through TESDA initiatives like the Eight-Point Agenda and the National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan (NTESDP), while promoting private sector engagement for better training programs.

Innovations and Technology

The Philippines is enhancing its vocational training through online courses, mobile labs and updated curricula in fields such as renewable energy and robotics, thereby closing the skills gap and preparing Filipinos for both domestic and international job markets.

By introducing innovative approaches such as welding simulation, robotics integration and computer-aided design, TESDA is preparing learners for industries that are being shifted by automation, artificial intelligence and digital transformation. TESDA has enrolled more than 5 million learners since 2022, with approximately 4.5 million graduates. Many of them have gained national certifications, which have helped them find jobs overseas.

Future of Vocational Training in the Philippines

The Philippines plans to enhance vocational training through public-private partnerships and technical-vocational programs in senior high school courses, focusing on digital tools and industry skills to make it a viable career option.

The National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan (NTESDP) for 2023-2028 aims to offer Filipinos lifelong learning opportunities and innovative skills through future-ready TVET programs, improved higher education, partnerships with NGAs, technical-vocational institutions and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), such as universities and colleges.

TVET programs must strengthen their position as a vital access, inclusion and mobility vehicle in the country, creating economic opportunities for individuals experiencing poverty, geographical and cultural isolation and physical disadvantages. They should assist the transition to green, digital and knowledge economies, as well as advocate for flexible educational pathways and recognition of talents acquired outside of the classroom.

Conclusion

Vocational education training centers in the Philippines play an essential role in providing millions of Filipinos with important skills for today’s labor market. If the government, businesses and communities are able to work together to invest more resources, reduce stigma and increase access, every Filipino may be able to take advantage of these opportunities and contribute to the country’s development and economic growth.

– Katelyn Leano

Katelyn is based in Plainfield, IL, USA and focuses on Good News and Technology and Solutions for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pixabay