Archive for category: Global Poverty

Key articles and information on global poverty.

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5 Facts about Hunger in Tanzania

Hunger in TanzaniaThe United Republic of Tanzania is a lower-middle-income country in East Africa, formed in 1964 through the union of Tanganyika and the Zanzibar archipelago. Its population is estimated to be over 67 million. Tanzania is a country that struggles with both hunger and poverty. The Global Hunger Index ranked Tanzania 94th out of 127 countries in 2024, with almost a quarter of the population undernourished and a level of hunger classified as Serious. The World Bank has reported absolute poverty at 42.9%–steady over the last decade, although approximately half what it was in 2000. 

Global Nutrition Standards

Consistent with its GHI hunger rating, the 2022 Global Nutrition Report noted that Tanzania was on course to meet only two of the 13 global nutrition targets: exclusive breastfeeding and childhood wasting. 

It has made some progress toward childhood stunting, low birth weight and anemia in women of reproductive age, but is off course on the remaining eight indicators. The country is suffering from the “triple burden of malnutrition,” the coexistence of undernutrition (stunting and wasting), micronutrient deficiencies (or hidden hunger) and overnutrition (overweight and obesity). 

Tanzania’s Poor Nutrition

In February 2024, USAID observed Tanzania’s continuing nutritional challenges, noting that they were driven by poverty, lack of diverse quality diets and poor infant and young children feeding practices, along with insufficient access to essential health services (including WASH—water, sanitation and hygiene). This is exacerbated by limited information, poor coordination among the government, NGOs, and communities and a shortage of professional support.

Other factors affecting hunger and nutrition are where one lives, increased demands from displaced persons and variable climate:

  • Rural vs Urban Differences. A 2024 University of Bonn study reported the highest nutritional deficiencies to be in Tanzania’s rural areas; this was a result of not eating enough, in addition to the diets being insufficiently diverse regarding healthy nutrients. Furthermore, in urban Dar es Salaam poor diets resulted from a reliance on heavily processed and ready-made foods. The healthiest areas were the so-called ‘secondary towns‘—urban centers with populations of 500,000 or fewer. 
  • Supporting Refugees. As of February 2023, Tanzania was hosting more than 247,000 refugees from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. By the end of August 2024, there were still 233,257 displaced persons—refugees and asylum seekers. 
  • Impact of Climate. It was anticipated that 466,000 people (10% of the analyzed population) would face a high level of acute food insecurity from February to May 2025 because of climate conditions (dry spells, flooding) and high food prices, combined with limited opportunities for generating income. However, this would be an improvement over the previously assessed period, with increased rainfall and further expected improvement (reduced by half) for June to October 2025. 

Domestic Attention

  • In 2015, there was a commitment to revise the country’s food and nutrition policy and prepare a 10-year implementation strategy (2015/2016–2025/2026) that would include nutrition in sector-specific strategies or plans. 
  • The second National Multisectoral Nutrition Action Plan (NMNAP II) is a five-year plan (2021/22-2025/26) to address all forms of malnutrition, with a 2026 goal of a country where “Women, Men, Children, and Adolescents are better nourished and living healthier and more productive lives.” NMNAP II aims to reduce the triple burden of nutrition through multisectoral intervention and community initiatives to increase financial investment, research, development and innovation and improved nutrition coordination. 
  • The Tanzania Investment and Consultant Group Ltd. (TICGL) is an economic research and strategic advisory firm active in Tanzania and the East African region. In a September 2024 assessment, TICGL reported on the extent of Tanzania’s food insecurity (acute), the drivers of this insecurity (climate and economic pressures) and regional vulnerabilities. TICGL sees the food crises as challenges to sustainable economic growth and development, impacting agricultural productivity, inflation and economic stability, developing a healthy and productive workforce and attracting investment. These challenges need to be addressed to achieve the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Goals of Zero Hunger (SDG 2), No Poverty (SDG 1) and Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG 8).  

International Support

  • U.S. foreign assistance. U.S. foreign assistance programs reached over 2.4 million people, 2018-2023, including support for small-scale food processors to develop and grow products that would increase the availability of foods that could reduce malnutrition. 
  • The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition. GAIN is a Swiss-based U.N. initiative,  established in 2002 to tackle malnutrition. GAIN has been active in Tanzania since 2010, providing targeted technical, financial and policy support to key food system participants. These have included the government at all levels, the private sector, civil society, consumer groups and international and local development partners. 
  • The World Food Programme. WFP, active in Tanzania since 1963, estimates that 59% of Tanzanian families cannot afford a nutritious diet. Indeed, WFP delivers monthly food baskets to over 200,000 refugees, provides support for smallholder farmers and promotes reforestation, alternative energy solutions and landscape improvement. The organization also trains health workers, supplies nutrition equipment and tools and facilitates the design and implementation of sustainable school-meal programs that include establishing school gardens and climate-smart agricultural practices. 

Tanzania recognizes that addressing food insecurity and hunger is only the first step in improving quality of life. The domestic and international focus on nutrition in Tanzania is taking the next step.

– Staff Reports
Photo: Flickr

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What to Know About Hunger in Switzerland

hunger in switzerlandSwitzerland is a well-off central European country with a high standard of living. It is one of the top 10 European economies in GDP per capita, with low unemployment and low inflation. Its estimated 2024 population was almost 8.9 million, with 74.2% living in urban areas. 

Switzerland’s high standard of living, however, comes with a high cost of living. The average total household expenditure in Switzerland can be two-to-three times higher than some other European cities in countries with similar standards of living. Switzerland boasts some of the highest salaries in Europe, but basic health and accident insurance are mandatory, monthly rent is relatively high, and transportation and grocery costs are significant.

Hunger and Nutrition in Switzerland

The level of hunger in Switzerland is below the threshold for the country’s inclusion in the Global Hunger Index. But hunger and nutrition are two different things. In the 2022 Global Nutrition Report, Switzerland was reported as being “on course” to meet only one of the global nutrition targets (for which data was available)—women’s diabetes. It was “off course” for all MIYCN (maternal, infant and young child nutrition) targets, and “off course” with limited progress regarding diet-related noncommunicable disease targets. There was no progress or worsening regarding anemia in women of childbearing age and low birth weight. 

A small 2021 study of older medical patients found a “significant association” between age and food insecurity, with food insecurity contributing to malnutrition in approximately 7% of the patients studied. The objective in identifying such pockets of food insecurity was to enable the development of interventions for at-risk populations.

Poverty, Hunger and Welfare in Switzerland

Even with a high standard of living, not everyone in Switzerland is well off. The rate of poverty is low, but not nonexistent; in 2023, the poverty rate was 8.1%. The poverty rate was higher for the employed in 2023 than it had been in the previous two years, but half what it was for the unemployed. In addition to the unemployed, single people and single-parent households with young children were particularly hard hit. 

One reason hunger in Switzerland is rare is because Swiss welfare payments cover necessities such as food, clothing, housing, health insurance and other personal needs. Social benefits spending was $2.78 billion in 2022, falling for the fourth year in a row. The decrease resulted from fewer recipients, as well as lower expenditure per recipient. Almost 250,000 people received a financial benefit on at least one occasion in 2023, with urban regions seeing a higher rate of assistance. (Welfare is distributed at the cantonal level, with local benefits preceding financial social assistance.) 

Global Hunger and Food Security: Switzerland’s Role

While hunger in Switzerland itself is not much of an issue, the country’s constitution includesa commitment to local and global sustainable food systems, important, especially because the country imports 50% of its food. Switzerland is involved in many related international efforts, contributing to food security globally.

These activities include:

  • Research: Switzerland participates in the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research: (CGIAR), a global partnership for agricultural research and one of Switzerland’s 15 priority organizations for global development. CGIAR supports research in 80 countries on food quality and sustainable natural resource management. The goal of their research is to stabilize agricultural production and food supply for a rising global population. The Swiss Federal Council renewed its contributions to CGIAR in 2022, pledging to contribute $66 million in the 2022-2024 period.
  • Policy: Switzerland is active in the Committee on World Food Security, a governance mechanism established in 1974 to achieve global food security and nutrition through global “policy convergence,” or the development of similar or even identical policies across countries over time. Its 52nd plenary session in October 2024 updated for 2024-2027 its CFS Multi-Year Programme of Work. The platform for this work is biannual meetings to achieve “collaborative governance for coordinated policy responses to [the] emerging global food crisis towards sustainable agriculture and food system transformation.” The projected policy products are reducing inequalities for food security and nutrition (2024), strengthening urban and peri-urban food systems (2025), building resilient food systems (2026), focusing on indigenous peoples’ food and knowledge systems and traditional practices (2027), followed by sustainable fisheries and aquaculture.
  • International Events: Switzerland’s dedication to supporting other countries in facing food insecurity was obvious in its World Food Week celebrations in 2024. These events included a forum offered by FAO Liaison Offices focused on empowering girls and women to lead the change towards agrifood systems. Other events included a Right to Food Dialogue, a U.N. press briefing, posters, and local celebrations. More than a dozen food safety conferences will be held in Switzerland in 2025.
  • Development Activities: The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has been active since the 1970s, coordinating Swiss Confederation humanitarian aid and development activities with Eastern Europe. SDC’s focus on the entire food system, “from farm to fork,” is to ensure adequate, sufficient and good-quality food for all. This includes support for projects that prioritize functioning local markets and long-term balanced and sustainable nutrition. The agency has research partnerships with Swiss universities and private companies, collaborates with farmers’ organizations and emphasizes the role of young people and women in food production and nutrition.
  • Financial Support: Switzerland contributed almost $48 million to the World Food Programme in June 2020, and over $800,000 to WFP assistance to smallholder rural farmers in Sri Lanka in 2023. The Swiss 2025 annual commitment of food assistance to the global Food Assistance Convention is $50 million. This six-member convention (Canada, Denmark, the European Union, Japan, Switzerland and the U.S.) was initiated in 2013, preceded by multilateral cooperation instruments operating since 1967. FAC provides a broad array of food assistance products and activities, including vouchers and cash, with a significant focus on nutrition.

A small country known for the care of its own, Switzerland plays a large role in the care of those beyond its own borders.

– Staff Reports
Photo: Flickr

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Moldova’s Freedom: Iași-Ungheni-Chişinau Natural Gas Pipeline

Iași-UngheniSince 2010, Moldova has been a member of the Energy Community, aiming to integrate neighbouring countries outside the EU into its energy market. The Iași-Ungheni natural gas pipeline project connects Romania and Moldova to enhance energy security. Initially, Moldova will source about 50 million cubic meters per year from Romania, while the country’s 2013 consumption was around 1 billion cubic meters. It fosters cross-border cooperation, promotes regional development, and supports the development of modern energy infrastructure. Gas supply began in 2015 to over 10,300 Moldovan consumers, with a planned extension to Chişinau, requiring an investment of €80 million ($92,592,000).

Initial Steps to Reduce Dependence on Russian Gas

Geopolitical tensions between Russia and Ukraine, the latter being the territory through which Moldova obtained the gas provided by Russia, increased the urgency for alternative sources. The Iași-Ungheni-Chişinau natural gas pipeline, completed in 2020, offered a significant opportunity for energy diversification by enabling access to European gas sources. The capacity of 1.5 billion cubic meters per year, now expandable to 2.2 billion cubic meters, can supply up to 75% of Moldova’s average consumption and 60% of the average during the winter season.

The Ungheni-Chisinau pipeline segment construction began in 2019, covered by Romania’s Transgaz and co-financed by the EU’s ERDF, with a total cost of €150 million ($173,610,000). Although the previous segment had been operational since 2014 from Iași to Ungheni, it was only briefly used in 2015 due to limited demand, due to political disagreements, uncompetitive Romanian gas prices and technical constraints.

Energy Lifesaver: The 2022 Energy Situation

Traditionally dependent on Russian gas routed through Ukraine and the separatist-controlled region of Transnistria, Moldova’s energy was highly vulnerable to political pressure from Moscow. This vulnerability was exposed in 2022 when Gazprom, one of the main russian gas suppliers, unilaterally reduced its gas supplies. In response, Moldova activated the Iași-Ungheni-Chişinau natural gas pipeline, built with Romanian and EU support, to import gas from European markets. The gas measuring station at Ungheni, operated by Vestmoldtransgaz, is capable of handling up to 5 million cubic meters of gas per day, ensuring a reliable supply even during winter. Minister of Energy Victor Parlicov emphasized the pipeline’s role in preventing energy blackmail and announced plans for a new Ungheni-Balti pipeline to connect with Ukrainian storage, reinforcing Moldova’s integration into the regional vertical gas corridor and reducing its dependence on Russian energy.

The Iași-Ungheni-Chişinau Natural Gas Pipeline

After the success of the energy alternative, Minister Victor Parlicov emphasized that expanding the Iasi-Ungheni-Chisinau natural gas pipeline will significantly boost Moldova’s energy resilience and regional integration. Vestmoldtransgaz, the natural gas transmission system operator in the Republic of Moldova, works with proposing upgrades and potential new branches to Balti and Drochia. Strengthening collaboration with Romania, Ukraine and Poland will foster gas transit flexibility. Increased transit reduces pressure on Moldovan consumers and benefits the country. The “Chisinau Belt” project, set for completion by 2031, makes a key step in securing Moldova’s energy future.

Additionally, the EU and Moldova have launched a two-year, €250 million ($289,350,000) strategy to ensure Moldova’s energy independence and integration in the EU energy market, with €100 million ($115,740,000) allocated by mid-April 2025. The plan includes compensation for household electricity costs on the Right Bank and support for vulnerable consumers and institutions, enabling Moldova to disconnect the Right Bank from Russian gas and fully source energy from EU markets.

– Sara Arias Saiz

Sara is based in Leipzig, Germany and focuses on Business and New Markets for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Poverty Alleviation and Women’s SHGs in India

shgs indiaWomen-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in India are driving the world’s largest poverty alleviation effort, offering credit access and empowerment to more than 70 million women. Women’s groups have become the cornerstone of financial institutionalism in this South Asian economy. The empowerment stems from vesting greater autonomy in the use of their income, savings, credit and asset creation. Organizing into SHGs has tilted the patriarchal balance of the household in women’s favor, enhancing respect, decision-making authority and entrepreneurial drive.

Background

Evidence suggests women organize to cater to two core objectives: to reduce domestic violence and to induce more inclusive delivery of public services such as health, financial and food security.

SHGs are small, federated groups of 10-20 women who organize themselves based on location, income or caste to form community-based financial systems. These groups meet at periodic intervals to deposit money into their group-held account and get steady access to loans in times of need. The entire process is facilitated by government and non-government (NGO) entities that help connect SHGs to bank accounts and formal credit. Many are federated into larger networks.

SHGs represent a shift from traditional banking models, decentralizing financial power and promoting community autonomy. Through the Bank Linkage Program, SHGs help empower the “unreached poor,” offering financial services to underserved populations.

Struggles of the Past

Before SHGs, households primarily relied on informal moneylenders (typically men) with higher interest rates and unfavorable terms, especially to the poor and marginalized. Formal banks were rarely accessible and often provided large, lump-sum loans, rather than what the individual needed.

As of 2014, 33.2% of rural household debt were from informal lenders, according to the Indian government. These lenders charged annual interest rates between 12% to 150%, compared to banks typically charging 6% to 20% on larger loans.

The SHG model reduced informal borrowing by 14.5%, significantly curbing predatory lending, the World Bank reports. It has generated a change in the borrowing habits of households, aiding poverty alleviation efforts, and changing the status of women as participant decision makers and beneficiaries.

State SHGs Programs in India

In high credit regions, with limited banking access, Jeevika in Bihar charges a 2% monthly interest on loans to its SHG members, according to the World Bank. Mission Shakti in Odisha charges 0% monthly interest on loans to women SHGS, on amounts up to ₹10 lakhs ($12,000 equivalent), conditioned on the timely repayment of loans.

U.S. firms like MicroVest and Unitus backed Grama Vidiyal’s microfinance push in South India, and have helped build a $3.75  million loan portfolio.

The nature of these low-interest microcredits extends beyond economics, functioning as vital social safety nets. Among SHG households, 10% of women borrowed for enterprise, while 22% borrowed for health care, exemplifying the importance of women’s SHGs in India during emergencies.

India’s growing women-led SHG model has accelerated an inclusive, bottom-up approach to poverty alleviation by empowering women to revolutionise micro-credit extension and improve their visibility and confidence in community leadership.

– Tanisha Bhattacharyya

Tanisha is based in Bristol, UK and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Expanding Gavi’s Donor Network

Gavi's Donor NetworkGavi, the Vaccine Alliance, is expanding its donor network in preparation for planned cuts to foreign aid budgets by former core donors, including the U.S., U.K. and France. Gavi Chief Executive Officer Dr. Sania Nishtar recently met with officials in Rabat to encourage Morocco to join Gavi’s donor network. Hopes are high as Nishtar states that a Casablanca vaccine manufacturing plant would likely benefit from Gavi’s $1.2 billion African Vaccine Manufacturing Accelerator, a scheme intended to improve vaccine production in Africa.

Gavi’s Existing Impact

  • Child mortality halved: To date, Gavi has helped halve childhood mortality by vaccinating more than 1.1 billion children across 78 lower-income countries, reducing the incidence of deadly and debilitating infectious diseases to prevent more than 18.8 million deaths.
  • Nation building: On a broader scale, Gavi aids nation building through vaccination: as populations become healthier, they are better able to economically and socially thrive. Every $1 invested in immunization in Gavi-supported countries between 2021 and 2030 could save $21 in health care costs, lost wages and reduced productivity from illness. When broader economic and social benefits are included, the return on investment rises to an estimated $54 for every $1 spent.
  • Improved global health security: Gavi helps countries broaden vaccine coverage and improve their health systems.

Foreign Aid Budget Cuts

Gavi relies on donations from governments, foundations and private partners to fund its work delivering vaccines to the world’s most vulnerable children. However, former core donors France, the U.S. and the UK have all indicated that they plan to cut foreign aid spending in the coming years; hence, their pledges to Gavi remain uncertain.

The U.S. previously donated $300 million to Gavi annually but the country declared in March 2025 that it does not plan future spending, Reuters reports. On June 12, 2025, the U.S. House of Representatives passed President Donald Trump’s request to cut $9.4 billion from the U.S. foreign aid budget, $400 million of which formerly went to global health programs including Gavi. The bill is yet to be approved by the Senate, so until the decision deadline of July 18. It is unclear whether Gavi will receive its usual donation from the States.

U.K. Prime Minister Sir Kier Starmer has also announced that the U.K. government will cut foreign aid spending by £6 billion per year, redirecting the money to defense spending. The nation was previously mandated by law to spend 0.7% of GDP on aid, but the former Conservative government lowered this to 0.5% following the pandemic, and Starmer’s cuts lower it even further to only 0.3% of GDP. Therefore, it is probable that Gavi will not receive funding from the UK equal to the country’s previous investments.

Hopes for Brussels Global Summit 2025

From 2026-2030 (the Gavi 6.0 strategic period), Gavi plans to save at least 8 million lives through the vaccination of 500 million additional children. Global summit in Brussels on June 25, 2025 will bring together global leaders, partner organizations, vaccine manufacturers and private sector companies to secure at least $9 billion to fund Gavi 6.0.

Several countries have already announced their pledges:

  • Croatia has pledged €1 million as a first-time core donor
  • Portugal has pledged €2.5 million, signifying a 54% increase in the country’s contribution
  • Indonesia has pledged $40 million
  • Canada has pledged CAD 675 million
  • The European Commission has pledged €260 million for the year 2026-2027 alone

Expanding Gavi’s Donor Network

These pledges are promising but in light of U.S. and U.K. cuts to aid, Gavi’s donor network needs to expand if it hopes to raise the $9 billion required for its ambitious new plan. To secure essential funding from Morocco, Gavi Chief Executive Officer Dr. Sania Nishtar recently met with officials in Rabat. During her visit, Nishtar toured a Marbio vaccine production site near Casablanca a biopharmaceutical initiative, Reuters reports.

Hopes for Moroccan funding are high as Nishtar noted that the facility stands a strong chance of receiving support from Gavi’s $1.2 billion African Vaccine Manufacturing Accelerator, which aims to enhance vaccine manufacturing capacity across the continent.

An Optimistic Outlook

In preparation for potential shortfalls in funding, Gavi has begun engaging more private sector partners, implementing cost-cutting measures, and exploring stronger partnerships with other global health organizations. Nevertheless, Nishtar anticipates that the contributions made at the June 25th summit will be sufficient to render these contingency plans unnecessary.

In light of Gavi’s critical work responding to the current global measles surge, cholera outbreaks in Sudan, South Sudan and Angola, and the growing spread of mpox in Sierra Leone, there is growing hope that the international community will recognize the indispensable value of Gavi’s efforts and respond with the generous support needed to sustain and extend its impact.

– Holly McArthur

Holly is based in Somerset, UK and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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4 Organizations Helping to End Child Marriage in Ecuador

child marriage in EcuadorIn Ecuador, about 22% of girls get married before they reach the age of 18. The reasons this happens vary from families trying to escape poverty to violent groups using these children as a recruitment tactic for gaining more soldiers. However, no matter the reason child marriage can deeply hurt both the community and the children themselves. Most child marriages often come with the added expectation of having children, which can force the child out of school and put said child in danger of facing multiple health complications. This not only robs them of their life, but also the family of the child now faces a lower chance of breaking the poverty cycle. Here are some organizations that help end child marriage in Ecuador:

UN Women

Originally founded in 2010 as a part of the United Nations, U.N. Women has been helping with women’s rights all over the world. Its latest contribution to ending child marriage in Ecuador was in 2015 when it pressured multiple Latin and Central American countries to enforce 18 as the legal marriage. For Ecuador specifically, U.N. Women helped reform the law to have the legal age of marriage as 18.

Nada Foundation

Created by a human rights activist, Nada Al-Ahdal in 2015, the Nada Foundation works to fight and advocate against child marriage all over the world. While a lot of her most well-known work took place in the Middle East, Nada and her organization have advocated to help end child marriage in Ecuador, mainly by helping survivors of child marriage and giving girls better access to education in hopes of lowering the chances of getting married prematurely.

Parliamentarians for Global Action

The Parliamentarians for Global Action (PGA) is an organization that works to improve human rights on a global scale. This includes women’s rights and helping with the abolition of child marriage. PGA has a campaign where it talks to legislators to better address the issue of child marriage, including Ecuador. In 2022, they also worked in collaboration with Girls Not Brides to strategize with the National Group in the National Assembly of Ecuador.

Girls Not Brides

Originally founded in 2011, Girls Not Brides focuses its efforts on an international scale and often works with other organizations in different countries to help with their goal of eliminating child marriage. In Ecuador, it has two listed partners, Let Girls Rise and Sendas.

Child marriage directly hurts the family of the bride and the child herself, but helping to fight it gives these children better hope for the future.

– Jose Gabriel Lopez

Jose is based in London, UK and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Gender Wage Gap in Nicaragua Ranks 6th Narrowest Globally

gender gap nicaraguaIn the 2024 Global Gender Gap Report, Nicaragua ranked sixth in narrowing gender gaps nationally–the only country in the Americas to rank in the top 10. Narrowing the gender gap entails eradicating the difference in outcomes for and opportunities offered to men and women, which fits into SDG 5. The gender wage gap is a specific manifestation of gender inequality. This gap encompasses the difference between men’s and women’s median financial earnings. While this statistic represents income generally, the issue of women receiving lower wages than men for the same job adds to this difference.

Through a variety of efforts, Nicaragua has decreased its gender wage gap by 80% since 2006. Decades-old initiatives such as the Nicaraguan Women’s Institute have set the stage for Nicaragua’s record levels of gender equality today, and more recent programs such as Better Work are doing on-the-ground work to fight for equal pay.

Nicaraguan Women’s Institute

The Nicaraguan government created the Nicaraguan Women’s Institute in 1987 as a body for spearheading gender equality policies. These policies influence areas of female inequality from domestic abuse to labor. The Women’s Institute targets Nicaraguan institutions, providing strategies that will sustainably enact gender equality over time.

While the institute implemented many of its programs some time ago, the foundation it laid has allowed Nicaragua to reach its impressively narrow gender wage gap today.  Many of its programs have targeted a wide range of areas in a woman’s life beyond wages, including health and education. These strategies, such as the National Program of Gender Equity, may have helped women gain access to employment, decreasing the gender wage gap.

Better Work

Better Work is an initiative that increases factories’ compliance with labor standards from the International Labor Organization (ILO). This program is a joint initiative from the ILO and the International Finance Corporation (IFC).

Better Work examines a factory’s labor conditions and shares its findings with major companies. Since many of today’s companies prefer to work with ethical factories for reputational issues, noncompliance with ILO standards is penalized.

Gender equality is a core element of Better Work’s approach. Better Work uses training and advisory services to help factories adhere to ILO standards, with gender equality strategies fully integrated into these efforts. Complying with gender equality, such as wage equality, is therefore incorporated into complying with ILO labor standards.

Since its establishment in Nicaragua in 2010, Better Work has worked with 32 Nicaraguan factories, 20 brands, and more than 45,000 workers. The initiative specifically targets the gender wage gap by fighting for shorter hours and higher wages for women to match those made by men. Industry labor accounts for almost a fifth of employment in Nicaragua, meaning Better Work’s efforts can reach a significant portion of the population.

Gender Wage Gap in Nicaragua: Going Forward

The Nicaraguan Women’s Institute and Better Work can be expected to continue to make a positive impact on Nicaragua’s gender wage gap. Nicaragua still has a way to go until it reaches gender equality in the workforce, with a female employment rate of 54.9% and a male employment rate of 75.9% in 2024.

Yet, the Women’s Institute’s institutional change strategy and Better Work’s advisory and incentive-based approach have already helped Nicaragua to decrease its gender wage gap by 80% since 2006, showcasing their effectiveness.

– Madison Fetch

Madison is based in Glasgow, Scotland and focuses on Business and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Social Protection in Angola

social protection angolaOver the past decade, Angola has significantly enhanced its social protection system, transitioning from emergency aid to comprehensive safety nets. Situated in southwestern Africa, Angola has experienced significant economic growth, primarily driven by its oil sector, despite years of conflict. The country has strengthened its social protection framework to address disparities and effectively safeguard vulnerable citizens. Social protection Development in Angola has progressed from simple humanitarian assistance during periods of conflict to well-organised programmes specifically aimed at poverty reduction. This transformation demonstrates Angola’s developmental trajectory and its unwavering commitment to improving social systems.

Cartão Kikuia (Kikuia Card)

Launched in 2013, the program had 101,246 beneficiaries nationwide. This innovative program aims to address the social impacts of economic reforms, particularly regarding fuel subsidies, by combining cash transfers with subsidised access to essential goods. It’s all about making life a little easier.  Beneficiaries are issued a prepaid card with KZ10,000 ($10.76) monthly, allowing them to purchase a select range of products at discounted rates from registered vendors. The primary goals of the program are to tackle income poverty and food insecurity while also fostering local market growth.

Initially tested in urban regions, the Cartão Kikuia program has progressively expanded into peri-urban and certain rural areas. Evaluations of the program have revealed beneficial effects on household consumption and dietary diversity. The program encompasses vulnerable groups, including widows with orphans, people with disabilities and ex-combatants.

Kwenda Program

The Kwenda Program stands as Angola’s first cash transfer social protection initiative, launched in May 2020 to address the needs of the most vulnerable households during the COVID-19 pandemic. Backed by $320 million from the World Bank and $100 million from the Angolan Government, this program is dedicated to supporting 1.6 million at-risk households. Designed with flexibility in mind, the Kwenda Program efficiently and safely reaches its beneficiaries, with most recipients receiving e-payments, granting most of them access to the financial system for the very first time in their lives.

Since its inception, the Kwenda program has made a significant impact, allocating $23 million by early 2022 and conducting 314,000 cash transfers, with 60% of beneficiaries being women. Enrolment has surged, exceeding half a million families registered by January 2022, and nearly half (247,000) have received at least one cash transfer. Thanks to the Social Protection Development in Angola, more than a million families are enrolled in the Kwenda programme, most of whom have received direct financial aid.

Maria Feliciana, a 92-year-old citizen from Catete in Icolo Bengo Province, a local vendor, shared her thoughts on the government program: “This initiative shows that the government remembers the poorest among us. It’s for everyone in need, even those in the villages. It treated us with respect and dignity.” She added, “Please bring the program back! Do not forget us older people in the villages. We have contributed to this country throughout our lives. This small help means everything to us. And please make it permanent—one year is not enough to change a lifetime of poverty.”

Valor Criança Social Cash Transfer Pilot

Valor Criança is a pilot program of social cash transfers, implemented by the Ministry of Social Action, Family and Women’s Promotion, with technical support from UNICEF, designed as a child-sensitive, unconditional social cash transfer program targeted at households with children aged zero to five years in selected municipalities prone to food insecurity. The program began implementation in 2019 as a pilot program, initially benefiting 20,000 children through monthly delivery of 3,000 AOA to 7,700 families in 257 municipalities in the provinces of Moxico, Bié and Uíge. It provided a monthly cash transfer of AOA 3,000 ($10 in the period) per child under 5, which was increased to AOA 5,000 in response to COVID-19, with the transfer amount directly paid to the child’s caregiver (predominantly women), limited to three eligible children per household.

The program served as an important foundation for Angola’s broader social protection system and has shown a significant impact in supporting vulnerable families with young children. The program also linked families to other services, including birth registration and early childhood development services, making it more than just a cash transfer program.

Institutional Framework and Governance

The Ministry of Social Action, Family and Promotion of Women oversees social protection policies in Angola. Recent reforms aim to improve coordination among ministries and government levels, contributing positively to social protection development in Angola.

The National Social Action Policy (PNAS) came after various initiatives, setting up a framework for future actions. One significant initiative that started in 2019 was the Strengthen and Scale Up Social Assistance to Vulnerable Population of Angola (APROSOC) project, which focused on enhancing social assistance for the vulnerable population and received funding from the European Union.

Angola has also made progress in strengthening its social registry system, which helps identify potential beneficiaries and reduce duplication across programs. The Cadastro Social Único (Unified Social Registry) is gradually spreading nationwide, though challenges remain in reaching remote populations.

Further Ahead

Angola is making progress in its Social Protection framework by improving data collection and policy development. An International Labor Organization (ILO) workshop held in Luanda, Angola, in June 2025 saw the Interministerial Group on Social Protection Statistics convene to prepare the second Social Protection Statistics Bulletin, with new members participating.

This initiative signifies a shift towards systematic monitoring and evaluation in social protection development in Angola’s governance. Technicians from 12 key institutions collaborated to analyse data from 2022-2024, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 1.3.1 on social protection coverage. Furthermore, projects funded by Portugal’s Ministry of Labour and Social Security and the European Union back these efforts, highlighting Angola’s commitment to expanding social protection and fostering economic growth.

– Vanuza Antonio

Vanuza is based in London, UK and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Earthquake Recovery Project: Rebuilding Morocco

Earthquake Recovery Project: Rebuilding MoroccoOn Sept. 8, 2023, a 6.8-magnitude earthquake struck Morocco’s High Atlas Mountains, marking the country’s deadliest seismic event in recent history. The disaster claimed nearly 3,000 lives, injured more than 18,000 people and damaged about 60,000 homes, especially in remote regions like Al Haouz and Taroudant provinces. Entire communities lost shelter, access to basic services and vital infrastructure, forcing families to rebuild their lives from the ground up.

Earthquake Recovery Project

In response, the Moroccan government introduced a five-year recovery project valued at approximately 120 billion dirhams (about $11.7 billion). The plan prioritizes rehousing, infrastructure upgrades and social and economic development. A central feature of the plan, the “supervised self-construction” model, allows affected residents to rebuild their homes using government financial support and architectural guidance. Reconstruction efforts focus on the most severely affected areas, including the provinces of Al Haouz, Chichaouoa, Taroudant, Marrakech, Ouarzazate and Azilal.

The project aims to reach 4.2 million people. Funding comes from the national budget, international aid and various public and private contributions. USAID committed $12.6 million to support Morocco’s earthquake recovery project. Eligible families receive up to 140,000 dirhams (approximately $13,600) to cover reconstruction and temporary housing needs.

Challenges Ahead

Despite the ambitious plan, progress remains slow. By 2024, only around 1,000 of the targeted 55,000 homes had been built. Labor shortages, rising material costs and difficult mountain terrain have created bottlenecks. Landslides left many roads blocked by debris and boulders, preventing emergency services and aid convoys from reaching those in need. The government also faced criticism for limiting foreign aid. Authorities initially accepted help only from a few countries—Spain, Qatar, Britain and the UAE—while declining offers from others, including France, Germany, Tunisia, Canada and the United States (U.S.) Many viewed this decision as a missed opportunity to accelerate the recovery process and widen the scope of assistance.

Community-Led Recovery

While national efforts struggled, grassroots initiatives stepped in to fill the gap. In Ait Bourd, a Moroccan architect introduced an insulated, earthquake-resistant home design capable of replacing about 50,000 destroyed homes. The Atlas Foundation partnered with local communities to support participatory planning and build capacity, ensuring that villagers guided the rebuilding process themselves. In Talat N’Yaaqoub, residents organized teams to clear rubble and distribute supplies. University students from Marrakech launched mobile clinics and provided psychological support for survivors. Caritas Morocco, with backing from the Caritas Confederation, worked to deliver clean water, food and hygiene essentials. These local initiatives did more than meet immediate needs—they also strengthened community resilience and laid a foundation for long-term recovery.

Looking Forward

These community-led initiatives address immediate needs and lay the groundwork for sustainable development and resilience against future disasters. As Morocco navigates the complex path to recovery, integrating grassroots efforts with national and international support may help accelerate reconstruction. Ongoing coordination, resource mobilization and attention to regional disparities could likely influence the pace and scope of long-term recovery. Monitoring progress and adapting strategies to on-the-ground realities remain important as rebuilding continues across affected provinces.

– Sebastian Llerena

Sebastian is based in Edison, NJ, USA and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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5 Nations Eliminating GBV in Central Africa

gbv africaPoverty and gender-based violence (GBV) are deeply interconnected, as economic hardship often leaves women more vulnerable to abuse and limits their ability to seek safety and justice. In stopping gender-based violence in Central Africa, targeted foreign aid is playing a crucial role in breaking this cycle by funding initiatives that empower women financially, expand education, and strengthen legal protections. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAF), Chad, Cameroon and Rwanda, governments are using aid to overcome systemic challenges for women.

DRC: The World Bank’s Gender-Based Protection

The DRC’s collaboration with the World Bank has created the Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Prevention and Response Project. The GBV Prevention and Response Project aims to increase government support for ending GBV and improve response times for GBV emergencies. The project offers survivor support centers, economic reintegration for women who have experienced abuse, and legal aid to women looking to get justice for any abuse or GBV. The project has served more than 79,000 women, reaching more than 8 million total. Undoubtedly, the DRC Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response Project has increased access to justice and economic options for women living in poverty with no escape from gender-based violence.

CAF: Economic Independence through the Bêkou Trust Fund

In the CAF, the EU created the Bêkou Trust Fund for humanitarian development. The funds have been particularly helpful to women through its goals to restore security and the social contract between the government and the people. In CAF, less than 20% of girls attend secondary school and there are around 10,000 cases of yearly GBV on average. In the last 10 years, €11 million went to use in the gender theme of the fund. Through the Trust Fund, more than 68,000 women have received help with socio-economic integration, helping them live safely and independently.

Chad: Microfinancing for Empowerment via USAID

USAID’s Women’s Economic Empowerment Initiative in Chad is working towards empowering women to escape cycles of gender-based violence through economic empowerment. Under the World Bank’s Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend, the initiative increases women’s access to health care, ability to enter the job market and lowers barriers to living independently. In Chad, 16.2%  of all women face gender-based or sexual violence in their lives. Although the USAID program is new, it has the promise to reduce this rate and increase equality between men and women in Chad.

Cameroon: Education and Legal Advocacy via UN Trust Fund

The U.N. Trust Fund to End Violence Against Women, started by resolution 50/166 at the UNGA, has reached more than 7.7 million women globally. It aims to eliminate violence against women by increasing access to services like counseling and health care. Nearly 55% of women living in Cameroon experience gender-based violence every year. Still, the collection of programs under the U.N. Trust Fund aim to help more than 12,000 women escape systemic poverty and gender-based violence in Central Africa.

Rwanda: The World Bank’s Social Protection Transformation Project

In Rwanda, one significant initiative in combatting gender-based violence in Central Africa is the World Bank-funded Social Protection Transformation Project (SPTP), which integrates GBV prevention and response into its broader mission of economic empowerment.

This program provides financial assistance, vocational training, and social services to vulnerable populations, including survivors of GBV. Through this initiative, Rwanda has expanded safe spaces and counseling services, ensuring that survivors receive both economic and psychological support. The project also works closely with local NGOs and government agencies to enhance legal protections and improve access to justice for victims. By combining economic resilience with GBV prevention, this initiative reflects Rwanda’s commitment to breaking cycles of violence and fostering long-term recovery for survivors.

GBV in Central Africa: The Future

Reducing poverty is not only a strategy for economic development—it is a crucial step toward ending GBV in Africa. Aid aimed at reducing GBV in Central Africa is equipping women with the financial independence, legal protections, and social support needed to break free from cycles of abuse. These programs show that when the international community invests in women’s empowerment, it fosters safe, equitable societies. Continued support is essential to ensure lasting progress and to give more women the tools they need to build secure, self-sufficient futures.

– Divya Beeram

Divya is based in San Antonio, TX, USA and focuses on Technology and Celebs for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr