Despite continued instability, reinvestment initiatives increased in Syria after international sanction relief. The Syrian civil war has entangled the country since 2011, causing significant loss of life, mass emigration and destruction of the nation’s security and development. Before the conflict, poverty in Syria was 33%. However, it has almost tripled to 90% in 2025. Furthermore, extreme poverty is six times higher than before the conflict, going from 11% to 60%.
On May 21, 2025, the European Union (EU) announced its decision to lift its economic sanctions on Syria. On May 23, 2025, the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued the Syria General License (GL) 25, authorising transactions previously prohibited by the Syrian Sanctions Regulations.
Alongside this, the U.S. State Department issued a 180-day waiver of the Caesar Act, effectively lifting sanctions until a bipartisan bill is passed through Congress repealing the act completely. The sanctions existed as a result of human rights violations from the Syrian Assad regime, which was removed from power six months prior. Since the U.S. and EU lifted sanctions on Syria, the country has experienced increased reinvestment in infrastructure and businesses.
Background: Syria’s Long Conflict and Economic Toll
The Syrian Civil War began in 2011, when Arab Spring protests erupted across the nation against the Assad regime. By September that year, it had developed into a militarised conflict. The Civil War consisted of multiple campaigns, including both violence between the government and opposition forces, in addition to coalition efforts against Islamic state forces. Moreover, Turkish operations against Syrian Kurds introduced further conflict. On 8 Dec. 2024, Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) forces, supported by the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army, deposed Bashar al-Assad during a major offensive in Damascus.
The Assad family had been in power for 54 years, with Bashar al-Assad succeeding after his father’s death in 2000. Human rights violations, mass atrocities and war crimes characterised the family’s authoritarian rule. Despite his ousting, war continues to flog the country. In a report from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), an estimated that $800 billion in GDP has been lost over 14 years of conflict.
Finance Sector Shows Signs of Recovery
In spite of current conflicts in the country, Syria continues to show small signs of economic rejuvenation. After a six-month closure, the Damascus Securities Exchange reopened on June 2, 2025, as the transitional government attempted to bolster the economy in Syria after international sanction relief. On June 17, 2025, Syria announced that the country had completed its first electronic transfer in 14 years with a European bank. The SWIFT system is a global network for electronic transfers between banks, showing that in the wake of recent sanction reliefs, Syria is taking steps back into the international market and community.
The governor of Syria’s Central Bank, Abdulkader Husrieh, said in a statement: “This step represents gradual progress toward reintegrating the Syrian financial system into global financial channels.”
New Energy Deal Aims to Revive Power Infrastructure
Syria’s 14-year civil war utterly ravaged its power grid, leaving people in daily bouts of blackouts, which can last upwards of 20 hours. Furthermore, the fighting has damaged 70% of power plants and transmission lines, causing a fall in energy production by 80%. On May 29, 2025, the Syrian transitional government signed a $7 billion energy deal with a consortium of Qatari, Turkish and U.S. companies to reinvest and revive Syria’s war-decimated power sector. The consortium, led by Qatar’s UCC Concession Investments, aims to generate 5,000 megawatts of energy as well as create more than 50,000 direct and 250,000 indirect jobs.
Using U.S. and European technology, developments include four gas-powered plants in central and eastern Syria and a 1,000-megawatt solar farm in the south. The U.S. Special Envoy for Syria, Tom Barrack, said: “This agreement represents a landmark step in Syria’s path to reconstruction and energy security. “This consortium will promote stability, infrastructure development and economic recovery and deliver tangible results for the Syrian people.”
Oil Exports Resume After Years of Sanctions
Syria’s crude oil is typically ‘heavy’ and has a high sulphur content, requiring alternative refinery methods. This made the Syrian economy more dependent on crude oil and gas exports to foreign markets, typically EU markets, accounting for 25% of government income. According to the European Commission, European countries imported more than $3 billion worth of oil from Syria in 2011. Overall, Syria produced 383,000 barrels of oil and 316 million cubic feet of natural gas every day.
Sanctions placed on Syria by the EU, as well as other countries, limited the number of markets available to export to and process Syrian oil. This resulted in a shrinkage of government revenue and worsening of impoverished conditions. On June 18, 2025, Syria resumed exports of refined petroleum products from its main refinery located in Banias after months of closure.
The restarting of oil exports follows the deposition of Bashar al-Assad, as well as interruptions of crude oil supplies from Iran. The state-owned Syria Trading Oil Company (Sytrol) announced that an initial cargo of 30,000 metric tonnes of petroleum products departed from the Banias refinery for foreign markets. It marks an important development in restoring the petroleum industry in Syria after international sanction reliefs.
World Bank Project to Rebuild Regional Power Links
On June 24, 2025, the World Bank approved the Syria Electricity Emergency Project (SEEP), which will restore Syria’s regional connectivity to Jordan and Türkiye through the revival of high-voltage transmission lines, including two vital high-voltage interconnector transmission lines. Likewise, it will repair damaged high-voltage transformer substations near demand centres in the most impacted areas and provide technical assistance and investment plans to inform policy and regulatory reforms for long-term sustainability.
In a statement about SEEP, H.E. Yisr Barnieh, the Minister of Finance at the World Bank, said. “Electricity is a foundational investment for economic progress, service delivery and livelihoods. “This is the first World Bank project in Syria in almost four decades. We hope it will lay the ground for a comprehensive and structured support program to help Syria on its path to recovery and long-term development.”
Looking Ahead
Overall, recent events in Syria suggest that the country is heading down the right path in certain regards. While the country continues to contend with instability from both its transitional government and forces who are still in combat, it has shown resolve and strides of change in Syria after international sanction relief.
Abdallah Al Dardari, the UNDP Assistant Administrator and Director of the UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States, said: “Syria’s future hinges on a robust development recovery approach. This demands a comprehensive strategy addressing governance reform, economic stabilisation, sector revitalisation, infrastructure rebuilding and strengthened social services. By implementing these interconnected reforms, we can help Syria regain control over its future, reduce reliance on external aid and pave the way for a resilient and prosperous future for all in Syria.”
– Samuel Devine
Samuel is based in Cardiff, Wales and focuses on Business and Politics for The Borgen Project.
Photo: Flickr
5 Reforms Addressing Elderly Poverty in Jamaica
1. The Solidarity Program
Dr. Andrew Holness, the Prime Minister of Jamaica, recently announced the country’s Solidarity Program during Jamaica’s 2025 – 2026 National Budget Debate. The program aims to give $20,000 grants to vulnerable citizens in the country. For this program, vulnerable citizens include 50,000 informal workers, low-income earners, marginalized groups and elderly people.
2. Long-Term Care
The Jamaican government is supporting plans the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed to prioritize the long-term care of their elderly. Dr. Christopher Tufton announced that the plans aim to expand palliative and rehabilitative services, boosting elderly participation in routine health screenings and build community-based support systems.
The plans will be essential to the overall wellbeing of Jamaican elders due to various environmental factors playing a role in their health. There is a growing number of communicable and noncommunicable diseases running rampant in Jamaica, so the World Health Organization’s proposed plans will give seniors a better chance at combating those diseases. The proposed plans will go into effect in the long-term for Jamaica, expanding from 2025 to 2036.
3. Elderly Care and Protection Act
The Jamaican government is also drafting The Elderly Care and Protection Act in recognition of the current laws that offer limited protection to its elderly. The act aims to address the various challenges that Jamaican elderly face in the country, while also defending their rights as aging citizens.
Various reforms aimed at improving the lives of the Jamaican elderly will go into effect if the act is passed, such as legally mandating the reporting of elder abuse. It will also establish the National Elderly Care Fund, which would help subsidize the cost of living and health care for Jamaican elders.
4. New Social Housing Program
Holness also announced that the Jamaican government is increasing the budget into its New Social Housing Program. This will result in 500 units being made for vulnerable citizens in 2024-2025, which includes Jamaican elderly.
With the cost of Jamaica housing rising, it has become almost impossible for the average resident to afford shelter, especially for the elderly. Housing stability is vital for a person’s health, even as they age, so this program will be essential in combating elderly poverty in Jamaica.
5. Social Protection
The World Bank Group is supporting Jamaica’s efforts in anti-poverty, especially for the elderly. In 2024, the World Bank’s Board of Directors approved a new investment program to strengthen Jamaica’s social protection system.
The investment program includes future unemployment benefits and job placement services for the vulnerable population. These interventions, while not exclusive to elderly people, will alleviate the financial pressures on elderly caregivers and those in multigenerational households.
Global Impact
Jamaica’s response to elderly poverty offers a valuable lesson for other developing countries. The government has implemented a multi-pronged approach to resolve the country’s elderly poverty crisis. It focused on financial aid, healthcare reform, legal protections and housing stability. These reforms offer solutions that will improve the lives of the Jamaican elderly, all within the country’s budgeting and resources.
Other countries facing similar challenges can look at Jamaica’s model for addressing elderly poverty, adapting it into their own multi-pronged approach. With focused policy action and the collaboration between various organizations, aging with dignity can become a reality for many in developing countries.
– Jaden Hartfield
Photo: Unsplash
5 Charities Benefitting Public Health in Trinidad and Tobago
The non-communicable diseases heart disease is the leading cause of death in Trinidad and Tobago, accounting for 60% of deaths in the country. Other causes such as lupus and drowning are low, but they do still contribute to a chunk of the health issues in the country.
From providing civilian training on lifesaving techniques to providing mental health services, here are five charities that are aiming to bring better public health services to the 1.3 million citizens of Trinidad and Tobago.
1. The ADHD Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago
The ADHD Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago believes that behavioral health is just as important as physical health. The organization is benefiting public health in Trinidad and Tobago by providing the support and services that children and young adults with ADHD require to reach their full potential.
The foundation offers aid through many different avenues. It hosts training programs to educate parents of children with ADHD about the condition and give them strategies to better manage their child’s behavior. There are workshops for training teachers on identifying ADHD behaviors and creating an ADHD-friendly classroom environment, and for giving children self-management tools. The ADHD Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago also conducts research to ensure that its intervention techniques are effective and aims to provide low-cost counseling and testing for children with ADHD.
2. Arrhythmia Alliance
Arrhythmia Alliance originated in 2004 with the goal to improve services for arrhythmias and other irregular heart rhythm disorders in the U.K. The organization comprises health care professionals, patients, caregivers and policy makers. In the past 20 years, Arrhythmia Alliance has expanded to more than 40 countries worldwide, including Trinidad and Tobago.
Its mission is to “promote timely and effective diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias” by educating and bringing awareness to the heart disorder. Arrhythmia Alliance is a partner of World Heart Rhythm Week, which takes place annually during the first week of June, and advocates for enhanced heart rhythm care worldwide. It also sponsors the Know Your Pulse program, which educates the public on the importance of knowing how to take your own pulse to prevent medical emergencies such as strokes.
3. The Trinidad & Tobago Lifesaving Society
The Trinidad & Tobago Lifesaving Society (TTLS) falls under the Royal Life Saving Society. The organization, which is registered in the U.K., covers 31 Commonwealth countries and works to help communities in developing “lifesaving education initiatives and drowning prevention programmes.”
The Trinidad & Tobago Lifesaving Society branch formed in 1948. However, its original name was the Maracas Bay Lifeguard Club and it became known as the TTLS in 1976. The society trains lifeguards, lifesavers, military personnel, schools and public members. As of today, Trinidad and Tobago has more than 600 lifeguards who are actively involved in teaching, lifesaving and contributing to public health improvements in Trinidad and Tobago.
4. The Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society
The Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society’s (TTRCS) main mission is to provide ambulance services that are fully stocked with medical equipment and run by trained paramedics. These ambulances provide many services, including medical care, such as blood pressure and glucose testing, and transport to hospitals. The TTRCS also benefits public health in Trinidad and Tobago by teaching CPR and First Aid training to civilians in order to help people respond quickly and appropriately in emergency situations.
The TTRCS established the Henry Dunant Clinic in April 2021 with the purpose of bringing some relief to the overwhelmed healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic. The clinic aims to provide locals with free healthcare thanks to volunteer healthcare professionals.
5. The Voice of Lupus Foundation
The Voice of Lupus Foundation is a nonprofit that works to improve the lives of those lupus has impacted in Trinidad and Tobago. Its mission is to draw awareness to the often overlooked disease by advocating, educating the public and supporting patients and families who have Lupus has affected. Furthermore, through its advocacy efforts, The Voice of Lupus Foundation hopes to amplify the voices of Lupus patients and their families and help them receive access to care and support services.
Looking Ahead
Improving the health care system in Trinidad and Tobago will require a lot of work and committed efforts. However, these five highlighted charities have tackled different aspects of public health, from mental health to emergency response, to try and fill gaps that the government has left and build a healthier Trinidad and Tobago.
– Hannah Fruehstorfer
Photo: Unsplash
Addressing Health Care and Elderly Poverty in Bahrain
The BTI 2024 country report said that, “Although there is no reliable data on Bahrain’s poverty rate and the extent of relative inequality, the unequal distribution of wealth remains a major concern.”
Although there has been improvements, the elderly are concerned about their finances and do not believe pensions are helping as much as they could. Due to rising prices, people are becoming dependent on families because of a lack of funds. Meanwhile, the government claims that Bahrain does not have any poverty.
Shortcomings in Health Care for the Elderly in Bahrain
One of the shortcomings in Bahraini health care is a lack of geriatricians, also known as doctors for the elderly. The country has seen an increase in the elderly population from 1981-2024.
Maria Morcos, a certified physician assistant and researcher, said, “In the Bahraini health care system, patients don’t need primary care referrals to specialists—they are able to walk in at their convenience to receive testing or imaging without prior approval.” She further said how anyone can walk in to a specialist without a referral like in the United States.
Citizens can change their provider as they wish which can cause confusion as to if one is getting better. This type of approach is what Morcos calls a “patient-centered approach.”
“A common critique of this patient-centered model of care is the fact that many patients don’t feel well-equipped with medical knowledge to know what to choose or what to do, and some prefer the provider who definitively recommends what they personally think is best,” said Morcos.
American Mission Hospital
The nonprofit hospital in Bahrain, the American Mission Hospital, is helping citizens, including the elderly, for free. In 2024, the Ministry of Social Development partnered with the American Mission Hospital and a psychiatric hospital to give health checks to citizens 60 years and older. In 2024, the American Mission Hospital also provided educational talks and demonstrations to Bahraini citizens.
“Our community outreach programs are developed around the needs of the people in Bahrain,” said Dr. George Cherian in an interview by Amal Abdullah. “Care of the elderly, the special needs children, reach out to labor camps are some of the activities we are involved in.”
An article by ADHRB said, “Older people in Bahrain often have to deal with several issues, from access to healthcare systems and maintenance of their economic security and independence to fighting social isolation.”
Some of the American Mission Hospital sponsors are BMI Bank, Standard Chartered Bank and Rashid Group. One of the ways American Mission Hospital generates income is through an annual golf tournament, where most of the funds go towards medical supplies.
The health care information guide said, “The Ministry of Health extends its support to elderly patients through mobile units and home visits, especially for those unable to access health centers, complemented by the Ministry of Social Development‘s provision of daycare, residential care services, and social assistance for the elderly.”
Looking Ahead
The country formed a national committee for the elderly in 1984. The American Mission Hospital has recently joined the “Mayo Clinic Care Network,” giving them access to different resources. The Mayo Clinic Care Network includes different resources the hospital will be able to take advantage of experience to improve as a whole.
Bahrain continues to make improvements to health care to prevent elderly poverty in Bahrain. The Gulf Press said, “By offering incentives to civil society organizations to establish additional facilities, the Ministry aims to provide seniors with a range of services including social, health, psychological, rehabilitation, and recreational care.”
– Matthew Restrepo
Photo: Unsplash
How Two New Mobile Medical Apps in Cameroon
Bornfyne App
An effective way technology has improved medical care in Cameroon is through mobile phone apps. The BornFyne app, an app created in 2018 by Miriam Nkangu (Founder), Donald Weledji (Co-founder) and Sanni Yaya (Co-founder) in Cameroon. The objective of the Bornfyne app is to help pregnant women with prenatal and postnatal care. Besides pre- and postnatal care, the app also provides appointments for emergencies, medical advice via offline forums and family planning. In westernized countries, apps like Bornfyne are readily available, but in countries like Cameroon, receiving medical care can be difficult due to the expenses and many people live far away from hospitals that offer adequate care. The app also allows health care providers to have follow-up appointments and other forms of communication.
Waspito App
Another innovative app that has improved the health of the people in Cameroon is the Waspito app. Founded in 2020 by CEO Jean Lobe Lobe, the Waspito app is similar to the BornFyne app, except its sole focus is not on parental care. Like the BornFyne app, it allows online communication, consultations and medical advice. The app also connects patients with doctors based on their location, address and affordability.
The unique feature that the Wasptio app has is that it allows at-home labs. Meaning that doctors enter a patient’s home to do labs. These mobile labs enable people to access care without leaving their homes. Since 10.5% of the population in Cameroon is disabled, the app enables disabled people to get adequate care without leaving their own homes. In addition to being inclusive, the app connects users to more than 850 doctors across Cameroon who specialize in various fields. This makes visiting doctors easier, as patients can actively research and choose their doctors.
Looking Ahead
Mobile medical apps like Bornfyne and Waspitomake make health care in Cameroon much more accessible, improving the health care system in new ways. Their accessibility also decreases the maternal and infant mortality in Cameroon. In addition, these apps are important for pregnant women, as Cameroon has the highest maternal and infant mortality rates, with 438 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2020.
– Erin Lee
Photo: Flickr
Soap-Making: Hygiene and Economic Empowerment
Hygiene and Economic Empowerment
Global nonprofits like Clean the World, Care International and Oxfam support many of these businesses, contributing to a ripple effect of positive outcomes. Women are receiving training in entrepreneurship, health services and supply chain management, which allows them to produce soap in areas where hygiene product availability is scarce. This is not only improving health, but also boosting income and helping communities reach self-sufficiency.
The central idea driving these efforts is hygiene and economic power, both working together to equip women with the tools to fight disease and gain enough financial support to lift themselves out of poverty. A prime example appears in refugee camps and urban slums, where waterborne diseases like cholera and diarrhea are widespread. With regular access to personal hygiene products like soap, infection rates can decrease. A World Health Organization (WHO) study states that handwashing with soap can significantly reduce diarrheal disease—an important statistic for communities without access to clean water.
Empowering Women Through Soap-Making
Making soap helps these women earn a living. In Haiti, women involved in Oxfam’s local hygiene initiatives not only make and sell soap but also teach others about the importance of staying clean and healthy. By focusing on both business and health advocacy, the program supports longer-lasting benefits. The use of recycled soap from hotels offers an innovative solution for communities in need. Organizations like Clean the World collect discarded soap from partner hospitality businesses, sanitize it and redistribute it through women-led local cooperatives. The system is both eco-friendly and provides economic opportunities for women.
Looking Ahead
The ongoing programs are helping drive progress against poverty. In Haiti, women participating in these businesses have steadily increased their household income over the past two years. With higher incomes, families can afford school fees, consistent food supplies and health care. Each bar of soap sold contributes to reducing the cycle of poverty. Amid the challenges facing low-income countries, hygiene and economic empowerment play a key role in helping communities develop. Investing in women-led cooperatives supports efforts toward greater equality. Programs like these strengthen public health systems, promote economic stability and support long-term development.
– Kyra Cribbs
Photo: Flickr
How Dual-Insecticide Nets Strengthen Malaria Control in Africa
Dual-Insecticide Nets
Dual-insecticide nets are treated with additional chemicals that better target resistant mosquitoes. They combine standard insecticide with another compound that boosts the effects. The Interceptor G2 is the most advanced bed net developed through modern research. According to the WHO, clinical trials found that these new nets improved malaria control by 20–50%. Within three years, researchers estimate that the Interceptor G2 saved 35,000 lives. In addition to saving lives, the nets also helped prevent 13 million malaria cases, further strengthening malaria control.
Corine Ngurfor
Dr. Corine Ngufor is one of the many doctors who made a huge impact on the testing of dual-nets. Ngufor herself contracted malaria many times throughout her childhood and knows the struggles and impact this disease has on people firsthand. After earning her PhD, Ngufor started developing testing methods to reflect real-life conditions for the nets. These methods included ensuring the nets could withstand heavy rain, remain safe for children and stay lethal to mosquitoes. Researchers spent six years field-testing numerous prototypes before identifying the best option: the Interceptor G2. Her findings showed that dual-insecticide nets strengthen malaria control substantially more than previous nets.
Looking Ahead
The Interceptor G2 has made life-changing improvements for malaria prevention in Africa, but even so, researchers are preparing for future resistance. Ngufor is one of those doctors who are already at work trying to stay ahead of resistance. Research shows that dual-insecticide nets significantly strengthen malaria control. Ongoing studies on mosquito resistance and insecticide effectiveness aim to ensure these nets remain a reliable tool. With support from the WHO and other global partners, efforts to reduce and eventually eliminate malaria continue to advance. With help from WHO and other organizations in the fight to eradicate malaria, Ngufor believes there is an end in sight for malaria cases.
– Emily Herlehy
Photo: Flickr
Vocational Education in Russia: A Way Out of Poverty
A Different Path to Opportunity
In Russia, millions of teenagers finish 9th grade and head straight into secondary vocational colleges, where they study everything from welding and auto repair to IT support and nursing. These programs usually last two to four years and often include apprenticeships with local companies. For many students from rural areas or economically struggling families, VET is the only accessible route to employment. Tuition is often free, funded by the government and students gain practical skills without the burden of long-term debt.
According to the Russian Ministry of Education, more than 3 million students are currently enrolled in vocational training. And the demand is growing — not just among students, but among employers looking for skilled workers.
Vocational Education in Underserved Regions in Russia
The impact of vocational training is especially visible outside of Russia’s major cities — in regions like the North Caucasus, Siberia and the Ural Mountains. In these places, job options are limited and many young people feel left behind. VET centers bridge that gap by preparing students for the jobs that actually exist in their regions — whether it’s agriculture, transportation, construction or mining. These careers give people the ability to support themselves and their families. Some centers also offer tailored programs for vulnerable youth, including orphans, disabled students and ethnic minorities. These offer life skills, confidence and a clear path toward economic independence.
Global Standards and Local Solutions
Russia’s vocational system has also been getting a 21st-century upgrade. Through initiatives like WorldSkills Russia, training centers are adopting international standards, modernizing equipment and partnering with businesses to align coursework with real-world needs. From robotics to renewable energy, students are now learning the kinds of skills that can boost not just their own futures, but the country’s economic resilience. It’s a shift that reflects a broader understanding: vocational education isn’t a fallback — it’s a forward-thinking solution.
Overcoming Stigma and Gaps in Skills Training
Despite recent progress, challenges remain. Some training centers — especially in rural areas — still lack qualified instructors or updated facilities. And there’s still a lingering perception among parents and policymakers that vocational paths are somehow “lesser” than academic ones. But for students who finish school with a job offer in hand, those perceptions don’t hold much weight. What seems to matter to them is getting a skill that pays the bills.
Looking Ahead
In Russia, where economic disparities run deep and social mobility can feel out of reach, the chance to earn a living through skill-based training could be a game-changer. These vocational programs are helping to restore dignity, build communities and create opportunities where few existed before. And as more countries face similar challenges, Russia’s growing investment in vocational education could serve as a model for others.
– Polina Makarova
Photo: Flickr
Challenges and Progress regarding rule of law in South Sudan
Rule of Law in South Sudan: The Constitution
South Sudan’s Constitution does outline the principle of separation of powers (Article 48) and equality before the law (Article 14). It also calls for an independent judiciary (Article 122) and establishes the Anti-Corruption Commission and Human Rights Commission to help uphold these democratic principles.
However, in practice, these mechanisms are often ineffective. Political and military officials are rarely held accountable as they evade prosecution. The independence of the judiciary is also at risk as officials have the power to influence courts and legal outcomes.
Moreover, the Constitution itself provides immunity to political and military officials. Military officers, for instance, cannot be tried in civil courts. Some provisions also grant excessive power to the president, further contradicting the rule of law and the separation of powers, according to BTI. The enactment of the Local Government Act, which redefined chiefs at courts as national actors, added to the problem since this limited their ability to represent the people’s voice independently.
Implementing the Revitalized Peace Agreement
To strengthen the rule of law, President Salva Kiir Mayardit and former First Vice President Riek Macha signed the Revitalized Peace Agreement in 2018. This included the obligation to establish the Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS) in cooperation with the African Union, according to BTI. With this international involvement and the application of international legal standards, the HCSS was envisioned to be more independent to ensure justice for serious crimes.
Nevertheless, there has been little progress, as the South Sudanese authorities have delayed the establishment of the court. The foreign assistance budget from other countries decreasing in recent years, has also contributed to stalled progress.
Other obligations set out in the Revitalized Peace Agreement include the establishment of the Commission on Truth, Reconciliation and Healing (CTRH) and the Compensation and Reparations Authority (CRA). On a more promising note, the South Sudanese government passed legislation in November 2024 to establish these two bodies. Their main roles are to investigate and report on human rights violations, promote peace and reconciliation, and ensure compensation for victims.
The UN’s assistance
Another notable progress when it comes to the rule of law in South Sudan is the operation of a general court martial with the support of the U.N. In 14 cases, the court was able to prosecute military officials for crimes such as murder and sexual violence. The court sentenced them to prison and ordered them to compensate the victims.
The U.N. Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) also extended support to victims by providing funding for free legal advice, mental health support, food, and accommodation. Although there are still limitations in this mission, such as the lack of victim protection during trials and a focus mainly on low-ranking officials, it still marks a meaningful step toward holding officials accountable under law.
Moving forward
Given their fragile political environment, there are still challenges to achieving rule of law in South Sudan. Hence, it is crucial for the government to continue its efforts toward transitional justice to break the cycle of conflict and address the root causes of violence. Only with commitment and long-term investment can South Sudan build a future where rule of law is not just a principle on paper, but a reality for its people.
– Lucy Cho
Photo: Flickr
2025 Budget: Reducing the Digital Divide in India
Digital Gaps and the Risk of Poverty
Lack of connectivity leads to hindered education opportunities, unemployment and reduced digital literacy. For example, without access to technology, it is more challenging to enroll in online courses and use tools like Zoom and this makes education less accessible. Digital literacy is increasingly a requirement for many jobs. Online communication and media navigation are important for most positions, putting those without internet access at a significant disadvantage. Overall, people without reliable access to technology are less likely to seek further education, get a job and face a greater risk of living in poverty.
The 2025 Budget and How It Helps
The 2025 budget is making four notable efforts toward reducing the digital divide in India.
From Access to Opportunity
At first glance, efforts to reduce the digital divide in India may seem modest. However, digital inclusion is more than a tech initiative — it is a pathway to poverty reduction. By bringing tech-based educational resources to more people, ongoing efforts create better job opportunities. By creating programs rooted in job creation, unemployment rates drop and regional income increases. Improving the availability of technology promises better access to digital banking, health care and government services.
Granting more people access to the internet could result in long-term economic development, especially among women and in rural regions. India’s 2025 Budget marks a significant step toward inclusive digital growth. Continued funding for such programs could help reshape the country’s digital landscape, create jobs and improve financial security for the estimated 75 million people living in extreme poverty.
– Caroline May
Photo: Flickr
Economic Conditions in Syria After International Sanction Relief
On May 21, 2025, the European Union (EU) announced its decision to lift its economic sanctions on Syria. On May 23, 2025, the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued the Syria General License (GL) 25, authorising transactions previously prohibited by the Syrian Sanctions Regulations.
Alongside this, the U.S. State Department issued a 180-day waiver of the Caesar Act, effectively lifting sanctions until a bipartisan bill is passed through Congress repealing the act completely. The sanctions existed as a result of human rights violations from the Syrian Assad regime, which was removed from power six months prior. Since the U.S. and EU lifted sanctions on Syria, the country has experienced increased reinvestment in infrastructure and businesses.
Background: Syria’s Long Conflict and Economic Toll
The Syrian Civil War began in 2011, when Arab Spring protests erupted across the nation against the Assad regime. By September that year, it had developed into a militarised conflict. The Civil War consisted of multiple campaigns, including both violence between the government and opposition forces, in addition to coalition efforts against Islamic state forces. Moreover, Turkish operations against Syrian Kurds introduced further conflict. On 8 Dec. 2024, Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) forces, supported by the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army, deposed Bashar al-Assad during a major offensive in Damascus.
The Assad family had been in power for 54 years, with Bashar al-Assad succeeding after his father’s death in 2000. Human rights violations, mass atrocities and war crimes characterised the family’s authoritarian rule. Despite his ousting, war continues to flog the country. In a report from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), an estimated that $800 billion in GDP has been lost over 14 years of conflict.
Finance Sector Shows Signs of Recovery
In spite of current conflicts in the country, Syria continues to show small signs of economic rejuvenation. After a six-month closure, the Damascus Securities Exchange reopened on June 2, 2025, as the transitional government attempted to bolster the economy in Syria after international sanction relief. On June 17, 2025, Syria announced that the country had completed its first electronic transfer in 14 years with a European bank. The SWIFT system is a global network for electronic transfers between banks, showing that in the wake of recent sanction reliefs, Syria is taking steps back into the international market and community.
The governor of Syria’s Central Bank, Abdulkader Husrieh, said in a statement: “This step represents gradual progress toward reintegrating the Syrian financial system into global financial channels.”
New Energy Deal Aims to Revive Power Infrastructure
Syria’s 14-year civil war utterly ravaged its power grid, leaving people in daily bouts of blackouts, which can last upwards of 20 hours. Furthermore, the fighting has damaged 70% of power plants and transmission lines, causing a fall in energy production by 80%. On May 29, 2025, the Syrian transitional government signed a $7 billion energy deal with a consortium of Qatari, Turkish and U.S. companies to reinvest and revive Syria’s war-decimated power sector. The consortium, led by Qatar’s UCC Concession Investments, aims to generate 5,000 megawatts of energy as well as create more than 50,000 direct and 250,000 indirect jobs.
Using U.S. and European technology, developments include four gas-powered plants in central and eastern Syria and a 1,000-megawatt solar farm in the south. The U.S. Special Envoy for Syria, Tom Barrack, said: “This agreement represents a landmark step in Syria’s path to reconstruction and energy security. “This consortium will promote stability, infrastructure development and economic recovery and deliver tangible results for the Syrian people.”
Oil Exports Resume After Years of Sanctions
Syria’s crude oil is typically ‘heavy’ and has a high sulphur content, requiring alternative refinery methods. This made the Syrian economy more dependent on crude oil and gas exports to foreign markets, typically EU markets, accounting for 25% of government income. According to the European Commission, European countries imported more than $3 billion worth of oil from Syria in 2011. Overall, Syria produced 383,000 barrels of oil and 316 million cubic feet of natural gas every day.
Sanctions placed on Syria by the EU, as well as other countries, limited the number of markets available to export to and process Syrian oil. This resulted in a shrinkage of government revenue and worsening of impoverished conditions. On June 18, 2025, Syria resumed exports of refined petroleum products from its main refinery located in Banias after months of closure.
The restarting of oil exports follows the deposition of Bashar al-Assad, as well as interruptions of crude oil supplies from Iran. The state-owned Syria Trading Oil Company (Sytrol) announced that an initial cargo of 30,000 metric tonnes of petroleum products departed from the Banias refinery for foreign markets. It marks an important development in restoring the petroleum industry in Syria after international sanction reliefs.
World Bank Project to Rebuild Regional Power Links
On June 24, 2025, the World Bank approved the Syria Electricity Emergency Project (SEEP), which will restore Syria’s regional connectivity to Jordan and Türkiye through the revival of high-voltage transmission lines, including two vital high-voltage interconnector transmission lines. Likewise, it will repair damaged high-voltage transformer substations near demand centres in the most impacted areas and provide technical assistance and investment plans to inform policy and regulatory reforms for long-term sustainability.
In a statement about SEEP, H.E. Yisr Barnieh, the Minister of Finance at the World Bank, said. “Electricity is a foundational investment for economic progress, service delivery and livelihoods. “This is the first World Bank project in Syria in almost four decades. We hope it will lay the ground for a comprehensive and structured support program to help Syria on its path to recovery and long-term development.”
Looking Ahead
Overall, recent events in Syria suggest that the country is heading down the right path in certain regards. While the country continues to contend with instability from both its transitional government and forces who are still in combat, it has shown resolve and strides of change in Syria after international sanction relief.
Abdallah Al Dardari, the UNDP Assistant Administrator and Director of the UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States, said: “Syria’s future hinges on a robust development recovery approach. This demands a comprehensive strategy addressing governance reform, economic stabilisation, sector revitalisation, infrastructure rebuilding and strengthened social services. By implementing these interconnected reforms, we can help Syria regain control over its future, reduce reliance on external aid and pave the way for a resilient and prosperous future for all in Syria.”
– Samuel Devine
Photo: Flickr