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Disability and Poverty in Tuvalu

Disability and Poverty in TuvaluAccording to a 2018 study by PacificData.org, 466 people in Tuvalu live with a disability. With little accessibility around the islands and in workplaces, many of these individuals tragically fall into disability poverty. Here is more information about disability and poverty in Tuvalu.

About Tuvalu

Tuvalu is a collection of small South Pacific islands with a population of approximately 11,500 people. It is a developing nation but is full of coconut trees, which provide the country’s main export.

Formally a British colony, Tuvalu’s population significantly diminished in the mid-nineteenth century from 20,000 to a mere 3,000. Multiple factors affected this shift, but most notably: the severe European enslavement of Tuvaluan people (more than half the population by 1863) and diseases brought over from Europe.

The islands were named the Ellice Islands in 1819 after a British MP who travelled there. However, after gaining independence from Britain in 1975, the islands were renamed Tuvalu, meaning ‘eight standing together’ in reference to the eight islands that made up the country, with a ninth later being included as part of the state as well. 

Disability Poverty in Tuvalu Today

Life can be tough in Tuvalu; as a small nation with little foreign trade, work is scarce. A Tuvaluan may work in the agricultural or farming industries to make use of the country’s natural resources; however, this type of work typically involves hard labor, which further limits career opportunities for people with physical disabilities.

People like Sinkiagi Taulamati (a former carpenter) had to give up work in the wake of amputation surgery. In a 2021 interview with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Taulamati noted that thereafter, he struggled to provide for his family as there were no other suitable work opportunities for him.

Welfare for Disabled Tuvaluans

In 2015, Tuvalu introduced the ‘Disability Support Scheme’ for those struggling in disability poverty. This was a welfare benefit scheme for disabled Tuvaluans which provided money for people who could not work due to their disability. However, access to this benefit was extremely limited, only including the congenitally disabled (from birth) and paralyzed people.

This act excluded disabilities that developed later in life, including amputees such as Sinkiagi Taulamati. Although Tuvalu amended it the following year, Pacific Data found that only eighty-seven people were receiving the benefit in 2018. 

Progress for Disabled Tuvaluans

Despite little government intervention, the Tuvaluan people have not given up on those living in disability poverty. In 2009, the first and only non-government organization in aid of disabled people in the country originated.

Fusi Alofa Association (FAA) advocates for disabled welfare in Tuvalu through lobbying activities in an effort to draw attention to the difficulties faced by disabled Tuvaluans, such as poverty, inaccessibility around the islands and education.

While the FAA remains the only organization of its kind in Tuvalu, it has amassed support from the Commonwealth Foundation, which has provided funding that allows the organization to flourish in its mission to stand up for disabled Tuvaluans.

In 2017, partnering with the Australian government, the FAA conducted a study to provide important data on disability and poverty in Tuvalu. This study not only demonstrated that a great deal of disabled Tuvaluans live in poverty but the FAA ensured jobs for disabled people like Taupaka Uatea, through the project, who worked as an FAA researcher.

Looking Ahead

Although disability poverty remains an issue in Tuvalu, the FAA has helped to provide work for disabled individuals as well as conduct surveys that accurately demonstrate the widespread problem and raise awareness of the difficulties that disabled Tuvaluans face.

– Lisa Jane Bryant

Lisa is based in Glasgow, Scotland and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Innovations in Poverty Eradication in Tuvalu

Poverty Eradication in TuvaluTuvalu is a small island country in the West Pacific Ocean with a small population and faces unique climate-based challenges with its development. The current basic needs poverty rate in Tuvalu is 21.5%, due to the lack of fertile land and climate-related issues affecting the local population such as many homes and crop farms consistently being damaged from storm surges. The country is especially at risk from rising sea levels and has to rely heavily on outside aid which makes development difficult due to its remote location. However, the government as well as organizations like the UN, has made considerable progress in supporting and funding innovations in poverty eradication in Tuvalu.

Land Reclamation Efforts

One of the ways Tuvalu is tackling climate issues is through reclaiming land. As Tuvalu at its highest point is only 15 feet above sea level, many communities are at risk of coastal erosion because they are too low-lying and a sea level rise as low as 8 inches could make the country uninhabitable in 100 years. A measure to solve this problem organized by the national government and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is the Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project which began in June 2017.

The project aims to implement protections against coastal erosion and increasingly intense storm and wave activity. This will involve creating 7 hectares of new land designed to withstand storm surges and stay above forecast sea level rises until at least 2100. The project is set for completion in September 2026 and so far has already seen the construction of a 2,500 foot platform on the island of Fongafale to protect essential infrastructure and coastal homes. The new land can be used to relocate the most vulnerable residents and to provide government and community services on safe ground. 

Improvements in Food Security

On the island of Nui, violent hurricanes make traditional crop farming difficult and food security very uncertain. Innovative solutions are essential to ensuring food security for the small community living there. 

One of these innovations in poverty eradication in Tuvalu is the introduction of food cubes on the island, where people can plant crops in movable containers instead of in the vulnerable soil by the shore. The UNDP and International Organization for Migration (IOM) has implemented these and provided them to residents as part of the Climate Security in the Pacific Project.

The food cubes have proven to be especially effective and have provide much needed security for the crops of the 500 residents on the island of Nui. The cubes are simple to set up and are easy to move to a safer location more inland by the residents in the event of a storm. The cubes have also been successful on other Tuvaluan islands such as Nukulaelae and Funafuti where food security has also improved.

Fostering Connections to Global Institutions

Tuvalu is a very remote country, it is very reliant on aid from international institutions. With the impending risk of changing weather patterns exacerbating the poverty level in the country, Tuvalu is prioritizing forming connections with organizations that can assist with tackling climate poverty.

An example of this is the Tuvalu Second Climate and Disaster Resilience Development Policy Financing from the World Bank. While the previous initiatives have been for specific projects, this loan from the World Bank to the Tuvaluan government is to ensure the fiscal resilience of the country amidst the risks of changing weather.

The loan, as well as the strengthened ties between Tuvalu and the World Bank and other monetary organizations, provides much more financial security for Tuvaluan citizens and allows local entrepreneurs and business owners to contribute more to the island state’s economy.

Looking Ahead

These innovations in poverty eradication in Tuvalu, such as cultivating connections with international organizations, can help to ensure a safe and secure future for the country and its citizens.

– James Holder

James is based in Nottingham, UK and focuses on Technology and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Addressing the Gender Pay Gap in the Gambia

Gender Pay Gap in the GambiaThe Gambia is a small nation nestled in the vicinity of the much larger Senegal, and its population thrives along the banks of the Gambia River. The country faces multiple problems of inequality, with the gender pay gap in the Gambia remaining one of the most persistent challenges. According to the United Nations Population Fund, the wage gap between males and females was almost 65% in 2022, ranking amongst the lowest in Africa and the world.

Women earn approximately $700 less than men. This means there is a higher chance for women to be in poverty than men, especially since the COVID-19 restrictions. In Gambia, women tend to work in the informal sector. This can range from working in the hospitality and tourism sector in urban areas to the agricultural sector in rural areas, where they constitute 50% of the workforce.

What Is the Gambia Doing Right?

  1. The Gambia, despite struggling with poverty, keeps its unemployment rate quite low, and the rate is only 5.8% in comparison to 7.2% for men. This improvement has expanded economic opportunities for Gambian women and increased their access to income.
  2. Gambian women now hold almost 30% of managerial and middle-management positions, reflecting this progress, which is significantly higher than in countries with higher literacy rates, such as Egypt. This share continues to rise as Gambia relies less heavily on agriculture.
  3. Improvements to Gambia’s education sector have driven greater female employment, leading to a literacy rate of 50.8% amongst women, in comparison to men at only 41.6%. This includes women outperforming men in increasing their reading and mathematics proficiency.

Where Is the Gambia Struggling?

  1. Informal Sector: While Gambia has improved female employment rates, according to the LFS, in reality, about eight out of 10 women worked in the informal sector, which widened the gender pay gap because men dominated higher-paying white-collar jobs.
  2. Financial Sector: As the IMF noted, only 2% of women hold bank accounts in contrast to 8% of men. Gambian women have a low rate of financial literacy and use of financial services, including loans for businesses. Limited access to financial services has restricted women-led businesses and startups across the country.
  3. Government Sector: While local governments have improved female representation, the central government and parliament still persist in a massive imbalance. The underrepresentation of women in politics weakens efforts to implement policies that reduce the gender pay gap.
  4. Global Events: The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have widened gender pay gaps. These crises directly affected nine out of 10 working women in the informal sector, especially in the tourism sector. Agricultural uncertainty also prevents many women from achieving optimal productivity.
  5. Inflation: Rising living costs highlight gender inequality by forcing many women to remain financially dependent on men. This exposes the reality of the unequal divide between the genders, as living costs force women to remain dependent on men.

Solutions

In 2024, the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Welfare announced a 10-year plan to increase the pace of removing gender inequality, with the gender pay gap in Gambia being at the forefront of the plan. The government plans to implement the strategy between 2025-2034.

In 2025, the Ministry launched a popular program in partnership with the UNDP called the Gender Equality Seal for Public Institutions. The program focuses on improving educational opportunities and workplace equality. It connects public institutions to other similar establishments around the world and prepares them to improve their inclusivity and accessibility skills for women.

The Path Ahead

High fertility rates among young women, driven by low female school enrolment, keep many Gambian women out of the workforce and contribute to pay inequality. Improvements in education have helped reduce fertility rates among young women. 

There is a chance to reduce gender pay gaps by only provisioning better educational resources, such as the construction of new schools, and giving them access to basic school supplies. 

Similarly, child marriage has been a persistent issue in Gambian society, but a higher educational rate amongst girls and even boys has led to improvement in changing perspectives and an increasing rate of marriages after the age of 18.

This shows that there is a chance for tackling the gender pay gap in the Gambia if there are some basic provisions of education and opportunities for young girls.

– Tanay Ashok Sonthalia

Tanay is based in Melbourne, Australia and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pixabay

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Digital Family Card in Kazakhstan: Solving Poverty with Technology

Digital Family Card in KazakhstanKazakhstan has made strong progress in reducing poverty, but some families still face more difficulties than others. The World Bank reported that Kazakhstan’s poverty rate fell from 49.5% to 8.5% between 2006 and 2021. These advancements helped 5.9 million people leave poverty. However, poverty in rural areas remained higher than in cities, with 11.4% of the rural population living in poverty compared with 6.6% of residents in urban areas. The same report also found that children made up 40% of poor people in Kazakhstan in 2021. These gaps demonstrate why the Digital Family Card in Kazakhstan matters for families that may need faster and direct support.

How the Digital Family Card Works

The Digital Family Card in Kazakhstan is a government technology tool that helps identify families who may qualify for social support. The project emerged from joint work between Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Instead of making every family search for programs on their own, the system uses official data to help the government understand which families may be at risk.

UNDP says the Digital Family Card offers more than 30 services that people can access automatically, without needing to apply. This is important because vulnerable families may not always know what support exists or how to request it. UNDP also says the project focuses on groups such as single mothers raising more than three children, families with disabled members and orphaned children.

A System Built Around Family Needs

The Digital Family Card in Kazakhstan does not work like a regular plastic card. It functions more like a digital profile that helps the government understand a family’s situation. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) says the system uses a scoring model of family well-being with 120 parameters from more than 20 data sources. These include areas such as social and economic conditions, education, health and housing.

This kind of system can make social assistance more targeted. For example, a family may need help because of low income, disability, unemployment or another difficult situation. The Digital Family Card can help the government see these risks earlier and connect people to support. ITU also explains that the system uses anonymized data for analytics, which helps protect personal information while still allowing the government to make decisions based on strong data.

From Pilot Program to Social Support Tool

Kazakhstan started testing the Digital Family Card in 2022. According to the official website of the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Labor launched the card in pilot mode for nine types of benefits and social payments. The plan included using the card to provide state guarantees in social protection, health care and education.

The Digital Family Card in Kazakhstan later became part of the country’s wider social policy. UNDP says Kazakhstan included the project in its Social Code. The system now has information on more than 6 million families. This information helps the government plan spending and deliver social assistance more accurately, using real-time data.

Making Benefits Easier to Access

One major goal of the Digital Family Card in Kazakhstan is to make government support easier to receive. UNDP explains that the system can assess family vulnerability without citizens needing to take the first step. If a person may qualify for support, the system can send an SMS asking for consent. If the person agrees, the social benefit, payment or other type of support can go directly to the person’s bank account.

This matters for people who may not have strong access to government internet platforms. Some families may live far from public offices, lack digital skills or not know which benefits match their situation. A text-message system can reduce confusion and make the process easier. It also helps the government reach people before their problems become more serious.

Recognized as a GovTech Solution

The Digital Family Card has received some recognition. In February 2024, the project won the 2024 GovTech Prize at the World Government Summit in Dubai. It won in the “Inclusive Digital Transformation” category. UNDP says the award recognized the card as a tool that improves access to government support for vulnerable people.

Kazakhstan has continued to use the card as part of its social support system. In July 2024, the Prime Minister’s official website reported that the government planned to use the Digital Family Card platform to monitor the well-being of families in five categories, from emergency and crisis levels to satisfactory and prosperous levels. This helps local officials track whether families’ living conditions improve or worsen.

Looking Ahead

The Digital Family Card in Kazakhstan does not solve poverty. Families still face problems linked to rural inequality, children’s poverty and access to services. However, the card helps address one important issue: accessibility of families to know programs. By using data, SMS notifications and automatic services, Kazakhstan is making social support easier to access. For vulnerable families, this digital tool can address many of their issues instantly.

– Mateo Alcocer

Mateo is based in West Hills, CA, USA and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

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How Local Peace Efforts in Sudan Have Reduced Violence

Local Peace Efforts in SudanThe Sudanese civil war, which began in April 2023, has devastated the North African nation; it has forcibly displaced 12 million people, caused widespread famine, contracted the economy by 40% in two years and created a humanitarian crisis. Additionally, polarization has divided society, leading to distrust among civilians and street fighting. Still without a cease-fire, many Sudanese residents have taken it upon themselves to reduce violence.

Religious leaders, respected elders and youth groups trained in peacebuilding have protected markets, brokered local peace agreements, improved communication and community outreach and helped civilians relocate safely and access hospitals. Although only national peace negotiations can end the war, local peace efforts in Sudan have saved lives and rebuilt the trust necessary for creating and maintaining a peaceful nation.

Ground-Level Efforts

There have been noticeable reductions in violence where local peace initiatives have taken place, as seen in the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) “Bridging Divides” report from October 2025. The report tracked efforts in the Darfur and Kordofan regions, noting the key actors, objectives and successes. In places such as Nyala, Ad-duain and Babanousa, native administrative figures, business leaders, local authorities and tribal chiefs led the charge; while in Zalingei, Youth Peace Ambassadors trained by the UNDP drove the initiatives.

In El Fasher, a formal group, the Elders and Mediation Committee of El Fasher, formed to represent various voices throughout the region including women’s representatives and representatives of armed groups. These leaders shared similar objectives, namely protecting essential infrastructure and medical facilities, brokering local cease-fires and assisting civilians with travel and aid. Because of the polarization experienced throughout Sudan, these groups also spread awareness campaigns and opened up dialogue between divided community members.

While most negotiated temporary cease-fires or truces to sustain regular civilian life, the efforts in Ad-duain led to a seven-month peace span and the committee in El Fasher prevented large-scale clashes for about a year. Local leaders in Ad-duain, Zalingei and Babanousa also reached out to the Rapid Support Forces and Sudanese Armed Forces directly in hopes of postponing major confrontations and creating verbal non-aggression arrangements within their regions.

Within all of these local peace efforts in Sudan, community aid was an entry point for rebuilding trust and traditional community structures, such as tribal leadership, served as a vessel for mediation. An important objective in every region was the maintenance of hospitals and local markets, as well as safeguarding the routes leading to essential services. By protecting and providing for civilians, fractured communities unified for peace despite the conflict at the national scale.

The UN in Kassala

In Kassala, the U.N. Secretary-General Peacebuilding Fund funded a project titled “Strengthening Capacities for Peace and Social Cohesion in Kassala and Red Sea States.” The project supports social cohesion, gender equality and youth engagement. It helped 25 women in Kassala town establish a petty trade business supplying sugar, flour, cooking oils and other essentials. Through this, women who lived on opposite sides of the divide came together to collectively support each other.

Gisma, a woman from Kassala who is part of the enterprise, stated, “I used to worry about the future, about division. But this project gave me hope. We now have a reason to work together, to support each other.” The fund has also been used to train Youth Ambassadors who are assuming leadership roles within their communities, such as those in Zalingei.

Looking Ahead

Local peace efforts in Sudan currently lack the resources and recognition needed to sustain their successes. As long as the war continues, these initiatives remain under constant threat due to changing conditions and positions, which affect different areas. However, investments in these initiatives could also kick start a new approach to diplomacy. Rather than working only for a national cease-fire, victories in smaller regions could accumulate into a larger one. The tireless and dangerous work of local leaders and groups has paved the path for stability and will hopefully lead to lasting peace in Sudan.

– Joshua P Megson

Joshua is based in Albemarle, NC, USA and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

 

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Women’s Economic Empowerment in Hasbaya

Women’s Economic Empowerment in HasbayaAgainst the backdrop of Mount Hermon, the Hasbaya region of South Lebanon features ancient olive groves, terraced hillsides, and the winding Hasbani River.

Yet, beneath this scenic tranquility, rural communities face deep economic marginalization intensified by national financial instability and geographical isolation. In the lanes of Hasbaya’s historic souks, a new narrative is taking shape; not of crisis, but of enterprise.

Hounna Lil Tamkeen Project

Launched in late 2025 and scaling through 2026, the “Hounna Lil Tamkeen” project (Women for Empowerment) equips participants with the technical skills and business resources to establish their own guesthouses and craft enterprises.

The project is part of a broader movement; the United Development Program (UNDP) recently provided $1.5 million in assistance and technical support to women-led enterprises and cooperatives to restore local production and livelihoods across Lebanon.

The Leadership and Vision

Al Madad Foundation established the project as a core initiative under the vision of its founder, Lebanese-British artist and humanitarian Aya Haidar. Haidar’s work frequently explores themes of cultural heritage and the value of women’s domestic labor, actively shifting the focus from traditional aid toward a model of “creative empowerment.” The leadership’s philosophy for Hounna Lil Tamkeen pushes business ownership rather than one-time food parcels. It also professionalizes the production of mouneh (traditional preserves), ensuring that Lebanese heritage becomes a marketable asset in the modern economy. The project acts as a direct intervention against the rising poverty rates in rural Lebanon, where one out of every three citizens now lives below the poverty line. It provides a sustainable path toward women’s economic empowerment in Hasbaya in this traditionally conservative region.

How it Works: From Training to Table

Instead of requiring women to travel to urban hubs for work, the initiative brings the professional economy directly to their doorsteps through three distinct phases:

  • Phase 1: Professional Skill Acquisition: Participants receive intensive hospitality training from the foundation, mastering international service standards, rigorous food safety protocols, and foundational digital literacy. This specialized instruction enables them to list their traditional homes on global booking platforms, effectively turning underutilized domestic spaces into reliable revenue streams. This localized approach tackles the regional inequality affecting 44% of the population while prioritizing women’s economic empowerment in Hasbaya as a core engine for rural recovery.
  • Phase 2: The Culinary Tourism Pipeline: Women are trained to scale and professionalize their traditional production of mouneh (artisanal Lebanese preserves). By standardizing product quality, safety and packaging, the project helps these local entrepreneurs sell their goods directly to visiting tourists and high-end urban markets. This provides a vital, insulated source of income at a time when the tourism sector’s contribution to Lebanon’s economy fluctuates around 5.5%.
  • Phase 3: Digital Visibility and Infrastructure: The initiative provides the physical tools and marketing training necessary for women to establish an online presence. Creating a digital footprint is essential for bypassing Lebanon’s ongoing banking hurdles, offering a critical intervention in a country where female labor force participation stands at just 27.54%; significantly lower than the global average of 51.07%.

From Blueprint to Reality

The tangible reality of this economic shift is documented directly by the field updates of the “Hounna Lil Tamkeen” initiative on social media. Supported by the Mediterranean Women’s Fund and guided by expert trainer Omar Abou Ali, the project successfully executed its specialized “Treasures of Hermon: Feminine Tourism” training modules across rural South Lebanon. After conducting successful training blocks in the towns of Kfayr and Mimes, the foundational phase concluded with an intensive two-day workshop in the village of Khalwat. The field execution seamlessly bridged hospitality with the region’s culinary heritage, featuring a traditional rural lunch that served as a practical showcase for professionalized, homemade preserve production (mouneh). Moving forward, these real-world assessments are being translated directly into localized tourism brochures for each village, creating a permanent marketing infrastructure that connects rural women directly to the modern travel economy.

Looking Ahead

The success of these rural initiatives mirrors a broader national effort to revitalize Lebanon’s economy through women’s economic empowerment in Hasbaya. International partners have mobilized substantial support for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), which comprise 90% of Lebanon’s economy and serve as the backbone of local livelihoods. Under the Women’s Economic Empowerment Project, a total of $1.106 million in grants has reached 96 SMEs, providing both financial capital and United Nations Industrial Development Organization’s (UNIDO) technical support to strengthen operations and expand market reach. Ultimately, the project aims to support more than 1,000 women-led businesses, ensuring that as Lebanon navigates its recovery, women remain at the heart of a more equitable and sustainable economic future.

– Celine Dib

Celine is based in London and focuses on Good News, Technology and Solutions for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Fiji’s Beqa Lagoon Turned Shark Predators into Prosperity

Fiji's Beqa LagoonFiji’s Beqa Lagoon was once a hotspot for shark fishing, as shark fins and oil provided profitable returns for local fishermen. An abundance of bull sharks feeding in the nearby river mouths made Fiji’s Beqa Lagoon a reliable target in the region, with heavy fishing efforts leaving the reef system in a decimated state.

Once depleted of marine life, the lagoon now hosts one of the world’s leading shark diving experiences, with a vibrant and healthy reef ecosystem. The marine reserve is not only an environmental success story — it is also a model for community development.

Local communities are thriving beyond the shark fishing economy, using eco-tourism and marine conservation strategies to rebuild the economy, infrastructure and spiritual connection alongside Beqa Lagoon.

Shark Reef Marine Reserve

Fiji waters support a known 75 species of sharks and rays, with 66% of these species globally threatened or near threatened according to the IUCN Red List. Established in 2004, the Shark Reef Marine Reserve uses a community-compensation model where local villages, including Galoa and Wainiyabia, legally yielded their fishing rights to the reef, also known as Qoliqoli, in exchange for monthly funds deposited directly into village bank accounts to support local infrastructure and education. As a result, every diver pays a mandatory marine park shark levy of approximately FJD 20. This provides a steady income compared to the fluctuating returns of overfishing. The marine reserve also creates a spillover effect, with fish populations spilling into neighboring unprotected reefs and increasing fishing yields in those areas.

As part of the agreement, the community receives 100% of the marine park levy with full autonomy over how the funds are allocated. Development projects have included:

  • Infrastructure and facilities maintenance, with funds providing critical income to more than 6,000 fishermen during the COVID-19 pandemic when tourism stopped.
  • Education support for local schools, with specific allocations including school fees, supplies and maintenance of educational buildings in Galoa.
  • Health and welfare, with the steady cash flow providing a social safety net, especially during fluctuations and declines in fish yields in unprotected areas.

In the past 20 years, the shark diving industry generated more than $42.2 million annually, with $3.9 million in salaries, contributing to funding schools, health care and infrastructure while providing a stable income. The partnership with Beqa Adventure Divers and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Pacific Office has trained 10 official community members as fish wardens. Under the Fisheries Act, these wardens have the authority to protect the reserve from poaching and illegal activity. The organization has also trained qualified divers in the eco-tourism industry, providing long-term employment.

The reserve has attracted international partnerships, including the Global Fund for Coral Reefs and the UNDP. Through these partnerships, the community founded the first nonprofit elasmobranch research project, Fiji Shark Lab, developed coral nursery programs and restored more than 50 hectares of mangrove forests. These institutions provide employment and educational resources to local communities and continue to engage with community members in climate resilience projects.

Cultural Significance

Beyond the local economy, the Shark Reef Marine Reserve is tied to a long-standing spiritual connection between Beqa divers and sharks. According to oral tradition, Cakaubalavu, a chief fisherman, transformed into a shark after returning from a fishing trip to find his food eaten. He left Beqa with other traditional fishermen, traveling across several islands and eventually assisting another group in a reef battle, forever tying him to the island of Benau. Through this story, he became known as Dakuwaqa, the protector of divers and a shark deity for the Rukua people. Currently, the legend extends beyond Benau, with Dakuwaqa spoken of as the protector of divers in the Beqa Lagoon, providing a sense of safety and spiritual connection to many divers and visitors.

Looking Ahead

This approach, tying marine conservation to economic and community prosperity, highlights how conservation can become a pathway to reducing global poverty. With low-elevation coastal zones (LECZ) harboring a significant portion of the world’s poverty, coastal communities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to environmental hazards and climate change. The success of Fiji’s Beqa Lagoon continues to serve as a model as community ties to marine health support a growing movement toward sustainable development.

– Alyssa Forget

Alyssa is based in Dundas, Ontario, Canada and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Foreign Investment in Rwanda is Reshaping Kigali

Foreign Investment in RwandaKigali is becoming one of Africa’s leading locations for international investors, development organizations, nonprofits and foreign investment in Rwanda. Rwanda’s economy grew at 7.8% in the first half of 2025, and the country ranks among Africa’s four least corrupt nations. These numbers and the government-driven strategy show how Kigali is becoming not only a business hub but a model for development and growth across the country and internationally.

Why Foreign Investment in Rwanda Is on the Rise

Rwanda’s appeal to foreign investors has a lot to do with the stable environment. The Rwanda Development Board operates a One Stop Centre where businesses can register in a few hours, and the country allows 100% foreign ownership across the most important sectors. Rwanda is the only nation in East Africa to have concluded a Bilateral Investment Treaty with the United States, which entered into force in 2025. Meanwhile, the government’s Vision 2050 plan targets upper-middle-income status by 2035 and high-income status by 2050, goals that require sustained annual GDP growth.

Rwanda’s membership in the East African Community, the African Continental Free Trade Area and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) gives businesses operating in Kigali access to a combined market of more than 1.4 billion consumers.

Development Organizations on the Ground

Kigali’s stability and infrastructure have drawn major international bodies beyond the private sector. The United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) current country program for Rwanda, running from 2025 to 2029, positions Kigali as a central node for innovation-driven development work. Key platforms and organizations include Timbuktoo, Youth Connekt and the Accelerator Lab, all of which focus on digital entrepreneurship, green jobs and youth economic empowerment.

The scale of ambition is significant. The UNDP’s program targets equipping 20,000 young Rwandans with employability skills by 2029. These programs operate against a backdrop of real need: youth unemployment stands at 20.5% for Rwandans aged 16 to 30, and approximately 78% of the population is under 35. The government’s National Strategy for Transformation 2025-2029 explicitly targets the creation of 1.25 million productive jobs with a focus on women, youth and climate-resilient sectors.

Growth That Must Reach the Poorest

The most important question surrounding Kigali’s rise is whether its economic momentum is reaching those who need it most. Rwanda’s Human Development Index grew by 119% between 1990 and 2018, the highest rate globally over that period. But as of 2017, 38.2% of Rwandans still lived below the poverty line, with 16% in extreme poverty, and 54.8% of the rural population experiencing multidimensional poverty.

The World Bank’s Country Economic Memorandum on Rwanda directly addresses this tension, emphasizing that pathways to sustainable growth must be inclusive, particularly for agriculture-dependent rural communities and women, who remain disproportionately excluded from the formal economy. Rwanda’s national frameworks acknowledge this gap: the National Strategy for Transformation 2025-2029 explicitly targets pro-poor growth, gender equality and equitable access to services as core pillars alongside economic transformation.

Looking Ahead

What makes Kigali distinctive is the combination of elements it has assembled: political stability, low corruption, investment reform and a government that has embedded poverty reduction targets directly into its long-term economic vision. Whether this model delivers for Rwanda’s poorest communities over the next decade will depend on execution, particularly whether programs like the UNDP’s youth employment initiatives translate into lasting livelihoods beyond Kigali’s city limits. As a framework for what development-oriented economic growth can look like, Kigali continues to draw international attention.

– Gia Sen

Gia is based in Mansfield, MA, USA and focuses on Business and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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International Partnerships & Poverty Reduction Policy in Egypt

Poverty Reduction Policy in EgyptInternational diplomacy usually operates behind closed doors. However, it plays an invaluable role in shaping poverty-reduction strategies in nations, including Egypt. International partnerships frequently influence the funding, structure and sustainability of these efforts, while domestic ministries implement social protection programs and economic reforms.

Development initiatives with multilateral institutions and bilateral partners help align reform agendas with poverty reduction objectives, especially during periods of economic transition. The Borgen Project spoke with a senior Egyptian diplomat with direct experience in international development negotiations, who requested anonymity due to the sensitivity of his position. According to the diplomat, poverty reduction in Egypt depends not only on domestic policy choices but also on sustained international engagement.

“Egypt works closely with international partners such as the UNDP, JICA and USAID to support reform programs and strengthen social safety nets aimed at alleviating poverty,” the diplomat told The Borgen Project in an interview.

Diplomacy and Development Financing

International negotiations often determine how development financing supports poverty-focused reforms. Egypt has engaged with institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during economic reform periods, particularly when implementing fiscal adjustments and structural reforms. These negotiations generally include commitments to protect vulnerable populations. 

Development financing packages often integrate social protection measures to help low-income households avoid the harsh economic shocks associated with inflation, subsidy reforms or currency adjustments. The diplomat emphasized that development discussions extend beyond budget allocations. “When we negotiate with international institutions, we are not only discussing fiscal targets. We are also discussing how to protect low-income households and ensure reform does not increase vulnerability,” they said. 

According to the World Bank, Egypt has expanded targeted social protection programs in recent years, including conditional cash transfer initiatives and food subsidy reforms designed to shield vulnerable populations during economic transitions.

UNDP and Institutional Reform

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports Egypt by strengthening governance systems and improving public service delivery. UNDP Egypt specifically focuses on inclusive growth and sustainable development frameworks. By improving administrative systems and strengthening monitoring mechanisms, UNDP-supported reforms enhance the efficiency and reach of social safety nets. 

These improvements ensure that poverty reduction programs better target low-income households. The diplomat explained that institutional reform plays a central role in poverty policy. “Effective poverty reduction depends on strong institutions. Through cooperation with the UNDP, Egypt has worked to modernize administrative systems that support social protection programs,” they said.

Bilateral Cooperation With Japan and the United States

Egypt’s diplomacy also includes partnerships with bilateral development agencies such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). JICA supports Egypt through infrastructure investment, vocational training and economic modernization projects. Workforce development initiatives increase employment opportunities, especially for youth and low-income workers. Such initiatives positively affect poverty reduction outcomes. 

USAID’s Egypt portfolio includes programs focused on economic growth, entrepreneurship, financial inclusion and education. By promoting small business development and strengthening local governance, USAID-supported initiatives aim to improve long-term economic stability. The diplomat described these partnerships as complementary to domestic reforms. 

“Our discussions with partners like Japan and the United States focus on aligning development cooperation with Egypt’s social protection and economic reform priorities,” they said. By mobilizing external expertise and financial resources, diplomatic engagement strengthens Egypt’s capacity to expand social safety nets and economic opportunity programs.

Poverty, Stability and Regional Implications

Poverty reduction and policy within Egypt carry broader regional implications. Economic vulnerability can increase social tensions, migration pressures and instability. International development partners often frame poverty reduction as both a humanitarian objective and a stabilizing strategy.

Research from international institutions indicates that countries experiencing high economic vulnerability face greater risks of social unrest and forced migration. Diplomatic cooperation, therefore, plays a preventative role by supporting reforms that reduce long-term instability. The diplomat noted that poverty policy frequently intersects with regional security considerations. 

They shared that “reducing poverty strengthens resilience at both the national and regional levels. Stable communities are less vulnerable to economic shocks and instability.” By integrating social protection with economic reform, international partnerships aim to balance fiscal sustainability with inclusive development.

Implementation Challenges

Despite progress, translating diplomatic agreements into effective domestic outcomes remains complex. Administrative capacity constraints, regional disparities and economic volatility continue to challenge implementation. International support can strengthen systems, but long-term poverty reduction depends on sustained political commitment and institutional development within Egypt itself.

The diplomat acknowledged these limitations. According to them, “Diplomacy can mobilize resources and technical expertise, but domestic implementation determines long-term impact.” Ensuring that social safety nets reach the most vulnerable households requires continued investment in data systems, targeting mechanisms and public service delivery.</span>

Looking Ahead

International partnerships continue to shape poverty-reduction policy in Egypt by influencing financing decisions, institutional reforms and program design. While domestic policy drives implementation, diplomacy plays a key role in mobilizing resources, aligning priorities and strengthening social safety nets. As Egypt navigates ongoing economic reform and regional uncertainty, sustained diplomatic engagement with multilateral and bilateral partners will remain central to reducing poverty and promoting inclusive growth.

– Hana Abulkheir

Hana is based in London, UK and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Supporting Rural Communities in Tonga

Rural Communities in TongaThe 104,175 citizens who inhabit the Kingdom of Tonga’s archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean face a multitude of challenges caused by environmental volatility, seismic activity and isolation from the rest of the world. These challenges disproportionately affect rural communities, which make up 53% of the 20.6% of the overall population living in poverty. However, in response, several international development projects have been conducted as part of efforts to strengthen food and economic security and enhance education, communication, climate and disaster resilience to support rural communities in Tonga.

Connectivity and Communication

The eruption of the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai underwater volcano and subsequent tsunamis in 2022 severed 55 miles of the underwater data cable that connected Tonga to the world via Fiji. While most countries have multiple data cables, the U.K. has 50, Tonga has only one. During the five weeks it took for repairs to be conducted, the island nation was cut off from the internet and the wider world.

The damage from the once-in-1,000-year eruption highlighted the fragility and importance of internet connectivity. Of the 130 people over the age of 10 on Hunga, only 44 had access to the internet in 2024, a trend seen across the Asia-Pacific region, where only 47% of individuals in rural areas use the internet compared with 82% in urban areas.

In response, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), as part of a Joint Program to support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its Smart Villages and Smart Islands Initiative (SVSI), established Hunga’s Digital Hub. The hub provides locals with high-speed and reliable internet access, which has reshaped the island’s education and agricultural sectors. Teachers at the two primary schools on the island now have access to online resources, while older students, whose attendance at high schools on the main island of Vava’u was previously affected by ocean conditions, are now able to learn online. Fishermen and farmers can also market online and arrange sales before costly trips to the mainland.

Community Empowerment and Food Security

The most well-known development project in Tonga is the Tonga Rural Innovation Project (TRIP), which has had two phases — Phase I from 2012 to 2017 and Phase II from 2018 to 2025 — with a third phase agreed upon in February 2026. The project is a collaboration between the government of Tonga, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and other key stakeholders.

The success of TRIP II was apparent in the project’s recent Completion Report, which highlighted the ways the program exceeded targets in several key areas. With a total budget of $12.66 million, the project reached 9,291 households and more than 32,000 people across 122 communities, exceeding targets by 93%. Post-project surveys revealed that 99.8% of households surveyed reported knowledge of TRIP II, with a participation rate of 97.4% in Community Development Planning.

The project was not without difficulties. The COVID-19 pandemic and the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai eruption presented challenges for the program. In response, increased funding and a time extension were allocated to ensure success, with an additional grant of $0.7 million financed by the IFAD and the Australian government. Overall, TRIP II helped support rural communities in Tonga by increasing the volume of crops cultivated and incomes generated by agriculture, with yam, sweet potato and Tonga taro yields rising by 52.9%, 59.4% and 54.3%, respectively.

Climate Resilience and Infrastructure

The financial implications of natural disasters are often severe for Tonga, with the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai eruption contributing to a decline in real GDP of almost 6% in 2021 and 2022. Combined with the threat such events pose to the lives of Tongans, the need to act is apparent. This led to the establishment of the Tonga Australia Resilient Communities Program (TARCP), agreed in December 2024 between the Australian government and the MORDI Tonga Trust (MORDI).

With a budget of AUD $9.7 million, the project aims to work alongside other initiatives and align with several U.N. SDGs to establish greater economic and climate resilience, as well as build climate infrastructure and improve access to water, sanitation and hygiene supplies through local approaches and international funding. The project remains in its early stages, with targets to improve resilience and quality of life for around 39,300 Tongans across five of Tonga’s main island groups: Tongatapu, Vava’u, Ha’apai, ‘Eua and the Niuas.

Looking Ahead

Progress has been made to support rural communities in Tonga and projects continue to expand. Indeed, the recent agreement of TRIP III represents a continuation of the work begun under previous phases. Together, ongoing international development projects offer pathways to strengthen rural communities in Tonga and reduce the financial and social impact of natural disasters and economic isolation.

– Sean Patrick Welsh

Sean is based in Haywards Heath, UK and focuses on Technology and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr