Tag Archive for: Poverty In Nigeria

Posts

, ,

Turning the Cassava Industry in Nigeria into a Thriving Business

Casava industry in nigeriaCassava is one of Nigeria’s most ubiquitous crops, a staple food eaten daily as garri or fufu. But for Yemisi Iranloye, cassava became much more than just a dependable source of sustenance. She transformed it into an industrial powerhouse. This is the story of how the cassava industry in Nigeria was revitalized through science-driven entrepreneurship and rural value-chain investment.

From Weekend Hobby to Industrial Vision

Iranloye first experimented with cassava as a weekend hobby; buying a small plot in Oyo State, multiplying superior cassava stems and sharing them with neighboring farmers to raise yields. Her formal scientific training informed her vision: a degree in food biochemistry and nutrition and years of work at a Lagos glucose syrup plant gave her deep insight into root crop chemistry. This blend of academic knowledge and grassroots practice laid the foundation for Psaltry International, the company she built by placing industrial processing where cassava is grown.

In 2011, at age 40, Iranloye left her salaried work, moved onto her farm and used a loan to build a 20-tonne-per-day cassava starch mill with equipment imported from China. Her decisive innovation was logistical: cassava spoils quickly after harvest, so building processing adjacent to smallholder production cut spoilage, improved quality and shortened the supply chain. That locational advantage helped Psaltry pass demanding quality tests and secure Nestlé as its first major customer; multinational buyers such as Unilever, Nigerian Breweries and Promasidor followed as Psaltry expanded its product range.

Growing the Cassava Industry in Nigeria

Across Nigeria, cassava is better used for garri or fufu, essential starchy accompaniments for soups and stews. But its industrial potential is broad: cassava roots can be refined into starch, ethanol, glucose syrup, flour and sweeteners. Food manufacturers use cassava starch as a binder and thickener. Packaging companies use it in corrugation. Rising demand for gluten-free products has given cassava flour new markets. By treating cassava as an industrial feedstock rather than merely a subsistence crop, Iranloye helped displace some imports and created higher-value market channels for farmers who previously sold raw roots into low-margin chains.

The company’s success shows how value addition can transform national supply chains. By embedding processing in the zones where cassava is grown, Psaltry boosted efficiency, raised quality standards and helped build the cassava industry in Nigeria into a more resilient and globally competitive sector.

Turning Infrastructure Challenges Into Competitive Advantage

When Psaltry set up its first mill, it was “in the middle of nowhere,” without an access road, unreliable power and a seasonal stream that ran dry. The company built its own road, installed generators until grid connections arrived and drilled boreholes for community and factory use. Financially, Iranloye blended loans and public credit schemes to buy equipment and scale operations; operationally, Psaltry invested in farmer training, traceability and stem multiplication so suppliers could meet industrial quality standards. Those investments turned logistical constraints into competitive advantages, delivering higher quality, faster processing and a dependable supply chain that appealed to major buyers.

Scaling Farmer Partnerships and Cassava Products

What began with 17 smallholders grew into a network of roughly 16,000 farmers supplying Psaltry. Expansion came in phases: after the initial starch mill, Psaltry opened a second factory in 2015 to produce cassava flour; in 2022 it added a sorbitol plant after Unilever sought a reliable local supplier. Producing sorbitol domestically helped reduce dependence on imports from Asia and showcased how downstream processing can capture more value within national borders. At each stage, Psaltry emphasized quality control, traceability and predictable procurement, lifting suppliers into market-grade production rather than subsistence selling.

The expansion of the cassava industry in Nigeria not only boosted local manufacturing, it helped reinforce Nigeria’s agricultural economy by creating jobs, reducing import reliance and solidifying new export pathways.

Competition, Economic Shocks and New Crop Frontiers

As Psaltry’s success became visible, competitors proliferated: Nigeria now hosts dozens of cassava processors. But local demand rose too, particularly after naira volatility made imports costlier and import substitution more attractive. Iranloye views this as an opening for broader agricultural industrialization: sweet potatoes (high starch and naturally gluten-free) and coconuts (where nearly every part has commercial value) are promising next wave crops for similar processing approaches. Her perspective mirrors broader development prescriptions: diversify local value chains, encourage agro processing and link smallholders to paying markets to create jobs and build resilience.

Entrepreneurship Lessons From the Farm

Iranloye’s reflections are practical and pointed. Passion for agriculture is nonnegotiable: the sector rewards persistence when markets and infrastructure lag. Deferred gratification matters. She counsels entrepreneurs to reinvest earnings rather than treat early revenues as personal paychecks, separating personal finances from business growth. Finally, iterative learning and persistence were crucial; Iranloye admits she did not have a perfect plan at the start, but steady experimentation revealed viable products and markets.

Why This Story Matters

Psaltry’s rise from experimental stems and a makeshift rural mill to multi-product processing supplying multinational companies shows how applied science, strategic location and farmer partnerships convert staple crops into industry. For policymakers and development practitioners, the lessons are concrete: invest in rural infrastructure, de-risk finance for processors and farmers and scale extension services so smallholders can meet industrial quality. For entrepreneurs, the takeaway is equally clear: patient mission-driven reinvestment and proximity to raw materials can turn agribusiness into a durable engine of local jobs and import substitution.

– Josephine Dokpesi

Josephine is based in the United Kingdom and focuses on Business and New Markets for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

 

,

Persistence in Health Care: Polio Vaccines in Nigeria

Polio Vaccines in NigeriaNigeria, often referred to as having the highest “zero-dose population in the world,” is moving away from fragmented health campaigns toward an integrated vaccination campaign aimed at protecting about 106 million children from measles, rubella and polio.

Though Nigeria was certified polio-free in 2020 due to its approach to implementing routine immunization, health care workers continue to provide treatment and care for children who have slipped through the cracks.

Integrated Health Campaigns

Nigeria has launched 20 health campaigns annually, with fewer than 15% integrated during this period. This strained resources, stretched health care workers thin and caused communities to lose faith in preventative care, opting instead for palliative care rather than seeking proper treatment for polio.

This began to change when Nigeria launched one of its largest vaccination campaigns in 2025, combining a variety of vaccines and child health care services to ensure treatment for children across the nation.

The campaign targets children ages 0-14 and 0-59 months for polio and was implemented in two phases:

  • 20 high-risk northern states and Oyo state in the southwest
  • In January 2026, the remaining southern states will follow

In addition to vaccines for measles and rubella, the integration of routine immunization and necessary health services will reinforce Nigeria’s “Primary Health Care Under One Roof” strategy and advance its Health Campaign Effectiveness in the direction of universal health coverage.

By the end of 2025, Nigeria achieved a 31% reduction in polio cases through persistence and constant vigilance.

Building Trust

With these campaigns shifting into routine immunization, Nigeria is prioritizing the health of its new generation while also addressing distrust.

In northern states like Sokoto, vaccinations were not readily accepted due to religious and cultural beliefs. Trust is part of the solution. Without it, polio vaccines in Nigeria go unused.

During Nigeria’s polio campaigns, communities and their religious leaders built community networks, called majalisa, where they assured families that the vaccines were safe and crucial for their children’s health. This partnership bridged the gap between hesitant families and health care workers, increasing the intake of not only polio vaccines but also treatments for other childhood diseases.

The same health workers who helped control polio initially convinced communities to bring in their children for continual treatment. This communication and connection have paid off as health care workers can identify households, plan outreach routes and record how many children are vaccinated, improving their reach.

Ongoing Efforts

It takes many components to create a solution, but once they come together, they work in harmony. Polio vaccines in Nigeria are now reaching children and households that were often underrepresented or out of the health system’s reach. Nigeria’s efforts will continue to pay off and even as challenges arise, persistence will increase the number of children receiving polio vaccines.

– Kianna Phosouvanh-Sythong

Kianna is based in Upper Darby, PA, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

,

TRANSFORM Master Trainers in Western Africa

TRANSFORM Master TrainersAcross Western Africa, fragile safety nets leave hundreds of millions of people vulnerable to terrible conditions as a result of economic shock, climate disaster and displacement. Government coverage of these issues remains critically low, with social protections in Western Africa having the lowest protection rate on the continent, with only 9% of its citizens having access to one form of benefit. This figure falls incredibly lower than Africa’s average of 18% and the global average of 52%. Limited government spending, underdeveloped health systems and weak coordination have further deepened the issue, leaving communities exposed to crises they simply cannot combat alone.

Nigeria’s First TRANSFORM Master Trainers

Nigeria has certified its first group of 21 TRANSFORM Master Trainers through the International Labour Organization (ILO), European Union (EU) and UNICEF program to rebuild social protection systems across Western Africa.

The newly accredited TRANSFORM Master Trainers completed intensive courses on governance, financing and program and target delivery, allowing them to become well-versed in the skills required to create strong social protections in Western Africa. The training took place in April 2026, at the United Nations Building in Abuja. The initiative stands as part of the Supporting Sustainable Social Protection System (SUSI) project, which plans to expand the program across Abia, Benue, Oyo, and Sokoto throughout the next year. 

According to the ILO director for both Nigeria and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Dr. Vanessa Phala, the TRANSFORM Master Trainers program has already been able to train over 5,000 people across about 30 African nations. Additionally, she states that the TRANSFORM program has ensured that these certifications are not merely participation trophies for the course, but instead an important distinction, recognizing the participants’ new skills and dedication to building a socially safer Western Africa.

The Impact

For Nigerians living in extreme poverty, this development promises a brighter future. This program could enable efficient aid distribution throughout the country, allowing impoverished Nigerians to receive their needed aid reliably while creating an economic base that is protected by government-backed safety nets. These social protections in Western Africa could make the region more resilient to crises like economic shocks, climate disasters and major displacements.

Specifically, the initiative targets Nigeria’s social protection management and information systems, with the groundwork laid for a seamless transition of information across departments, agencies and even countries. This integration could allow for enhanced coordination and overall efficiency of government programs, directly benefiting impoverished populations.

The Future of the Program

Over the next year, the TRANSFORM Master Trainers will undertake training initiatives across Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia and Sierra Leone, spreading the effect of the TRANSFORM program across borders and throughout the region. Two newly certified trainers, Ge Matthew Terver and Tor-Wombo Jacyntha Ngodoo, both note that because of their training, they now understand what makes up the backbone of efficient social protection and how people are directly affected by administrative decisions, according to the ILO.

– Luca Napolitano

Luca is based in Boston, MA, USA and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Reducing School Dropout Rates In Nigeria

School DropOut Rates In NigeriaDaramola Toluwalope Oluwaseun, founder of the Menitos Charity Foundation, leads an organization dedicated to helping disadvantaged children complete basic education and pursue vocational opportunities. She notes that school dropout rates are shaped by multiple factors, including poverty, drug abuse, child neglect or abuse, limited access to opportunities and deeply rooted limiting beliefs.

Menitos introduced a feeding program in 2019, and by 2022, more than 7,000 underprivileged pupils had benefited. The organization’s outreach model is intentionally community-rooted. Most beneficiaries are identified through schools or during grassroots engagement events, and are then invited to a center where they receive empowerment materials. This approach ensures support reaches children in environments where need is most visible.

Toluwalope explained that the program equips children with essential educational tools while motivating them to pursue their academic goals. Furthermore, the school lunch intervention further boosts attendance by providing nutritious meals to children who come to school. According to Toluwalope, the foundation aims not only to tackle hunger-related barriers but also to create a supportive environment that nurtures students’ well-being.

Causes of School Dropout Rates in Nigeria

Toluwalope described school dropout rates in Nigeria as rarely a single event but rather a gradual erosion driven by a “poverty of hope.” Economic pressure often pushes children into petty trade or manual labor to support their families. Missing a few classes leads to falling behind, and many withdraw permanently. A lack of guiding figures creates a “ceiling effect,” where education is seen as a luxury rather than a pathway out of poverty.

Poverty acts as the baseline stressor. It manifests as chronic hunger, which directly affects cognitive function and classroom behavior, making it harder for children to learn and stay engaged. Menitos views drug abuse as both a cause and a symptom of school disengagement. Children in neglectful environments are more likely to be exposed to substance use by older peers or guardians, often turning to drugs as a coping mechanism for trauma, instability or boredom.

Educational neglect often appears as what Toluwalope calls “educational abandonment.” Parents overwhelmed by economic hardship may become less involved in their child’s schooling or fail to provide basic supplies. This leaves the child emotionally disconnected from the school system.

The WACANDA Program

To address rising school dropout rates in Nigeria, Toluwalope created the War Against Child Abuse and Drug Abuse (WACANDA) sensitization program. The initiative travels across schools and communities to raise awareness about drug demand reduction, child rights and reporting channels, and provides psychosocial support through volunteer psychologists and counselors.

The program is built on “hyper-local engagement.” Instead of formal lectures, Menitos uses community town halls, street theatre and peer-to-peer workshops to de-stigmatize difficult conversations. This approach brings the issue to the doorstep of communities and transforms passive bystanders into active protectors of children’s rights.

Psychosocial Support Services for At-Risk Children

Menitos’s volunteer psychologists and counselors provide trauma-informed support through three key services:

  • Individual counseling, addressing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and low self-esteem.
  • Group therapy creates safe spaces for children to process shared community trauma.
  • Crisis intervention, offering immediate emotional stabilization for families in acute distress.

The Back2School Initiative

Menitos has reached more than 2,000 children through its Back2School projects. Launched nearly a decade ago, the annual program provides essential school supplies — including textbooks, bags and uniforms — to reduce dropout rates. In its early years, the program supported more than 200 beneficiaries annually.

The initiative identifies at-risk children through community mapping. Volunteers collaborate with teachers to flag students with high absenteeism or those lacking uniforms and books. Once identified, children receive a Success Kit, which includes supplies, uniforms and a mentor. Parents also sign a Commitment Pact to ensure consistent school attendance. Sustainable funding turns one-off donations into multi-year partnerships, allowing Menitos to support a child from primary school through graduation.

Community Engagement Models

Menitos operates through a multi-stakeholder model. Schools serve as an early-warning system, parents participate in Caregiver Circles where they receive tools to support their children’s education, and Menitos partners with health care nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to address medical needs that may hinder school attendance.

One of the most notable shifts resulting from Menitos’s work is an increase in community reporting. Residents now flag cases of abuse or neglect that previously went unaddressed. This has led to renewed interest in schooling, higher attendance rates and a decline in the normalization of drug use among teenagers.

In one case, a young boy’s father refused to buy him school supplies. After the school contacted Menitos, the team convinced the father to support his son’s return to education, assuring him that supplies and ICT fees would be covered. With the right resources, parents and caregivers become more willing to keep their children in school, reducing both dropout rates and vulnerability to drug abuse.

Challenges and the Path to Broader Access

Toluwalope identifies entrenched silence as one of the biggest challenges. In many underserved communities, drug abuse and domestic issues are viewed as private matters. Breaking through this code of silence requires patience and long-term trust-building rooted in nonjudgmental engagement.

There is also a growing need for vocational integration. For older teenagers who have missed years of schooling, traditional primary education may no longer be suitable. Bridging formal education with technical skills can create pathways to employment and long-term stability.

To maximize impact, Menitos requires mobile counseling units to reach remote areas, digital tracking tools to monitor long-term progress and temporary shelters for children in unsafe environments. Indeed, with adequate resources, Menitos can expand its reach across Nigeria and continue supporting vulnerable children through education, psychosocial care and community engagement.

– Gabriela E Silva

Gabriela is based in A Coruña, Spain and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Cargo Containers as Affordable Housing for Nigerians

Cargo Containers as Affordable HousingNigeria is currently facing an immense housing crisis. First, there is a fundamental shortage of homes to meet the needs of its rapidly growing population. According to the 2025 Nigeria Housing Report published by the Sixteenth Council, the country faces a housing deficit of more than 17 million units. With one of the highest fertility rates in Africa, around 4.4 births per woman, Nigeria’s demand for housing continues to rise sharply, placing increasing pressure on already limited supply.

Second, beyond the material shortage itself, many existing homes are deemed structurally inadequate. A significant number of homes are built in unsafe conditions, such as on weak stilts over water or lack access to basic services like proper sanitation and electricity. In response to these challenges, an innovative solution has begun to gain attention: “cargotecture.” Derived from the original word architecture, this emerging approach involves repurposing cargo containers as affordable housing units. 

The Advantages of Container Homes

One key reason shipping containers have become increasingly important as land-based structures is their durability. Companies such as Karmod Nigeria, which operates in more than 25 states, note that these structures are engineered for long-term use. Built primarily from steel, they offer strong structural integrity and present a practical option for affordable housing in low-income communities. 

Steel is highly durable and resistant to harsh environmental conditions, reducing the need for frequent repairs and lowering long-term maintenance costs. This makes container-based housing a cost-effective solution in different climates and seasons. Beyond everyday environmental conditions, steel containers also perform well under extreme stresses, including earthquakes. 

Originally built to endure long journeys across rough oceans, these containers are designed for strength and resilience. Their robust structure makes them a reliable option in areas with recorded seismic activity, such as Nigeria, which has experienced earthquakes as high as magnitude 4.9. Another material advantage lies in cargo container flooring. Since the base structure is already reinforced, it requires little additional support. 

Floors can be finished quickly with lightweight, cost-effective materials such as bamboo, timber and polyvinyl chloride tiles, which are often cheaper than hardwood used in traditional homes. This helps reduce overall construction costs, making housing more accessible and practical for low-income communities. Fire resistance is another notable benefit of cargo containers. 

In a country like Nigeria, where temperatures remain consistently high, the risk of fire can increase. A 1977 U.S. Coast Guard study found that fires in containers caused minimal structural damage and were unlikely to spread to nearby units. This shows that steel shipping containers are largely non-combustible, offering a safer and more reliable housing option for people who might otherwise live in low-cost areas with higher fire risks. 

Closing Remarks

Ultimately, container homes have evolved from export transport units into lightweight, quickly assembled housing solutions for Nigerians who may not have the means to buy fully furnished luxury homes. Known for their durability, these pre-built structures offer a practical response to the country’s housing crisis. Their growing appeal is also reflected in the expanding global market.

Reports show the container homes market generated $44.76 billion in 2017 and was projected to reach $73.07 billion by 2025, highlighting the real potential of cargo containers as affordable housing.

– Sophia Lupo

Sophia is based in London, UK and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Food Insecurity in Nigeria and Okra’s Value

Food Insecurity in NigeriaFood insecurity in Nigeria affects an estimated 35 million people, including 17 million children facing malnutrition. This marks one of the most severe hunger crises in Africa and places Nigeria among the countries with the highest global burden of hunger. Political conflict and climate-related shocks, including drought, have only exacerbated the crisis, making it difficult to cultivate certain foods.

Okra

One food that is heavily relied on in Nigeria is okra. Sometimes called “lady’s finger,” it is native to Africa and is used in many Nigerian cultural dishes. “Of what I have seen in West Africa, okra is most commonly found in the home garden or closer horticultural patches that are managed rather than large-scale cereal production systems, though it can be intercropped,” says Laurajean Lewis, the global director of genetic resources at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico, in an interview with The Borgen Project.

“Okra is not a cereal. It is typically eaten green and you are generally harvesting the seed pods. Sometimes they are cut up and dried, then reconstituted later. They’re from the same plant family as hibiscus, just different species. The flowers of okra are harvested for tea,” Lewis shared.

How Better Okra Breeding Could Boost Nigerian Farmers

The African Vegetable Breeding Consortium (AVBC) is working with farmers in West Africa to explore how okra can be better positioned for the market. Okra is already highly valued in West African markets for its role in regional cuisine, but expanding its potential could increase its global appeal. The AVBC also supports vegetable breeding and crossbreeding different okra varieties could further strengthen the crop’s market potential.

Despite serving as an important source of nutrition for many people, okra has far less monetary value than traditional cash crops such as corn, rice and wheat. However, some scientists are working to improve okra’s marketability by focusing on one of its most distinctive traits: its sliminess. When cooked, okra produces mucilage, which is made primarily of pectin, a substance found in the cell walls of fruits and vegetables. 

Pectin is commonly used as a thickener and stabilizer in food processing, as well as a dissolvable additive in pharmaceuticals that target the colon. Globally, pectin is highly valuable and is typically extracted from citrus peels such as oranges and lemons. Researchers suggest that okra could serve as an alternative source of pectin, particularly in West Africa, where it is widely grown and used. 

This could be especially relevant for regional chocolate production, as Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire produce more than half of the world’s cocoa. Reducing reliance on imported pectin could help lower costs and improve supply efficiency for manufacturers in the region.

Final Remarks

Food insecurity in Nigeria remains a persistent challenge. However, with support from AVBC, okra has the potential to evolve from a subsistence crop into a viable cash crop that can support local farmers.

– Eddie Hofmann

Eddie is based in Seattle, WA, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pexels

, ,

Fragility and Rule of Law in Nigeria

Fragility and Rule of Law in NigeriaFragility in Nigeria is closely linked to persistent weaknesses in the rule of law, shaped by insecurity, institutional capacity gaps and challenges in legal enforcement. The justice and security sectors face structural constraints, including resource shortages, case backlogs, corruption and limited accountability mechanisms. These challenges are compounded by incidents in which state security actors themselves have been implicated in rights violations, further weakening institutional legitimacy. Fiscal pressures and governance bottlenecks have constrained the state’s ability to deliver consistent, equitable justice across regions.

In response, institutional reforms and active interventions are underway with a focus on police professionalization, human-rights-based policing and justice system capacity building. Complementary civil society initiatives work to expand access to justice, reduce pre-trial detention and improve legal awareness among vulnerable populations. Together, these efforts illustrate ongoing attempts to strengthen rule of law and reduce fragility in Nigeria. However, their long-term effectiveness will depend on sustained political commitment, adequate financing and coordinated implementation.

Fragility and Rule of Law in Nigeria

According to independent assessments, Nigeria’s rule of law remains weak by global standards. In the 2025 World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index, Nigeria ranked 120th out of 143 countries and 23rd out of 34 sub-Saharan African countries. This highlights systemic challenges in accountability, public security and the protection of rights.

The Index evaluates eight key dimensions: Constraints on Government Powers, Order and Security, Open Government, Absence of Corruption, Regulatory Enforcement, Civil Justice, Fundamental Rights and Criminal Justice. Nigeria’s particularly low performance in Order and Security reflects widespread insecurity and limited state control over violence.

These findings align with broader governance indicators. The Mo Ibrahim Index ranks Nigeria 33rd out of 53 African countries, with a score of 45.7. It notes a decline in security and rule-of-law indicators between 2014 and 2023.

Security Crises Undermining Rule of Law

Fragility in Nigeria is most visible in the security sector. Armed groups, including Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) and Boko Haram, alongside criminal networks, continue to operate across regions such as the northwest and north-central. These groups contribute to killings, kidnappings and widespread instability.

In February 2026, an attack in Kwara State reportedly resulted in the deaths of more than 170 villagers during clashes involving militant groups attempting to impose extremist control. The actions of state actors have also raised concerns. In December 2025, Nigerian Army personnel opened fire on protesters in Adamawa State, killing nine women and prompting condemnation over excessive force and lack of accountability.

These incidents demonstrate how both nonstate violence and state impunity erode legal structures and public confidence in governance institutions.

Structural Challenges Within Governance and Justice

Multiple structural weaknesses continue to undermine Nigeria’s rule of law. Corruption and impunity remain significant barriers. The World Justice Project estimates that corruption has cost Nigeria more than $550 billion since independence, weakening both legal enforcement and economic development.

Institutional capacity gaps further complicate enforcement. Security agencies, courts and law enforcement bodies often lack adequate resources, training and accountability systems. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) notes that high crime levels and limited capacity overburden Nigeria’s justice system.

Civil liberties concerns also persist. Restrictions on dissent and shrinking civic space have been identified as threats to democratic governance and the rule of law. Despite constitutional guarantees of equality before the law and fair hearing, judicial delays and weak enforcement mechanisms continue to undermine legal legitimacy.

Active Solutions and Institutional Reforms

Efforts are underway to strengthen Nigeria’s rule of law through institutional reforms and civil society engagement. The UNDP, through its Global Program for Strengthening the Rule of Law, Human Rights, Justice and Security (2022–2025), has partnered with Nigerian authorities to enhance institutional capacity, promote human-rights-based policing and support legal reforms.

In 2023, the UNDP collaborated with the Police Service Commission to implement a strategic plan (2024–2025). The plan included training approximately 1,200 police trainers in human rights, gender-sensitive policing and intelligence management. Nigeria has also drafted a National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights, integrating rights-based governance into national policy frameworks.

Civil society organizations are also contributing significantly:

  • Citizens’ Gavel uses technology to improve court transparency and connect vulnerable individuals with pro bono legal services, helping reduce delays.
  • Hope Behind Bars Africa provides legal aid to pretrial detainees, supporting prison decongestion and accelerating justice processes.
  • The Policy and Legal Advocacy Center (PLAC) promotes legislative transparency and civic engagement.
  • The Network Against Corruption and Trafficking (NACAT) focuses on anti-corruption and anti-trafficking advocacy.

These initiatives strengthen accountability and expand access to justice across Nigeria.

Policy Implications and Prospects for Stability

Strengthening judicial independence, improving rights-based policing and expanding civic participation are essential for reversing Nigeria’s fragility trends. However, progress will depend on sustained political will, consistent funding and effective coordination across institutions. Without these, structural challenges, particularly insecurity, fiscal constraints and governance inefficiencies, will continue to hinder the full realization of the rule of law.

– Felix Umeobi

Felix is based in Nigeria and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

, ,

Amaranth and Food Insecurity in Nigeria

Food Insecurity in NigeriaNigeria is a country in West Africa currently experiencing a hunger crisis. An estimated 35 million people are living with acute food insecurity, and 4.8 million require immediate nutritional assistance. Ensuring people in Nigeria are fed is one of the most important ways to address poverty in rural communities.

One of the crops used to combat food insecurity is frequently grown in Nigeria but rarely planted. Amaranth is common throughout the hot and humid regions of Nigeria and is often maintained rather than sown. It grows naturally throughout the countryside, and deliberately planted varieties are often found in gathering spaces where many people in the community can benefit from them.

The Benefits of Amaranth

When the rainy season begins, amaranth flourishes and grows quickly. After about three to five weeks, the leaves can be harvested and eaten or sold. It is a stable yield crop, meaning that while yields may not be large, it will almost always provide some yield, regardless of drought or pests.

According to Laurajean Lewis, the global director of genetic resources at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico, amaranth is one of the few plants that grows almost everywhere in the world. Lewis explained that because farmers harvest the leaves rather than the seeds, the plant reseeds itself, and seeds can also be collected and replanted in new areas.

Amaranth is a resilient plant and is important for nutrition in Nigeria. In some places, it accounts for up to 25% of Nigerians’ daily protein intake. Sometimes referred to as a nutritional powerhouse by scientists, it also contains high levels of folic acid and calcium, which are important for pregnant or lactating women.

Barriers to Cultivation

The general outlook on amaranth is negative. It is seen as a poverty staple, and in some places it is considered acceptable only for feeding livestock. One variety is called pigweed because of the belief that it is only suitable for pigs. Despite this perception, it is widely eaten and sometimes intercropped with high-yielding crops such as corn. Its leaves are often boiled and eaten like spinach, with a mild flavor said to resemble artichoke. It also produces edible seeds, making the plant dual-purpose for many. The seeds can be ground into a flour that is well-suited for baby food and is important for childhood development.

Improving Food Insecurity in Nigeria

Amaranth is seen as a poverty food in West Africa, and especially in Nigeria, but it plays an important role in supporting rural communities and providing essential vitamins and minerals to many. It also offers nutritional support for vulnerable groups, such as children, pregnant women and older adults. As food insecurity continues to affect millions of Nigerians, amaranth remains a practical and culturally significant tool in the fight against hunger and rural poverty.

– Eddie Hofmann

Eddie is based in Seattle, WA, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Poverty Reduction and Women Entrepreneurs in Nigeria

Women Entrepreneurs in NigeriaWomen entrepreneurs in Nigeria are redefining women’s roles in society and the greatest beneficiary of their inclusion in the entrepreneurship space is the economy. Women in entrepreneurship of Nigeria have played an increasingly significant role in reducing poverty. This shift comes after being previously excluded from formal employment and financial opportunities due to traditional systems that limited women’s participation in business.

Female-led companies have created jobs, driven local economic growth and expanded access to essential goods and services across sectors. Here are some ways women entrepreneurs continue to strengthen the economy of Nigeria while advancing broader efforts to reduce poverty.

Improving Access To Essential Health Services

Olamide Orekunrin was on one of her frequent visits to her home city, Lagos, when her sister became critically ill. With no equipment or drugs to revive her and no reliable way to get her to a hospital, the situation quickly turned critical. What would have been easily accessible lifesaving care in many places instead exposed a gap in Lagos’ health system that led to her sister’s untimely death.

This motivated Orekunrin to start Flying Doctors, a medical emergency service specializing in air ambulances. The organization introduced the first air ambulance service in Nigeria and West Africa. Flying Doctors has successfully evacuated victims of road accidents, bomb blasts, fire outbreaks and other mishaps across Africa. 

Female-led businesses like Flying Doctors combine passion with humanitarianism and have helped ensure that all Nigerians have access to essential emergency medical services.

Supporting Community Development

When it comes to entrepreneurship, women-led businesses reinvest up to 90% of income back into their families and communities, compared to 30–40% for men. Female entrepreneurs in Nigeria have launched initiatives such as skills-training programs, education services and other community-focused enterprises. Tutoring and educational initiatives help keep children in school longer.

Each additional year of schooling for girls can increase future earnings by up to 20%. Child care centers enable mothers to remain in the workforce and accelerate their career paths while balancing motherhood. Skills and training programs do the same. These services, which allow more women to join the workforce and children to stay in school longer, are tackling both child poverty and female poverty.

Job Creations

With women accounting for 43% of micro-enterprise ownership and about 40% of early-stage entrepreneurial activity, their businesses are a major source of employment and income in communities where poverty is widespread. Women-owned businesses employ several low-income women and youth. These businesses provide essential services like tailoring and clothing, transportation and logistics, food retail and hospitality and digital services and e-commerce.

These businesses not only expand access to affordable everyday services in underserved communities, but also create jobs for the people in those communities. In doing so, they are reducing reliance on Nigeria’s limited formal job market. By generating income and supporting more sustainable livelihoods, women-led enterprises are helping households and communities lift themselves out of extreme poverty.

Final Remarks

Ultimately, women-owned businesses often serve female customers and underserved communities, especially in informal sectors and rural areas. Through business networks and support systems, women are also better able to overcome barriers to finance, market access and formal business opportunities. In many cases, women-led enterprises create jobs and income opportunities for other women and young people in their communities in Nigeria.

This ripple effect strengthens local economies while expanding opportunities for groups historically excluded from formal work. Across Nigeria, female entrepreneurs are expanding access to financial services, health care, education, food and employment. From agriculture to digital finance, women-led enterprises are filling critical service gaps in underserved communities and driving more inclusive economic growth.

– Yemi Mary John

Yemi is based in London, UK and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

,

Addressing Poverty in Nigeria’s Rural Communities

Poverty in Nigeria's Rural CommunitiesWhile Nigeria has high growth potential, immense poverty exists in neglected areas. However, organizations like the Rural Poverty Reduction and Empowerment Initiative (RPREI) are doing great work. They are empowering local communities to identify, plan and manage microsocial infrastructure projects, such as school repairs, water supplies and clinic repairs, giving them control over funds to prevent corruption.

Poverty in Nigeria

According to a World Bank report, as of 2025, 75.5% of Nigeria’s rural population was living below the poverty line. This is in comparison to just 41.3% of the urban population in the country. These numbers have increased dramatically due to the COVID-19 pandemic and are expected to continue rising, given the current situation.

There is a clear inequity in the country’s economy, leaving many areas ignored by certain initiatives and programs. Confounding factors, such as limited access to education in some rural areas, also contribute to inequality. As a result, many organizations have emerged to specifically support Nigeria’s rural communities.

The RPREI

The RPREI is a nongovernmental, apolitical organization that works to reduce rural poverty in Nigeria. It aids impoverished communities and, overall, sustains safe and healthy lives for Nigerians. The nonprofit addresses these issues through a variety of initiatives. 

These include empowering Nigeria’s rural communities, promoting climate-smart agriculture, providing clean water, preventing HIV/AIDS, providing relief after natural disasters, supporting women and children and building communities. Over the past 15 years, the RPREI has worked on six projects across 10 local government areas. By working with the youth to create long-lasting projects, its mission continues to grow. 

It has also ensured equality among its programs, prioritizing women and farmers. It is through these actions that the initiative gets closer to its goal of breaking the cycle of rural poverty in Nigeria. It hopes to help in creating strong communities that continue to thrive.

ActionAid Nigeria

Originally established in 1999, ActionAid Nigeria is also a nonprofit that is a part of the greater ActionAid International Federation. Its work focuses on eliminating oppression and poverty in Nigeria and achieving justice. It works directly with communities experiencing poverty and prejudice to do so. 

ActionAid Nigeria aims to empower communities to make a larger-scale impact. By starting local movements across the country and supporting existing campaigns, its advocacy work is more likely to be recognized by the government and the private sector. ActionAid Nigeria is working to bring about sustainable change for rural populations across Nigeria.

One initiative it helped start is the Local Rights Program (LRP), founded in 2005. It funded the program to improve the quality of life for women and children in rural areas through local policy.

Lutheran World Relief

While it began operations in Europe in 1945, Lutheran World Relief now helps impoverished communities across the globe, including those in Nigeria. The organization has established a significant presence in Nigeria, focusing on agricultural development and strengthening smallholder farmers, particularly in cocoa-producing communities. Its work in Nigeria specifically aims to increase rural incomes and build agricultural resilience. 

In collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food for Progress Program and others, Lutheran World Relief is helping to implement the Traceability and Resilience in Agriculture and Cocoa Ecosystems of Nigeria (TRACE) project. TRACE is a five-year program, running from 2022 to 2027, that increases cocoa productivity in the country through climate-smart agriculture and supports Nigeria’s cocoa in the market. It has been implemented in many of the country’s cocoa-producing states. 

The project aims to train 51,000 smallholder farmers and provide 68,400 farmers with access to larger markets. By working with smaller farms in rural communities and connecting them to the broader market, Lutheran World Relief is strengthening these communities’ economies and reducing poverty across Nigeria.

Final Remarks

Even though poverty rates in Nigeria continue to rise, the RPREI, ActionAid Nigeria and Lutheran World Relief remain steadfast in their missions. As long as poverty persists in the country, organizations like these will continue to work hard to support citizens in rural areas.

– Megan McGrath

Megan is based in Verona, NJ, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr