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Fiji’s Beqa Lagoon Turned Shark Predators into Prosperity

Fiji's Beqa LagoonFiji’s Beqa Lagoon was once a hotspot for shark fishing, as shark fins and oil provided profitable returns for local fishermen. An abundance of bull sharks feeding in the nearby river mouths made Fiji’s Beqa Lagoon a reliable target in the region, with heavy fishing efforts leaving the reef system in a decimated state.

Once depleted of marine life, the lagoon now hosts one of the world’s leading shark diving experiences, with a vibrant and healthy reef ecosystem. The marine reserve is not only an environmental success story — it is also a model for community development.

Local communities are thriving beyond the shark fishing economy, using eco-tourism and marine conservation strategies to rebuild the economy, infrastructure and spiritual connection alongside Beqa Lagoon.

Shark Reef Marine Reserve

Fiji waters support a known 75 species of sharks and rays, with 66% of these species globally threatened or near threatened according to the IUCN Red List. Established in 2004, the Shark Reef Marine Reserve uses a community-compensation model where local villages, including Galoa and Wainiyabia, legally yielded their fishing rights to the reef, also known as Qoliqoli, in exchange for monthly funds deposited directly into village bank accounts to support local infrastructure and education. As a result, every diver pays a mandatory marine park shark levy of approximately FJD 20. This provides a steady income compared to the fluctuating returns of overfishing. The marine reserve also creates a spillover effect, with fish populations spilling into neighboring unprotected reefs and increasing fishing yields in those areas.

As part of the agreement, the community receives 100% of the marine park levy with full autonomy over how the funds are allocated. Development projects have included:

  • Infrastructure and facilities maintenance, with funds providing critical income to more than 6,000 fishermen during the COVID-19 pandemic when tourism stopped.
  • Education support for local schools, with specific allocations including school fees, supplies and maintenance of educational buildings in Galoa.
  • Health and welfare, with the steady cash flow providing a social safety net, especially during fluctuations and declines in fish yields in unprotected areas.

In the past 20 years, the shark diving industry generated more than $42.2 million annually, with $3.9 million in salaries, contributing to funding schools, health care and infrastructure while providing a stable income. The partnership with Beqa Adventure Divers and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Pacific Office has trained 10 official community members as fish wardens. Under the Fisheries Act, these wardens have the authority to protect the reserve from poaching and illegal activity. The organization has also trained qualified divers in the eco-tourism industry, providing long-term employment.

The reserve has attracted international partnerships, including the Global Fund for Coral Reefs and the UNDP. Through these partnerships, the community founded the first nonprofit elasmobranch research project, Fiji Shark Lab, developed coral nursery programs and restored more than 50 hectares of mangrove forests. These institutions provide employment and educational resources to local communities and continue to engage with community members in climate resilience projects.

Cultural Significance

Beyond the local economy, the Shark Reef Marine Reserve is tied to a long-standing spiritual connection between Beqa divers and sharks. According to oral tradition, Cakaubalavu, a chief fisherman, transformed into a shark after returning from a fishing trip to find his food eaten. He left Beqa with other traditional fishermen, traveling across several islands and eventually assisting another group in a reef battle, forever tying him to the island of Benau. Through this story, he became known as Dakuwaqa, the protector of divers and a shark deity for the Rukua people. Currently, the legend extends beyond Benau, with Dakuwaqa spoken of as the protector of divers in the Beqa Lagoon, providing a sense of safety and spiritual connection to many divers and visitors.

Looking Ahead

This approach, tying marine conservation to economic and community prosperity, highlights how conservation can become a pathway to reducing global poverty. With low-elevation coastal zones (LECZ) harboring a significant portion of the world’s poverty, coastal communities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to environmental hazards and climate change. The success of Fiji’s Beqa Lagoon continues to serve as a model as community ties to marine health support a growing movement toward sustainable development.

– Alyssa Forget

Alyssa is based in Dundas, Ontario, Canada and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Foreign Investment in Rwanda is Reshaping Kigali

Foreign Investment in RwandaKigali is becoming one of Africa’s leading locations for international investors, development organizations, nonprofits and foreign investment in Rwanda. Rwanda’s economy grew at 7.8% in the first half of 2025, and the country ranks among Africa’s four least corrupt nations. These numbers and the government-driven strategy show how Kigali is becoming not only a business hub but a model for development and growth across the country and internationally.

Why Foreign Investment in Rwanda Is on the Rise

Rwanda’s appeal to foreign investors has a lot to do with the stable environment. The Rwanda Development Board operates a One Stop Centre where businesses can register in a few hours, and the country allows 100% foreign ownership across the most important sectors. Rwanda is the only nation in East Africa to have concluded a Bilateral Investment Treaty with the United States, which entered into force in 2025. Meanwhile, the government’s Vision 2050 plan targets upper-middle-income status by 2035 and high-income status by 2050, goals that require sustained annual GDP growth.

Rwanda’s membership in the East African Community, the African Continental Free Trade Area and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) gives businesses operating in Kigali access to a combined market of more than 1.4 billion consumers.

Development Organizations on the Ground

Kigali’s stability and infrastructure have drawn major international bodies beyond the private sector. The United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) current country program for Rwanda, running from 2025 to 2029, positions Kigali as a central node for innovation-driven development work. Key platforms and organizations include Timbuktoo, Youth Connekt and the Accelerator Lab, all of which focus on digital entrepreneurship, green jobs and youth economic empowerment.

The scale of ambition is significant. The UNDP’s program targets equipping 20,000 young Rwandans with employability skills by 2029. These programs operate against a backdrop of real need: youth unemployment stands at 20.5% for Rwandans aged 16 to 30, and approximately 78% of the population is under 35. The government’s National Strategy for Transformation 2025-2029 explicitly targets the creation of 1.25 million productive jobs with a focus on women, youth and climate-resilient sectors.

Growth That Must Reach the Poorest

The most important question surrounding Kigali’s rise is whether its economic momentum is reaching those who need it most. Rwanda’s Human Development Index grew by 119% between 1990 and 2018, the highest rate globally over that period. But as of 2017, 38.2% of Rwandans still lived below the poverty line, with 16% in extreme poverty, and 54.8% of the rural population experiencing multidimensional poverty.

The World Bank’s Country Economic Memorandum on Rwanda directly addresses this tension, emphasizing that pathways to sustainable growth must be inclusive, particularly for agriculture-dependent rural communities and women, who remain disproportionately excluded from the formal economy. Rwanda’s national frameworks acknowledge this gap: the National Strategy for Transformation 2025-2029 explicitly targets pro-poor growth, gender equality and equitable access to services as core pillars alongside economic transformation.

Looking Ahead

What makes Kigali distinctive is the combination of elements it has assembled: political stability, low corruption, investment reform and a government that has embedded poverty reduction targets directly into its long-term economic vision. Whether this model delivers for Rwanda’s poorest communities over the next decade will depend on execution, particularly whether programs like the UNDP’s youth employment initiatives translate into lasting livelihoods beyond Kigali’s city limits. As a framework for what development-oriented economic growth can look like, Kigali continues to draw international attention.

– Gia Sen

Gia is based in Mansfield, MA, USA and focuses on Business and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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International Partnerships & Poverty Reduction Policy in Egypt

Poverty Reduction Policy in EgyptInternational diplomacy usually operates behind closed doors. However, it plays an invaluable role in shaping poverty-reduction strategies in nations, including Egypt. International partnerships frequently influence the funding, structure and sustainability of these efforts, while domestic ministries implement social protection programs and economic reforms.

Development initiatives with multilateral institutions and bilateral partners help align reform agendas with poverty reduction objectives, especially during periods of economic transition. The Borgen Project spoke with a senior Egyptian diplomat with direct experience in international development negotiations, who requested anonymity due to the sensitivity of his position. According to the diplomat, poverty reduction in Egypt depends not only on domestic policy choices but also on sustained international engagement.

“Egypt works closely with international partners such as the UNDP, JICA and USAID to support reform programs and strengthen social safety nets aimed at alleviating poverty,” the diplomat told The Borgen Project in an interview.

Diplomacy and Development Financing

International negotiations often determine how development financing supports poverty-focused reforms. Egypt has engaged with institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during economic reform periods, particularly when implementing fiscal adjustments and structural reforms. These negotiations generally include commitments to protect vulnerable populations. 

Development financing packages often integrate social protection measures to help low-income households avoid the harsh economic shocks associated with inflation, subsidy reforms or currency adjustments. The diplomat emphasized that development discussions extend beyond budget allocations. “When we negotiate with international institutions, we are not only discussing fiscal targets. We are also discussing how to protect low-income households and ensure reform does not increase vulnerability,” they said. 

According to the World Bank, Egypt has expanded targeted social protection programs in recent years, including conditional cash transfer initiatives and food subsidy reforms designed to shield vulnerable populations during economic transitions.

UNDP and Institutional Reform

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports Egypt by strengthening governance systems and improving public service delivery. UNDP Egypt specifically focuses on inclusive growth and sustainable development frameworks. By improving administrative systems and strengthening monitoring mechanisms, UNDP-supported reforms enhance the efficiency and reach of social safety nets. 

These improvements ensure that poverty reduction programs better target low-income households. The diplomat explained that institutional reform plays a central role in poverty policy. “Effective poverty reduction depends on strong institutions. Through cooperation with the UNDP, Egypt has worked to modernize administrative systems that support social protection programs,” they said.

Bilateral Cooperation With Japan and the United States

Egypt’s diplomacy also includes partnerships with bilateral development agencies such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). JICA supports Egypt through infrastructure investment, vocational training and economic modernization projects. Workforce development initiatives increase employment opportunities, especially for youth and low-income workers. Such initiatives positively affect poverty reduction outcomes. 

USAID’s Egypt portfolio includes programs focused on economic growth, entrepreneurship, financial inclusion and education. By promoting small business development and strengthening local governance, USAID-supported initiatives aim to improve long-term economic stability. The diplomat described these partnerships as complementary to domestic reforms. 

“Our discussions with partners like Japan and the United States focus on aligning development cooperation with Egypt’s social protection and economic reform priorities,” they said. By mobilizing external expertise and financial resources, diplomatic engagement strengthens Egypt’s capacity to expand social safety nets and economic opportunity programs.

Poverty, Stability and Regional Implications

Poverty reduction and policy within Egypt carry broader regional implications. Economic vulnerability can increase social tensions, migration pressures and instability. International development partners often frame poverty reduction as both a humanitarian objective and a stabilizing strategy.

Research from international institutions indicates that countries experiencing high economic vulnerability face greater risks of social unrest and forced migration. Diplomatic cooperation, therefore, plays a preventative role by supporting reforms that reduce long-term instability. The diplomat noted that poverty policy frequently intersects with regional security considerations. 

They shared that “reducing poverty strengthens resilience at both the national and regional levels. Stable communities are less vulnerable to economic shocks and instability.” By integrating social protection with economic reform, international partnerships aim to balance fiscal sustainability with inclusive development.

Implementation Challenges

Despite progress, translating diplomatic agreements into effective domestic outcomes remains complex. Administrative capacity constraints, regional disparities and economic volatility continue to challenge implementation. International support can strengthen systems, but long-term poverty reduction depends on sustained political commitment and institutional development within Egypt itself.

The diplomat acknowledged these limitations. According to them, “Diplomacy can mobilize resources and technical expertise, but domestic implementation determines long-term impact.” Ensuring that social safety nets reach the most vulnerable households requires continued investment in data systems, targeting mechanisms and public service delivery.</span>

Looking Ahead

International partnerships continue to shape poverty-reduction policy in Egypt by influencing financing decisions, institutional reforms and program design. While domestic policy drives implementation, diplomacy plays a key role in mobilizing resources, aligning priorities and strengthening social safety nets. As Egypt navigates ongoing economic reform and regional uncertainty, sustained diplomatic engagement with multilateral and bilateral partners will remain central to reducing poverty and promoting inclusive growth.

– Hana Abulkheir

Hana is based in London, UK and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Supporting Rural Communities in Tonga

Rural Communities in TongaThe 104,175 citizens who inhabit the Kingdom of Tonga’s archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean face a multitude of challenges caused by environmental volatility, seismic activity and isolation from the rest of the world. These challenges disproportionately affect rural communities, which make up 53% of the 20.6% of the overall population living in poverty. However, in response, several international development projects have been conducted as part of efforts to strengthen food and economic security and enhance education, communication, climate and disaster resilience to support rural communities in Tonga.

Connectivity and Communication

The eruption of the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai underwater volcano and subsequent tsunamis in 2022 severed 55 miles of the underwater data cable that connected Tonga to the world via Fiji. While most countries have multiple data cables, the U.K. has 50, Tonga has only one. During the five weeks it took for repairs to be conducted, the island nation was cut off from the internet and the wider world.

The damage from the once-in-1,000-year eruption highlighted the fragility and importance of internet connectivity. Of the 130 people over the age of 10 on Hunga, only 44 had access to the internet in 2024, a trend seen across the Asia-Pacific region, where only 47% of individuals in rural areas use the internet compared with 82% in urban areas.

In response, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), as part of a Joint Program to support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its Smart Villages and Smart Islands Initiative (SVSI), established Hunga’s Digital Hub. The hub provides locals with high-speed and reliable internet access, which has reshaped the island’s education and agricultural sectors. Teachers at the two primary schools on the island now have access to online resources, while older students, whose attendance at high schools on the main island of Vava’u was previously affected by ocean conditions, are now able to learn online. Fishermen and farmers can also market online and arrange sales before costly trips to the mainland.

Community Empowerment and Food Security

The most well-known development project in Tonga is the Tonga Rural Innovation Project (TRIP), which has had two phases — Phase I from 2012 to 2017 and Phase II from 2018 to 2025 — with a third phase agreed upon in February 2026. The project is a collaboration between the government of Tonga, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and other key stakeholders.

The success of TRIP II was apparent in the project’s recent Completion Report, which highlighted the ways the program exceeded targets in several key areas. With a total budget of $12.66 million, the project reached 9,291 households and more than 32,000 people across 122 communities, exceeding targets by 93%. Post-project surveys revealed that 99.8% of households surveyed reported knowledge of TRIP II, with a participation rate of 97.4% in Community Development Planning.

The project was not without difficulties. The COVID-19 pandemic and the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai eruption presented challenges for the program. In response, increased funding and a time extension were allocated to ensure success, with an additional grant of $0.7 million financed by the IFAD and the Australian government. Overall, TRIP II helped support rural communities in Tonga by increasing the volume of crops cultivated and incomes generated by agriculture, with yam, sweet potato and Tonga taro yields rising by 52.9%, 59.4% and 54.3%, respectively.

Climate Resilience and Infrastructure

The financial implications of natural disasters are often severe for Tonga, with the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai eruption contributing to a decline in real GDP of almost 6% in 2021 and 2022. Combined with the threat such events pose to the lives of Tongans, the need to act is apparent. This led to the establishment of the Tonga Australia Resilient Communities Program (TARCP), agreed in December 2024 between the Australian government and the MORDI Tonga Trust (MORDI).

With a budget of AUD $9.7 million, the project aims to work alongside other initiatives and align with several U.N. SDGs to establish greater economic and climate resilience, as well as build climate infrastructure and improve access to water, sanitation and hygiene supplies through local approaches and international funding. The project remains in its early stages, with targets to improve resilience and quality of life for around 39,300 Tongans across five of Tonga’s main island groups: Tongatapu, Vava’u, Ha’apai, ‘Eua and the Niuas.

Looking Ahead

Progress has been made to support rural communities in Tonga and projects continue to expand. Indeed, the recent agreement of TRIP III represents a continuation of the work begun under previous phases. Together, ongoing international development projects offer pathways to strengthen rural communities in Tonga and reduce the financial and social impact of natural disasters and economic isolation.

– Sean Patrick Welsh

Sean is based in Haywards Heath, UK and focuses on Technology and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Update on SDG 1 in Myanmar: Progress in Ending Poverty

SDG 1 in MyanmarMyanmar has faced decades of economic challenges, conflict and instability. Despite these barriers, the country made measurable progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 1 (SDG 1), which aims to end poverty in all its forms. However, recent political and economic disruptions have reversed some gains and pushed more people into poverty. This update on SDG 1 in Myanmar highlights both the current challenges and the solutions that continue to improve livelihoods.

Current Situation of Poverty in Myanmar

Myanmar, a Southeast Asian country with more than 54 million people, continues to face economic challenges. According to the World Bank, the country shows only moderate economic recovery while ongoing conflict and recent shocks continue to affect livelihoods. These disruptions have limited income opportunities, especially in rural and conflict-affected areas. Reduced access to jobs and essential services such as health care and education, continues to place pressure on vulnerable populations and increase poverty risks.

Social Protection and Policy Solutions

Innovative social protection policies have played an important role in reducing poverty in Myanmar. According to UNICEF, programs that provide cash transfers and targeted support to vulnerable households have helped families maintain access to essential services such as food, health care and education. These policies focus on protecting low-income populations from economic shocks while improving long-term resilience.

Evidence shows that well-designed social protection programs can reduce poverty levels and support household stability, particularly during crises such as COVID-19. By strengthening national systems and expanding access to financial assistance, these initiatives contribute directly to Sustainable Development Goal 1. This update on SDG 1 in Myanmar highlights that policy-driven approaches remain a key solution in addressing poverty and improving living conditions.

NGO-Led Livelihood and Agriculture Solutions

International organizations continue to play a key role in addressing poverty in Myanmar. Save the Children implements programs that support children and families through education, protection and livelihood assistance in vulnerable communities. These efforts aim to improve household income and increase access to essential services.

Oxfam also supports communities in Myanmar by strengthening food security and helping farmers adapt to climate-related challenges. Its programs focus on improving agricultural practices and building resilience among vulnerable populations. These initiatives help communities maintain stable incomes and reduce long-term poverty risks.

Challenges To Achieving SDG 1

Despite these efforts, Myanmar continues to face major obstacles in achieving SDG 1. Political instability, ongoing conflict and economic decline limit access to essential services and slow development progress. Rural communities and displaced populations remain the most affected.

Limited infrastructure and restricted access to education and employment opportunities also create barriers to poverty reduction. Without sustained investment and stability, these challenges may continue to hinder progress.

Future Outlook for Poverty Reduction

Achieving SDG 1 in Myanmar requires strong collaboration between international organizations, NGOs and local stakeholders. Evidence shows that combining financial assistance with livelihood support creates more sustainable outcomes. Programs that improve income opportunities while expanding access to education and services can help reduce poverty over time.

This update on SDG 1 in Myanmar highlights that while challenges remain, ongoing efforts continue to support vulnerable communities. With sustained investment and coordinated action, Myanmar can move closer to reducing poverty and improving living conditions for millions.

– Murshid Alam

Murshid is based in Chattogram, Bangladesh and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pixabay

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Syrian Refugee Entrepreneurship in Turkey

Syrian Refugee Entrepreneurship in TurkeyTurkey hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, with more than 3.2 million Syrians under temporary protection living across the country. While displacement is often portrayed as an economic burden, many Syrian refugees demonstrate resilience through entrepreneurship.

According to the World Bank, Syrian youth in Turkey increasingly start businesses as a pathway to economic empowerment, navigating formal and informal markets despite legal and financial constraints. These enterprises range from retail and services to manufacturing, creating jobs for both refugees and Turkish citizens. This growing business activity highlights how migrant entrepreneurship can contribute to a host country’s economy by generating income, expanding local markets and supporting poverty reduction. Syrian refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey shows how displaced communities can build economic opportunities despite challenging circumstances.

The Scale of Syrian Refugee Entrepreneurship in Turkey

Since the start of the Syrian conflict in 2011, many Syrians living in Turkey have moved beyond informal work and started their own businesses. Research from the Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey indicates that more than 10,000 Syrian-owned companies have been officially registered across the country. These businesses operate in sectors such as retail, trade, manufacturing and food services, reflecting both market demand and the needs of local communities.

Syrian-owned businesses are especially concentrated in cities such as Istanbul, Gaziantep, Hatay and Mersin, where strong trade networks and geographic proximity to Syria support commercial activity. In industrial centers like Gaziantep, Syrian entrepreneurs also contribute to regional trade connections and export activity.

On average, Syrian-owned firms employ between five and nine workers, including both Syrian refugees and Turkish citizens. This level of activity shows that Syrian refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey has moved beyond subsistence strategies and now contributes to local labor markets and small business ecosystems.

Economic Contributions: Jobs and Market Expansion

Syrian refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey also plays a growing role in job creation and market expansion. Since the start of the Syrian conflict, thousands of Syrian-owned businesses have opened across the country, operating in sectors such as retail, manufacturing and food services. These enterprises generate employment opportunities for both refugees and Turkish citizens.

Studies show that Syrian small and medium-sized businesses employ around seven workers on average, strengthening local labor markets and supporting small business ecosystems. In addition to employment, Syrian entrepreneurs contribute to trade networks that connect Turkish markets with partners across the Middle East. Through investment, production and cross-border commerce, Syrian-owned businesses increasingly support economic activity in the regions where they operate.

Challenges and Barriers for Syrian Entrepreneurs

Despite the growth of Syrian-owned businesses, refugee entrepreneurs in Turkey still face several structural barriers. Access to finance remains one of the most significant challenges, as many refugees lack the credit history or collateral required by formal financial institutions. Language barriers and unfamiliar administrative procedures can also make business registration and regulatory compliance more difficult.

Limited access to professional networks and business support services may restrict opportunities for growth and market expansion. Although Turkey introduced work permit regulations for refugees under temporary protection in 2016, many entrepreneurs still face difficulties navigating the formal business environment. Addressing these barriers remains important to help refugee-led businesses reach their full economic potential and expand their contributions to local economies.

Programs Supporting Refugee Entrepreneurship

Several international organizations and local initiatives support refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey. Programs led by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and other partners focus on strengthening refugee-led businesses through training, mentorship and policy guidance. These initiatives promote entrepreneurship as a pathway to sustainable livelihoods while also encouraging economic cooperation between refugees and host communities.

Local initiatives such as the İMECE Project also support refugee entrepreneurs by providing training and networking opportunities. Supported by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Habitat Association, the program has trained more than 9,000 participants and helped develop new refugee-led businesses. These initiatives demonstrate how targeted support programs can help transform refugee entrepreneurship into long-term economic opportunities that benefit both refugees and local communities.

Looking Ahead

Syrian refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey illustrates how displaced communities can contribute to economic growth when given opportunities to participate in local markets. By creating businesses, generating employment and strengthening trade networks, Syrian entrepreneurs increasingly support economic activity in the regions where they live. Continued support through training programs, inclusive policies and business development initiatives can help expand these contributions and promote long-term economic resilience for both refugees and host communities.

– Elif Oktar

Elif is based in London, UK and focuses on Business and Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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How Job Training for Refugees in Turkey Strengthens Communities

Job Training for Refugees in TurkeyTurkey hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, with more than 3 million registered Syrian refugees, according to the U.N. Refugee Agency. Economic pressures have made access to stable employment difficult for many displaced individuals and vulnerable citizens alike. In response, job training for refugees in Turkey has become a strategy to strengthen livelihoods while promoting shared economic participation.

Many refugees in Turkey face significant barriers when they try to enter the formal labor market, including limited access to certified vocational training, challenges with skills recognition and work permit requirements. The International Labor Organization (ILO) reports that regulatory and structural obstacles push many refugees into informal employment, increasing their vulnerability and limiting long-term stability. At the same time, rising inflation and labor market instability have placed growing economic pressure on Turkish citizens, particularly workers in lower-income sectors. In response, policymakers and development organizations design programs that align vocational training with employer demand and encourage businesses to hire workers formally.

Aligning Skills With Industry Demand

From November 2022 to January 2025, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) implemented a workforce initiative focused on Turkey’s textile sector. The project aimed to expand employment pathways for Syrian refugees and members of host communities through targeted vocational training.

The initiative, titled “Decent and Sustainable Job Opportunities for Refugees and Host Communities in the Turkish Textile Sector,” aligned training directly with labor market needs. Turkey’s textile industry remains one of the country’s major export sectors and a significant source of employment across manufacturing and supply chains. The Government of the Republic of Korea funded the project with $178,620. In 2023 alone, the program directed $131,522 toward training and implementation activities.

Rather than offering generalized training, the program developed sector-specific curricula in collaboration with textile industry partners to address identified labor market needs. It provided on-the-job training at employer premises, strengthening participants’ practical skills and increasing their chances of securing formal, sustainable employment. By working closely with private-sector actors, the project connected skills development directly to hiring pathways.

Promoting Shared Economic Participation

The project targeted both Syrian refugees and vulnerable Turkish citizens, aiming to strengthen social cohesion by expanding access to vocational training and formal employment pathways.

Access to formal employment plays a key role in economic stability. Formal jobs often provide regulated wages, safer working conditions and access to social protection systems. For displaced individuals, stable employment can reduce reliance on informal labor markets, which frequently offer inconsistent income and limited worker protections.

In addition to UNDP’s textile sector initiative, the International Labor Organization (ILO) has implemented broader employment and vocational training programs to improve refugees’ access to formal labor markets in Turkey. The ILO works with government institutions, employers and worker organizations to expand skills development, promote formal hiring and strengthen labor market governance.

Economic Integration and Long-Term Impact

The World Bank emphasizes that integrating refugees into labor markets can contribute to long-term economic growth when programs align skills development with employer demand. Workforce initiatives that connect vocational education to employer needs can reduce reliance on short-term assistance while strengthening national economies.

Beyond employment-focused initiatives, international agencies have also invested in strengthening the textile sector itself. The United Nations Environment Programme’s InTex Programme trained 230 industry representatives and supported 32 small and medium-sized enterprises in adopting eco-innovation and circular production practices in its first phase. By building technical capacity within the textile value chain, such programs demonstrate how skills development can improve both environmental sustainability and economic competitiveness in refugee-hosting countries.

Employment programs are increasingly recognized as a key component of refugee response strategies. International development agencies note that long-term displacement requires economic solutions that move beyond short-term humanitarian assistance. When refugees gain access to skills training and formal employment, they contribute to local consumption, industrial productivity and broader economic activity. Host countries may also benefit from addressing labor shortages in specific sectors.

Concluding Thoughts

The UNDP textile sector project concluded in January 2025 after completing its planned activities. By combining targeted skills training, industry partnerships and inclusive enrollment, the initiative demonstrated how job training for refugees in Turkey can contribute to poverty reduction, economic resilience and shared prosperity in refugee-hosting countries.

– Isil Ertas Senturk

Isil is based in Oakville, Ontario, Canada and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Ghana’s Poverty Reduction Efforts in its Northern Regions

Ghana's Poverty ReductionAlthough Ghana, a country in West Africa, experiences consistent economic growth, its impact is felt unequally. Southern regions, such as Accra, have significantly better infrastructure and schools compared to the northern regions. In many northern regions, the absolute poverty rate rises above 50%.

Several factors contribute to the spatial inequality in Ghana. Because agriculture is the primary employer in the north, there are more severe economic consequences due to the variable climate. Rainfall has declined, droughts have increased and floods have become more frequent. In addition, several cash crops, such as cocoa, are not suited to the area’s savannah characteristics.

In light of these challenges, the Ghanaian government is working to improve the economic strength and reduce poverty levels in the northern regions.

The Northern Development Authority

The Northern Development Authority (NDA) is an independent organization established in 2017 by an Act of Parliament, with one of its goals being to support Ghana’s poverty reduction efforts in the north. It succeeded the Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA), an organization with a similar goal but described as inefficient. The NDA facilitates the distribution of social programs and helps secure foreign investment in the region.

The NDA’s projects are gradually transforming cities and regions. For instance, in the Bunkpurugu Nakpanduri District, the organization dug 32 boreholes, providing families with access to fresh water. However, Ghanaian leaders believe that the NDA has room for improvement. The Acting Chief Executive Officer of the Northern Development Authority, Dr. Emmanuel Abeere-Inga, pointed out in 2025 that government funds rarely reach the northern regions because “it’s taken by bureaucrats in Accra,” the country’s capital.

This public concern, while highlighting challenges within the NDA, does not negate the initiatives it has implemented. The organization continues to play a role in efforts to reduce poverty in the region.

Investment Assisting Ghana’s Poverty Reduction Efforts

The Ghanaian Ministry of Food and Agriculture and AAK, a supplier of plant-based oils, signed an agreement to expand the country’s shea industry. With a planned intensification of direct sourcing, around 300,000 women from the northern regions are expected to benefit. Additionally, the creation of an “Innovation Academy” and a processing factory will expand job opportunities and support poverty alleviation.

Investments such as these stem from government-led efforts. Recently, Ghana hosted the African Prosperity Dialogues, in which national leaders emphasized supporting inflows of investment, including restructuring investment laws to be more accessible to smaller investors. These efforts aim to grow local markets and reduce poverty, particularly in northern areas.

Free Senior High School Program

In 2017, Ghana launched the Free Senior High School program, with the aim of expanding access to secondary education across the country. Since its inception, the program has enrolled around 1.6 million students, though it continues to face capacity challenges. Many qualified students do not earn spots simply because demand exceeds supply.

Recently, Ghana initiated steps to close this gap by opening 25 private schools across all regions to participate in government-funded education. These efforts may contribute to easing poverty, especially in northern regions where rates are higher. A 2023 article by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) explains the connection between poverty and education, noting that poverty rates would be “halved if all adults completed secondary school.” In this way, Ghana’s Free Senior High School program supports education reform and contributes to poverty reduction in the north.

Looking Ahead

Through both progress and challenges, the Ghanaian government continues working to address poverty in its northern regions. Programs such as the Northern Development Authority may face bureaucratic delays, while other initiatives demonstrate measurable outcomes. Overall, efforts to reduce poverty in northern Ghana remain complex, involving multiple strategies and ongoing policy adjustments.

– Ben Anderson

Ben is based in Madrid, Spain and focuses on Business and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pexels

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Efforts Toward Poverty Reduction in Nauru

Poverty Reduction in NauruNauru, an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, benefitted from the 1900s phosphate mining industry. At its peak, Nauru’s wealth was estimated to be at “$2.5 billion.”

In 1980, a collapse in Australia’s market decreased demand for phosphate exports, pushing the phosphate-dependent nation into economic instability and widespread poverty. With a population of 11,875, around one in four people live below the poverty line.

Nauru’s poverty rate stands at 9.72%, but women are more concentrated in the country’s lower-income groups. Women make up 39.99% of those in the bottom 40% of the income or consumption distribution, pointing to greater economic vulnerability.

Women in Poverty

Poverty in Nauru disproportionately affects women and girls. Poverty for women encompasses a lack of political representation and GBV, alongside economic hardship and health care concerns.

Cultural norms and stereotypes in Nauru set the expectations of women and drive their exclusion from political and public life. As a result, women are more likely to face financial hardship, political underrepresentation, and health concerns amongst other poverty indicators.

Initiatives in poverty reduction in Nauru increasingly target women living in poverty.

Protecting Women and Girls Against Domestic Violence

The Pacific Islands have the highest rate of violence against women and girls. UNICEF found that “48.1% of ever-partnered women” have experienced GBV in their lifetime. Women and girls incarcerated in Australia’s offshore migrant detention center in Nauru also face high rates of GBV.

At a UNDP-supported training conference in 2024, Deputy Commissioner Simpson Deidanang reported that “Since 2021, over the past three years, we have received 79 cases, with 53 completed and 23 closed due to insufficient evidence.”

The Nauru Police Force and UN Women agree that women and girls are not sufficiently protected against GBV. UN Women state that “Nauru has no domestic violence, sexual harassment or family legislation, or any other legislation in place that addresses human trafficking or sex tourism.”

In response, the Nauru Police Force has launched specialized GBV training. With support from the UNDP as part of the Nauru Accountable and Inclusive Governance Project, in 2023 the Police Force doubled their domestic violence unit, “increasing from two to five officers.” 

ICAAD is a nonprofit organization also working to protect women and girls from GBV. Its program TrackGBV includes the GBV Sentencing Handbook and a TrackGBV Legal Database for the Pacific Islands. This initiative provides information on how to analyze GBV and attitudes towards it on a judicial and community level.

Together, these efforts are working towards poverty reduction in Nauru and target the multidimensional impacts of poverty and violence that women in Nauru face.

Supporting Female Economic and Political Participation

Women in Nauru face exclusion from both economic and political life. UN Women reports that the Pacific region has the “world’s lowest overall average of women in parliament.” Only two women are present in Nauru’s members of parliament, equating to 10.5%.

Economically, women rely on informal work. UN Women report that “Between 75 per cent and 90 per cent of all market vendors in the Pacific are women.” The working conditions are poor, and the profit is low. Consequently, “Female-headed households are more likely than male-headed households to be or fall below the poverty line.”

The UNDP has partnered with the Women Empowerment Nauru Association (WENA) to increase women’s engagement with politics.

At the July 2024 Pacific Islands Forum Women Leaders meeting, regional organizations and UN Women endorsed initiatives to strengthen women’s political and public participation. President Heine highlighted the links between women’s political representation, GBV and economic participation. President Heine emphasized the need to “safeguard women-led industries” to enhance political participation and strive towards poverty reduction in Nauru for women.

Initiatives Supporting Women’s Health

Women’s health is significantly at risk in Nauru, driven by limited access to sanitation. Only “66 per cent” of the population has access to sanitation facilities, restricting menstrual hygiene for many women.

Anemia remains widespread, affecting 44% of pregnant women and 32% of non-pregnant women, with long-term consequences for maternal and overall health. Natural disasters intensify these risks as women lose access to health care, shelter and food at higher rates than the rest of the population.

The nonprofit Hesperian Health Guides supports women’s health in Nauru by supplying free and accessible health information. The organization distributes educational resources covering women’s health, safety, and environmental health.  

Their titles are available in “84 languages” across “221 countries.” Its website HealthWiki is also available digitally at no cost. Its outreach is working towards poverty reduction in Nauru by improving health care autonomy.

Final Note

While poverty still affects many in Nauru, especially women, the country is taking action:

  •       The Nauru Police Force, UNDP, ICAAD and UN Women are tackling gender-based violence.
  •       WENA and regional forums are boosting women’s political and economic participation.
  •       Nonprofits like Hesperian Health Guides provide free health education and resources.

These efforts empower women and create real pathways out of poverty.

– Lucy Kerr

Lucy is based in Coventry, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Health Improvements and Reducing Poverty in Uganda

Poverty in UgandaUganda has experienced notable economic growth over the past two decades. Yet, poverty, food insecurity and limited access to health care remain persistent challenges, particularly in rural and refugee-hosting regions of Uganda. According to World Bank estimates, Uganda’s national poverty rate stood at approximately 21.4% in 2016, with significantly higher rates in rural areas.

Food insecurity and undernutrition reinforced these vulnerabilities, contributing to poor health outcomes and limiting educational attainment among children. In response, the World Food Program (WFP) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) implemented a range of initiatives to address both the immediate and structural drivers of poverty and poor health in Uganda.

WFP Initiatives: School Feeding, Nutrition and Food Security

Between 2016 and 2020, WFP implemented its Uganda Country Program, which prioritized food security as a foundation for long-term development. A central pillar of this strategy was the Home-Grown School Feeding (HGSF) program, which provides daily meals to schoolchildren while sourcing food directly from local smallholder farmers. This approach was designed to address child hunger and education outcomes while simultaneously strengthening rural livelihoods.

According to a WFP interview with a WFP Uganda program officer, the HGSF initiative has reduced hunger-related absenteeism among schoolchildren while improving household income stability for farmers through predictable local procurement. The interview emphasizes that by linking schools to nearby agricultural producers, the program treats food assistance as both a nutritional and economic intervention rather than short-term relief. WFP reports indicate that school feeding programs reached hundreds of thousands of children annually, particularly in food-insecure regions such as Karamoja, where chronic hunger has historically undermined educational outcomes.

In addition to school meals, WFP expanded maternal and child nutrition programs, targeting pregnant women and young children during critical stages of development. Evaluations of WFP’s Uganda Country Strategic Plan found improvements in household food consumption scores and dietary diversity among participating communities.

UNDP Initiatives: Inclusive Growth and Health Infrastructure

While WFP’s interventions focused on food systems and nutrition, UNDP addressed the broader economic and infrastructural determinants of poverty and health. Through its Inclusive Growth and Resilience programs, UNDP supported job creation, micro-entrepreneurship and access to renewable energy, factors closely linked to long-term poverty reduction.

One of UNDP’s most impactful interventions has been the solarization of rural health facilities. The organization supported the installation of solar power systems in 26 rural health facilities, improving health care access for more than 700,000 people. Before electrification, many facilities relied on unreliable grid power or diesel generators, limiting their ability to provide consistent care.

UNDP reports that solar-powered facilities improved vaccine storage, expanded nighttime emergency services and strengthened maternal health care. By strengthening health infrastructure, these initiatives reduced the economic burden of illness on households. They enhanced the overall resilience of rural health systems.

Measurable Impact: Poverty Reduction and Health Improvements

The combined effects of WFP and UNDP initiatives are reflected in national development indicators. Between 2016 and 2020, poverty in Uganda declined to 20.3%. While multiple factors contributed to this trend, UNDP and WFP reports identify improved food security, social protection and service delivery as key contributors.

Nutrition and health indicators also improved over the same period. National stunting rates among children under 5 declined from roughly 29% in 2016 to 26% in 2022, reflecting gains in maternal nutrition, child feeding practices and health care access. In refugee-hosting districts, WFP-supported cash transfers linked to nutrition and health services improved dietary diversity.

They reduced reliance on negative coping strategies. The WFP interview-based video evidence further reinforces these findings by illustrating how school feeding programs improved attendance and learning outcomes, thereby demonstrating the long-term poverty-reduction potential of investing in child nutrition and education.

Challenges and Ongoing Constraints

Despite measurable progress, significant challenges persist. Funding volatility poses a major threat to program sustainability, particularly in refugee-hosting areas. WFP evaluations warn that reductions in donor funding have led to ration cuts in some regions, reversing gains in food security and nutrition.

Climate shocks, including droughts and floods, further undermine agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods, placing additional strain on food systems. UNDP reporting also notes capacity constraints at the local government level, which can limit the scaling and institutionalization of successful initiatives. These challenges highlight the need for sustained investment and stronger national ownership of development programs.

Conclusion

UNDP and WFP initiatives in Uganda demonstrate that poverty reduction and health improvement are most effective when addressed through integrated, multi-sectoral strategies. These programs linked school feeding to local agriculture. They expanded nutrition-linked social protection and also strengthened the health care infrastructure through renewable energy.

Together, these efforts addressed both immediate vulnerabilities and long-term development needs. The measurable declines in poverty and child malnutrition between 2016 and 2022 suggest that coordinated development interventions can deliver tangible results even in complex and resource-constrained contexts. As Uganda continues to confront climate risks, demographic pressures and funding uncertainty.

However, the UNDP–WFP model offers a compelling example of how development and humanitarian action can work together to deliver sustainable, inclusive outcomes.

– Akash Ramaswamy

Akash is based in Mississauga, Canada and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr