Archive for category: Development

Information and stories on development news.

, ,

5 Nonprofits Creating Food Security in Syria

Food Security in SyriaNonprofit organizations in Syria are on the ground working to alleviate the ongoing food insecurity crisis. Fourteen years of conflict and humanitarian crises have left Syria’s people struggling to meet their basic needs. Access to food is the most urgent need of the Syrian people. Repeated crises – the earthquake in 2023 and acute political instability in 2024 – have displaced millions. Displacement, conflicts and humanitarian crises made it difficult for nonprofits to get aid to those in need and have plunged a majority of Syrians into poverty. Despite serious obstacles, these five nonprofits are on the ground distributing aid to the Syrian people.

What to Know About Food Security in Syria

More than half of the people in Syria (12.9 million) are currently food insecure. Of those experiencing acute and ongoing hunger, pregnant women and children under 5 are the most at risk.

The food security situation is dynamic, with early indicators pointing to drought conditions in 2025. Unfortunately, this may deepen the hunger crisis.

Ongoing humanitarian crises make it difficult for nonprofit organizations in Syria to get aid to the people who need it most. The most recent crises are flash points against the backdrop of fourteen years of conflict.

The most recent crises are the February 2023 earthquake and the 2024 overthrow of the Assad regime. Now adding to the turmoil is the conflict in Lebanon that has created new displacement for people who had already fled from conflict back home in Syria, UNHCR reports.

Violet

A group of young people founded Violet in Syria in 2013 at the onset of the crisis in 2011. Violet’s Food Security and Livelihoods Program addresses the needs of the most vulnerable in Syria, “with a focus on those with special needs.” The Food Security and Livelihoods Program delivers food baskets, provides job training, support for Syrian farmers and agriculture and cash distribution to those in need.

Violet’s food baskets program provides families with food and supplies for infants ranging from milk and nutritional supplements to cribs. The Cash for Food program distributes cash assistance to displaced people so they can purchase food.

Syria Relief and Development

Syria Relief and Development is a nonprofit based in the United States that operates in Syria, Turkey and Jordan. The organization was founded in 2011 with a mission to “provide crisis humanitarian relief and plant the seeds of sustainable development for Syria.” Since its beginning, Syria Relief and Development has focused its attention on food security. This has been achieved by providing the Syrian people with food and basic necessities, such as Ramadan Food Kits. 

Takaful Al Sham

Founded in Turkey in 2013 to address the humanitarian crisis in Syria. Takaful Al Sham focuses on meeting the needs of children, youth and women. The organization is working to create food security in several ways. The Emergency Response, FS and Agriculture Program provides internally displaced Syrians with nutrition kits, cash, Ramadan baskets, food vouchers, fresh bread and nutritional supplements for women and children. Other aid includes services for farmers, installation of irrigation networks in local gardens and nutrition classes for parents.

World Vision

After the 2023 earthquake, World Vision worked with the WFP and the International Blue Crescent Foundation to launch programs to provide training, support and tools to Syrian farmers.

World Vision has served the needs of millions of people in Syria. Program activities include providing basic necessities, psychological support and education services.

People in Need

Founded in 1992 by “a group of Czech war correspondents who were no longer satisfied with merely relaying information about ongoing conflicts,” People in Need has become an integral part of the nonprofit network in Central Europe. People in Need is part of Alliance2015, a European nonprofit network.

In Syria, People in Need is supporting food security by funding education and support for entrepreneurs in the agriculture sector.

Since the 2023 earthquake, People in Need has provided emergency aid by distributing food, repairing infrastructure necessary for food networks to function, and providing for the basic needs of internally displaced Syrians.

– Caitlyn Erwin

Caitlyn is based in Asheville, NC, USA and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Uzbekistan’s Anti-Poverty Program

Uzbekistan’s Antipoverty Program Uzbekistan, a landlocked country in central Asia with a population of 36 million, has improved living conditions and reduced economic hardship. The nation’s GDP grew by 5.5% in 2023, reflecting steady progress in economic development. However, income inequality remains a challenge, particularly in remote regions with scarce employment opportunities. Nearly one in 10 Uzbek youth struggle to find stable jobs, highlighting the need for targeted workforce development. To address these disparities, the government has introduced a large-scale initiative focused on vocational training, education access and job creation, aiming to elevate living standards and foster long-term prosperity.

Poverty in Uzbekistan

Despite Uzbekistan’s progress in reducing poverty, challenges remain, particularly in rural areas, where nearly half the population lives. Limited access to essential services and economic opportunities continues to hinder development in these regions. The national unemployment rate stands at 6.8%, but job opportunities remain scarce in many areas. Youth face particularly high unemployment, with 24% struggling to find work. Informal employment, which operates outside government regulation, remains widespread, further complicating efforts to ensure stable and secure job opportunities across the country.

“From Poverty to Prosperity” Program

To tackle poverty and lift 1 million people out of economic hardship, the Government of Uzbekistan partnered with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to launch the “From Poverty to Prosperity” initiative in late 2024. The program prioritizes vocational training and job creation to address employment challenges. Although Uzbekistan currently has 250,000 job vacancies, many low-income individuals lack the necessary skills and training to qualify for these positions.

Uzbekistan’s anti-poverty program aims to bridge this gap by expanding job training programs, equipping participants with essential skills and increasing access to stable, well-paying employment. Beyond workforce development, the program emphasizes education for children from low-income families, expanding access to higher education and increasing enrollment in preschools. By investing in skills training and education, the initiative seeks to build long-term economic stability for individuals and communities across Uzbekistan.

Recent Progress

Since 2020, the Uzbekistan government has made poverty reduction a national priority. Significant resources have been invested into the movement and the President of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has even declared  poverty reduction a “national movement.” Social programs have been modernized and expanded in recent years, assisting the poor. This investment in fighting poverty has already yielded significant results, with the poverty rate falling from 17% in 2021 to 11%. Rural areas, which have higher rates of poverty than urban areas, have seen the largest poverty reduction, declining by 7.8 percentage points.

Looking Ahead

Uzbekistan’s anti-poverty program demonstrates the country’s continued investment in education, workforce development and social programs, positioning the country to meet its goal of lifting 1 million people out of poverty in 2025. The “From Poverty to Prosperity” program marks another step toward sustainable economic growth and improved living standards. With government investments and strategic reforms, Uzbekistan is on track to further reduce poverty and create a more inclusive economy.

– Matthew Wornom

Matthew is based in Yorktown, VA, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

,

Politicized Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa

Politicized Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa and Poverty AlleviationInfrastructure plays a central role in shaping economic, social and cultural landscapes. While often perceived as neutral, infrastructure decisions frequently serve political interests rather than humanitarian needs. Equitable and transparent investments can transform lives by expanding access to education, health care and economic opportunities. In sub-Saharan Africa, targeted infrastructure projects have helped alleviate poverty while also serving as political tools for influence and development strategies.

Transforming Rural Access: The Role of Roads

Transportation infrastructure facilitates access to essential services including health care, markets and education. The World Bank’s Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program, while aiming to lower transportation costs and improve market access, often navigates complex political landscapes.

In 2008, the World Bank introduced a mass bus transit system in Lagos, Nigeria, offering affordable and reliable public transport. This project exceeded expected usage by 100% the following year, demonstrating its success. It also functioned as a political statement, showcasing the government’s commitment to urban development.

A more recent initiative, announced in March 2024, focuses on enhancing connectivity in Ethiopia by providing and strengthening all-weather road access to improve climate resilience and food insecurity in rural communities. The strategic placement of this project enables the political leaders to align with political priorities and development goals. While politicized infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa may distort resource allocation, strategic investments that boost rural connectivity have demonstrated significant poverty reduction by improving access to services. The World Bank’s approach ensures that projects are strategically placed to boost regional trade and economic integration.

Water and Sanitation: A Foundation for Development

More than 2 billion people worldwide still lack access to clean water and sanitation, with sub-Saharan Africa disproportionately affected. Decisions about water infrastructure allocation often carry political weight. However, organizations in collaboration with the World Bank have significantly improved access by supporting community-driven efforts to build and maintain water wells and filtration systems.

The United States (U.S.) Development Finance Corporation supports local entrepreneurs’ programs across sub-Saharan Africa to empower communities to maintain and expand water infrastructure and purification services. These ongoing efforts act as soft power tools, extending political influence through development assistance. While perhaps politically motivated, projects not only reduce the time spent collecting water but have improved health and enabled children, particularly girls, to attend school, breaking the cycle of poverty and empowering communities.

Education Infrastructure: Building Futures

Organizations such as UNICEF and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have worked to improve access to education and build schools. Over the past two decades, the out-of-school population in the region has dropped from 44% in 2000 to 29% in 2020. However, the politicization of infrastructure requires navigating competing priorities and political agendas to provide education to the 98 million children in sub-Saharan Africa who still lack access to formal, quality education.

Education infrastructure projects are sometimes influenced by soft power strategies, such as initiatives by the French Government and the British Commonwealth Grants Programme in their former colonies, with projects established in attempts to maintain influence. Despite the politicization of infrastructure, aligning investments with local needs has far-reaching effects, improving school attendance and increasing employment opportunities for graduates, acting as a catalyst for long-term poverty alleviation.

Mobile Health Care and Rwanda’s Transformation

Investments in sustainable health care infrastructure can be transformative for improving quality of life and alleviating poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, where accessing health care and medical services remains a major challenge for many communities. Rwanda’s health care transformation is a visible advantage of how politicized infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa can have positive outcomes when strategic investments are aligned with national development needs. After the 1994 genocide, the country faced serious health problems, with the life expectancy dropping to 29 years. Through targeted policies to improve health care, the life expectancy reached 67 years in 2024, more than double the 1994 average. By addressing geographic and economic barriers to health care access, investments in health care support broader development goals of reducing poverty and improving education outcomes.

Infrastructure as a Catalyst for Change

Politicized infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa presents both challenges and opportunities. While infrastructure investments fuel economic growth, political agendas can potentially distort priorities and deepen inequalities. However, aligning projects with local needs, transparency and sustainable development goals can transform infrastructure into a catalyst for long-term poverty alleviation. By investing in strategic transportation, water, education and health care systems, nations in the region can break cycles of poverty, improve resilience and foster economic stability.

– Isobel Hurst

Isobel is based in Berlin, Germany and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Mission 300: Push for Clean Energy Access in Africa

Clean energy access in africaIn terms of factors worsening global poverty, energy distribution and access to electricity both play a pivotal role in alleviating poverty worldwide. Many places struggle with energy distribution and access. However, in parts of Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, this problem remains severe. According to the World Bank Group, 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa lack access to electricity. This number represents nearly 83% of the world’s unelectrified population. To combat this issue, the World Bank Group has partnered with the African Development Bank and other collaborators on Mission 300, a project that aims to provide clean energy access in Africa by 2030.

Ambitious Project

Mission 300 aims to deliver clean and affordable energy to nearly 300 million people. To achieve this goal, the World Bank and the African Development Bank will collaborate with governments, philanthropies, the private sector and multilateral. The success of this initiative depends on working with different governments and addressing the unique energy needs of each country, guided by local leaders. Negotiations with the private sector will also play a crucial role in managing transmission and distribution networks. Additionally, donors, philanthropists and other partners will contribute vital investments to ensure the project’s financial success and help attract public funding.

Different from Past Efforts

Previous efforts have tried to address the electricity crisis, but Mission 300 offers a new approach. First, it is African-led, allowing leaders to implement country-specific reforms tailored to their populations. Moreover, the initiative has already made progress by helping 12 million Africans gain access to electricity. Significant financial backing supports this effort, with $20 billion in funding from the International Development Association and additional support from donors and partners like the Rockefeller Foundation.

New contributors continue to join the project. Agencies from the United States (U.S.), the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Germany have expressed interest in assisting. In comparison to earlier initiatives such as the World Bank’s 2007 Lighting Africa project, which struggled to reach its goals or the African Development Bank’s 2016 ‘New Deal on Energy for Africa,’ which experienced delays due to funding gaps and logistical hurdles, Mission 300 builds on lessons from those experiences. By integrating new resources and innovative methods, this initiative aims to succeed where previous efforts fell short.

Finding Clean Energy Solutions

Mission 300 prioritizes green energy solutions like solar, wind and hydropower to limit the environmental impact of increased energy access. Mini-grids and off-grid systems will bring electricity to rural areas without relying on carbon-emitting infrastructure. Additionally, the project promotes energy efficiency measures that reduce environmental harm while eliminating reliance on kerosene and diesel fuels.

Looking to the Future

Mission 300 continues to expand, with 12 million people already connected and 90 million ongoing projects in progress. This initiative offers unprecedented clean energy access in Africa. Staying informed about Mission 300 is crucial, as the project continues its efforts to provide sustainable energy solutions for millions across sub-Saharan Africa.

– Michael Messina

Michael is based in Newburyport, MA, USA and focuses on Technology and Solutions for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

,

Fragility and the Rule of Law in Egypt

The Rule of Law in EgyptEgypt, the most populous Arab country with more than 112 million people, ranks high in the human capital and development index. Beneath this progress, however, lies a complex reality of fragility and the erosion of the rule of law in Egypt. Since 2013, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi’s government has enacted significant changes to Egypt’s institutional and legislative framework, including constitutional amendments and new regulatory measures affecting civil society organizations, media outlets, and public assembly. Despite these issues, Egypt faces significant economic fragility, marked by poor planning, high foreign debt and vulnerability to external shocks. Together, these challenges threaten the nation’s stability and development prospects. 

Erosion of the Rule of Law

Since 2013, when the military ousted the democratically elected government of Mohammed Morsi, the state has been reasserting its authority with Fattah el-Sisi at the helm to prevent potential dissidence with the regime. Shortly after the coup, the new government passed a law that restricts peaceful assembly. Human Rights Watch has criticized El-Sisi’s government for violating international standards. This law allows security forces to arrest peaceful protesters arbitrarily. It subjects them to a fine or up to five years in prison.

According to Amnesty International, Fattah el-Sisi’s government systematically enacts undemocratic laws to disintegrate the rule of law in Egypt, which undermines Egypt’s stability. Fattah el-Sisi uses the pretense of preventing terrorism to crack down on a pluralist society, such as the Law of Organizing the Lists of Terrorist Entities and Terrorists, which enables the government to pursue its opponents legally.

Fattah el-Sisi’s government also passed a constitutional amendment in 2019, changing the constitutional two-term limit. This amendment enabled El-Sisi to be reelected for a third term in December 2023 with 89.6 % of the votes. Egypt feigns stability under Fattah el-Sisi’s rule. However, the erosion of the rule of law in Egypt and justice institutions bolsters grievances and distrust against the state, which increases the risk of political extremism. 

Egypt’s Economic Challenges

Among the erosion of the rule of law, Egypt faces fragility. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has agreed to increase Egypt’s $3 billion by $5 billion, which will see the Egyptian Pound plummet. Egypt’s economy suffers from decades-old poor planning, weak institutions and a dominant state that deters investment. Heavy foreign debt under Fattah el-Sisi has led to reliance on costly domestic borrowing and worsening deficits. 

Amid internal economic turmoil, Egypt has proved fragile to external turmoil. Its proximity to the Gaza Strip heightens risks to the tourism industry, which accounts for 24% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Moreover, revenues from the Suez Canal, a significant source of foreign currency, have decreased by 60% as Houthi attacks in the Red Sea undermine shipping. In addition, since Egypt imports 40% of its food, it is highly susceptible to external shocks, such as a rise in global food prices due to the war in Ukraine. 

The Good News

Despite Egypt’s challenges, the government aims to improve the quality of life of its most impoverished citizens. The “Decent Life” initiative tackles multidimensional poverty and unemployment by enhancing families’ economic, social and environmental conditions in underserved villages. It aims to ensure access to essential services and create job opportunities to promote citizen self-reliance. The government committed around $9 billion to realize its development goals in rural areas and has strong support from the political leadership. 

According to a report by the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development (MPED), the quality of life index has improved by 18% and the poverty rate has decreased by 14%. The MPED noted improvements in sustainable development goals, health service coverage improving by 24% and sanitation coverage by 46%. The initiative has thus far created 71,000 job opportunities in eight governorates. As of December 2024, the initiative’s first phase is 85.5% complete. Targeting approximately 18 million rural Egyptians, it is one of the world’s largest rural development projects.

Final Remark

The erosion of the rule of law in Egypt and its fragility highlight the intricate balance between governance and development. While the state grapples with weakening institutions and economic instability, the “Decent Life” initiative demonstrates a commitment to improving living standards and addressing poverty in rural areas. These development strides in health, education and essential services show potential for positive change amid broader adversity. However, sustainable progress requires bolstering the rule of law and addressing the root causes of economic fragility to foster long-term stability.

– Salome von Stolzmann

Salome is based in London, UK and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pexels

Rebuilding Syria: Addressing Poverty Amidst Conflict

rebuilding syriaSince the Syrian Civil War began in 2011, the country has been facing a massive humanitarian crisis. With the recent fall of Bashar al-Assad and his regime in early December, Syria’s future remains uncertain. Assad’s regime maintained power through oppression, murder and torture, suppressing the 2011 uprising with backing from Russia and Iran. The conflict in Syria has led to “the largest refugee and displacement crisis,” affecting millions of people within Syria and in neighboring countries. While the focus is on developing a democratic, transitional governing body in post-Assad Syria, emphasis and attention must not be diverted from the humanitarian aid and development initiatives that are addressing the severe poverty and instability faced by Syrians.

The Role of International Aid

As of 2024, the European Union (EU) highlighted that more than 16 million Syrians require urgent assistance. Food insecurity, economic collapse, disease outbreaks, and the devastation of infrastructure have compounded the challenges of mass displacement. The EU, with its Member States, has become the largest donor of humanitarian aid to Syria, ensuring essential services including food, healthcare, and shelter

Similarly in December, the United Kingdom, with international humanitarian agencies, recently revealed plans for a £50 million package of humanitarian aid for Syria and its neighboring countries. These funds are vital for providing immediate relief while laying the groundwork for long-term recovery, poverty reduction and rebuilding Syria. The success of such initiatives depends on their alignment with local needs and their ability to adapt to the dynamic situation on the ground.

Economic Empowerment Initiatives

Several economic empowerment programs are in place to ensure the security of Syrians. Initiatives such as job training, micro-finance and entrepreneurship schemes offer pathways to self-reliance. Both national and international organizations have implemented and supported projects that enable families and groups to earn an income despite poor conditions and limited resources. In 2023, USAID’s Syria Livelihoods Program provided technical and financial support to establish women’s centers across Syria to train 600 women entrepreneurs and support around 200 women-owned small businesses.  By fostering economic resilience, programs address poverty and restore a sense of dignity and purpose among affected populations

Education: Rebuilding Futures for Syrian Children

Following the fall of al-Assad, Syria faces the great task of reconstructing its education system. As of 2024, UNICEF’s statistics reveal that 2.4 million Syrian children remain out of school, highlighting the pressing need to address educational disruptions caused by over a decade of conflict. Barriers such as overcrowded classrooms, insufficient resources and language barriers continue to hinder access to education and risk escalation of a “lost generation.” In the immediate aftermath of Assad’s overthrow, students across Syria began returning to schools, with the new leadership under Ahmad al-Sharaa, ordering schools to reopen as part of stabilization efforts for the nation.

Syria’s new education minister, Nazir Mohammad al-Qadri, announced that all educational references to the former ruling Baath party will be removed, but the school curricula will not otherwise be altered. The new administration has emphasized that girls’ right to education will remain unrestricted, ensuring education for all groups continues without interruption.

Additionally, Syrians who graduated from Turkish universities are taking key roles in the post-Assad administration in rebuilding Syria and increasing bilateral connections. Education is not only a pathway to literacy and numeracy but also a foundation for social stability and economic recovery. Sustained investment and international cooperation remain essential to ensuring that every child has access to quality education in the process of rebuilding Syria.

Diaspora Contributions

The Syrian diaspora is essential in alleviating poverty and supporting reconstruction efforts. From remittances sent to families in Syria to the establishment of NGOs, the diaspora has been instrumental in providing financial and logistical support. Throughout the conflict in Syria, diaspora communities have continuously demonstrated their willingness to leverage their experience, knowledge, assets and resources in support of Syria and Syrians, serving as a bridge between local communities and international donors, and ensuring that aid reaches those that need it the most. The main question for Syria’s transitional phase is how, rather than if, the Syrian diaspora will engage with its homeland in the aftermath of the conflict.

Advocating for Policy Change

The Syrian crisis underscores the importance of foreign aid policies and international support for long-term development assistance alongside emergency aid. Without comprehensive policies that integrate humanitarian and development goals, efforts to reduce poverty and rebuild lives will remain fragmented and insufficient. The road to rebuilding Syria is long and fraught with challenges. Still, the combined efforts of international aid organizations, economic empowerment programs, education initiatives, and the Syrian diaspora offer a look into a successful future. Addressing poverty and rebuilding Syrian lives amidst conflict requires a multifaceted approach that prioritizes both immediate relief and sustainable development.

– Isobel Hurst

Isobel is based in Manchester, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Biofortification to Minimize Hunger in Panama

Panama, known for the Panama Canal, is characterized by its tropical forests and mountainous terrains, connecting Central America to South America. Over the last two decades, Panama has experienced economic growth and attained the status of a high-income country. However, inequality remains a significant issue, with disparities between the urban, rural and indigenous populations. The government is taking steps to improve the situation and reduce poverty and hunger in Panama. 

Current Statistics

Panama has made significant progress towards decreasing poverty, hunger and malnutrition and achieving SDG 1 and SDG 2.

Combating Hunger and Malnutrition with Everyday Foods

Panama’s success has been made possible because of the government’s dedication to combatting inequalities, hunger and malnutrition through various food fortification and nutritional programs. Some of these programs are mentioned here. 

  • School Lunch- The Ministry of Education has launched various programs to improve children’s health, especially in the vulnerable population. These initiatives provide meals  (grains) fortified with essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamins A, D, zinc and folate.
  • Fortification of Crops- The government of Panama, in collaboration with the other partners, has been running a biofortification program called AgroNutre since 2006. Fortified varieties of beans, sweet potato and maize have been released, whereas pumpkin, cassava and cowpea fortification is planned. 
  • Mandatory Fortification of Staple Foods- Panama mandates fortifying wheat flour and rice with essential micronutrients to combat deficiencies among the population. 
  • Fortified Milk- In partnership with Tetrapak, the government is providing fortified milk to over 200,000 children in around 400 schools nationwide. The milk is fortified with 10 vitamins, three minerals and Omega 3 and aims to reduce stunting and wasting in children.

Through these initiatives, Panama is bridging disparities in its population and aims to elevate the quality of life for its citizens.

– Maria Waleed

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Empowering Change: The Impact of USAID in Kazakhstan

USAID in KazakhstanKazakhstan, a nation rich in natural resources and cultural diversity, has undergone significant transformations since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Then, USAID began its partnership with the Government of Kazakhstan. Through various programs and initiatives, USAID has empowered changes across multiple sectors, fostering sustainable development and enhancing the quality of life for many Kazakhs. Today, Kazakhstan is an upper middle-income country that has emerged as a regional leader in Central Asia. This article is going to discuss four main factors about the impact of USAID in Kazakhstan.

Democracy and Governance

Kazakhstan possesses relatively strong state institutions; however, insufficient transparency and accountability undermine its attempts to promote good governance.  Also, another significant barrier to effective governance is the perceived lack of judicial independence, which affects the country’s ability to attract foreign investment and maintain the rule of law.

USAID in Kazakhstan supports the creation of a “civil society, access to information, strengthening citizen initiative groups and promoting human rights.” The agency also facilitates partnerships between civil society organizations and the Government of Kazakhstan to implement reforms that drive meaningful change in creating a better living environment. For example, the USAID is assisting the Ministry of Information and Social Development in “developing transparent and fair procedures for awarding and monitoring grants to local non-governmental organisations.”

USAID is working with the International Organization for Migration (IOM) on the adoption of an agreement between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan on the protection of rights of the migrant

Economic Growth and Trade

Since gaining independence in 1991, the economy of Kazakhstan has experienced significant growth, mainly due to the utilization of its vast oil and gas reserves. Thanks to robust economic growth, the national poverty rate plummeted from nearly 50% at the start of the century to just 2.7% in 2015. To combat inequality, Kazakhstan is committed to boosting the income share of the bottom 40% of its population from 22.8% to 27% of total income by 2025.

Nonetheless, the country faces various economic challenges stemming from its Soviet past, such as “weak trade links with other Central Asian nations and a cumbersome regulatory framework” that hampers business development. Also, there are notable inequalities between urban and rural areas, as well as among different regions.

The work of USAID in Kazakhstan aims to diversify its economy beyond the oil and gas sector, focusing on areas like transportation and logistics, horticulture, information technology, and tourism. Additionally, USAID works to identify and eliminate barriers to trade with Kazakhstan’s Central Asian neighbors, helping the country unlock its potential as a regional trade and investment hub.

Energy and Environment

USAID has been instrumental in helping Kazakhstan modernize its energy sector while prioritizing environmental protection. This includes enhancing energy efficiency, promoting renewable energy, and attracting private investment.

Kazakhstan, a significant energy player, is transitioning to clean energy technologies. Despite its reliance on coal, which generates more than 80% of its electricity and accounts for 82% of its greenhouse gas emissions, the government recognizes the need for reform. Kazakhstan aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 15% from 1990 levels by 2030, and at least 50% by 2050

USAID focuses on helping Kazakhstan and Central Asia diversify their energy sources with wind, solar, and hydropower. With USAID assistance, the Government of Kazakhstan added more than 1 Gigawatt of renewable energy projects through competitive auctions. The auctions made it possible to create competitive conditions, attract international investors, and significantly reduce renewable energy prices. This allows citizens to enjoy using clean energy with a lower cost.

Health Care

USAID programs in Kazakhstan aim to enhance access to essential services to prevent and control infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS and COVID-19. Kazakhstan faces a significant challenge with drug-resistant tuberculosis, while HIV/AIDS continues to impact vulnerable groups, especially those who inject drugs. However, the corporation between USAID and the Kazakhstan government to test and adopt client-centred HIV strategies such as HIV self-testing and adopt policies to support people living with HIV such as multi-month dispensation of antiretroviral therapy.

Besides, the USAID participated in supporting Kazakhstan in combating the COVID-19 pandemic through the provision of training, technical assistance to medical providers and the promotion of hygienic practices for the prevention of COVID-19 transmission.

The impact of USAID in Kazakhstan is profound and multifaceted. Through its commitment to empowering change, the agency has contributed to economic growth, improved education and health outcomes, promoted environmental sustainability, and strengthened democratic governance. As Kazakhstan continues to evolve on the global stage, the partnership with USAID remains a beacon of hope and progress, underscoring the importance of international collaboration in achieving sustainable development goals. The journey ahead may be challenging, but with continued support and empowerment, Kazakhstan is poised to build a brighter future for all its citizens.

– Hoi Ieng Chao

Hoi is based in Macau and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Generational Poverty in Bangladesh: The Role of Education

generational poverty in bangladeshGenerational poverty persists within families across the world. This cycle of generational poverty is perpetuated by many factors, including inadequate health care, economic challenges and, most importantly, access to education and the quality of education. Moreover, the National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) states that individuals who grow up in low-income families are more likely to experience poverty in early adulthood, suggesting the grave impact of generational poverty.

However, research shows that education can and does break poverty cycles. UNESCO-led research has proven that 171 million people worldwide could escape extreme poverty by completing secondary education. Education is pivotal in transforming the cycle of generational poverty and hunger. Education is a crucial lever for economic improvement and social change. It provides individuals with skills and knowledge to secure a better livelihood for families combating poverty. Early childhood education is among the best options for tackling long-term and generational poverty. The impact of foundational learning has long-term success and breaks poverty from an early age. Bangladesh has made significant growth in terms of early childhood education and development.

Generational Poverty in Bangladesh

Although Bangladesh has made great strides in combating poverty, half of the population is “vulnerable to poverty.” Economic growth has contributed to poverty reduction but has slowed down; between 2010 and 2016, GDP growth rapidly increased while poverty reduction decreased. The change in economic sectoral composition further explains the progress in poverty reduction across Bangladesh.

In addition, urban areas saw minimal progress in reducing poverty, while other areas in Bangladesh were making significant progress. In urban areas across Western Bangladesh, there has been significantly faster progress in reducing family size and access to education. Rural and remote areas face school shortages, infrastructure and trained teachers. Children in these areas often lack access to quality education.

Many impoverished families cannot afford education costs, such as tuition, books and transportation. Therefore, child labor, especially amongst young boys, has remained a common practice. Families rely on income from their children’s labor to survive. According to a UNICEF report, 51% of women in Bangladesh were married before turning 18, and around 18% are under the age of 15. With young women in Bangladesh, there is a clear link between schooling and early marriage. The encouragement of girls to pursue motherhood rather than education is high; many cannot attend school because of pressure and financial incapability.

Government and NGO Initiatives

The government of Bangladesh provides free and compulsory primary education for all. This initiative has increased enrollment rates significantly from 80% in 2000 to 98% in 2015. The government also financially supports families who are in extreme poverty. UNICEF states that “more girls are going to school and staying in school than ever before.”

BRAC offers free non-formal education for students. This initiative focuses on providing children with schooling, those specifically not in government education or private schools. The organization supports “about 23,000 schools across all 64 districts and has 700,000 students enrolled in Bangladesh.”

Moreover, the Employment Generation Program for the Poorest, a government-led initiative supported by the World Bank, significantly reduced poverty and improved household resilience in Bangladesh. It also provided vital short-term employment for people during critical periods, particularly focusing on helping vulnerable rural populations.

Conclusion

Education is a powerful tool for breaking the cycle of generational poverty in Bangladesh. Through government’s and NGOs’ efforts to improve socio-economic conditions, education can transform individuals and entire communities. However, to fully solve the issue of generational poverty, challenges must be addressed on a deeper scale, through sustained investments and policies.

– Gufran Elhrari

Gufran is based in London, UK and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

, ,

How Historical Resource Extraction in Africa Fuels Modern Poverty

historical resource extractionThe history of colonial exploitation has deeply shaped economic and social structures in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly through large-scale resource extraction. European powers profited extensively from Africa’s natural wealth while providing limited support to local economies and communities. The impact of colonial-era practices remains evident in the economic challenges facing many African countries today, such as dependency on raw exports and foreign corporations. This article explores how the colonial exploitation legacy influences modern poverty, focusing on Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It also examines current efforts to reduce dependence on foreign entities through sustainable development and resource sovereignty initiatives.

Historical Resource Extraction and Economic Dependency

During colonial rule, European powers extracted valuable resources from African nations without regard for long-term economic development. In the DRC, Belgium controlled vast resources, including rubber, copper and ivory, while failing to invest in essential infrastructure like roads, schools or health care. The Belgian administration’s primary attraction to the DRC was its natural resources that could be exploited for profit. This exploitation by Belgium ​​set the stage for decades of future conflict and violence leaving behind an unstable country unable to grow economically. Evident in how the majority of Congolese people have not benefited from the natural resources. The DRC is one of the poorest countries in the world with an estimated 73.5% of Congolese people living on less than $2.15 a day in 2024.

Similarly, Nigeria’s British colonial rulers focused on extracting oil, positioning Nigeria as one of Africa’s major oil producers. However, with approximately 40% of Nigerians living below the national poverty line, wealth distribution remains a significant issue.

Nigeria’s economy, heavily reliant on oil exports, faces the consequences of price fluctuations in global markets, which can destabilize the local economy and deepen poverty. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has documented the economic instability that accompanies raw material dependency, noting that countries lacking the infrastructure to process their resources into higher-value products struggle with poverty and limited economic diversification.

Long-Term Impacts

Historical resource extraction systems left African countries reliant on raw exports, which today are often controlled by foreign corporations. In Nigeria, international oil companies hold a significant stake in oil production. Their influence limits Nigeria’s ability to fully capitalize on its oil wealth for national growth, as foreign profits outstrip contributions to the local economy and infrastructure.

In the DRC, foreign corporations dominate cobalt mining, a resource crucial to technology production worldwide. Local communities receive minimal benefits from the cobalt industry, often facing poor working conditions, environmental damage, and limited economic opportunity. Artisanal miners, who produce over 20% of the DRC’s cobalt, frequently earn less than $2 per day despite grueling and dangerous conditions.

Furthermore, child labor remains a significant concern, with an estimated 40,000 children working in cobalt mines across the country, Wilson Center reports. According to the UNDP, economies heavily reliant on raw exports without diversified industry struggle with job scarcity and vulnerability to market fluctuations, hindering efforts to reduce poverty. The presence of foreign corporations in critical industries leaves these countries at the mercy of global market dynamics, which often prioritize profit over local development.

Sustainable Development and Economic Empowerment

Several African nations have launched initiatives to reduce reliance on raw exports and foreign corporations in response to colonial legacies. Nigeria, for instance, has started developing oil refineries to process crude oil locally, hoping to reduce its need for imports and increase job opportunities. By adding value within Nigeria, these efforts aim to boost economic resilience and retain a larger share of resource-generated wealth within the country.

The U.S. government-supported Public-Private Alliance for Responsible Minerals Trade (PPA) focuses on creating a sustainable and responsible minerals trade in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) by promoting local ownership and ethical mineral sourcing. By creating conflict-free supply chains for resources like gold and cobalt, the PPA helps communities gain more control over their resources.

It also emphasizes empowering women in mining communities and improving working conditions. These efforts aim to create sustainable economic opportunities, reduce exploitation by foreign corporations, and build resilience in the DRC’s mining regions. Transparent supply chains and community-focused projects are critical steps toward self-sufficiency and long-term poverty alleviation.

Addressing Colonial Impacts to Alleviate Poverty

Historical resource extraction continues to affect African economies, leaving many reliant on raw exports and vulnerable to global market shifts. European powers took significant wealth from African nations without fostering sustainable local industries, creating economic structures that persist today. Sustainable development and resource sovereignty initiatives are helping African countries reclaim control over their resources and invest in local economic growth. Addressing these historical injustices remains crucial for building economies that empower African communities and reduce poverty by ensuring African wealth benefits the continent itself.

– Harriet Conway

Harriet is based in London, UK and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr