Archive for category: Development

Information and stories on development news.

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Generational Poverty in Bangladesh: The Role of Education

generational poverty in bangladeshGenerational poverty persists within families across the world. This cycle of generational poverty is perpetuated by many factors, including inadequate health care, economic challenges and, most importantly, access to education and the quality of education. Moreover, the National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) states that individuals who grow up in low-income families are more likely to experience poverty in early adulthood, suggesting the grave impact of generational poverty.

However, research shows that education can and does break poverty cycles. UNESCO-led research has proven that 171 million people worldwide could escape extreme poverty by completing secondary education. Education is pivotal in transforming the cycle of generational poverty and hunger. Education is a crucial lever for economic improvement and social change. It provides individuals with skills and knowledge to secure a better livelihood for families combating poverty. Early childhood education is among the best options for tackling long-term and generational poverty. The impact of foundational learning has long-term success and breaks poverty from an early age. Bangladesh has made significant growth in terms of early childhood education and development.

Generational Poverty in Bangladesh

Although Bangladesh has made great strides in combating poverty, half of the population is “vulnerable to poverty.” Economic growth has contributed to poverty reduction but has slowed down; between 2010 and 2016, GDP growth rapidly increased while poverty reduction decreased. The change in economic sectoral composition further explains the progress in poverty reduction across Bangladesh.

In addition, urban areas saw minimal progress in reducing poverty, while other areas in Bangladesh were making significant progress. In urban areas across Western Bangladesh, there has been significantly faster progress in reducing family size and access to education. Rural and remote areas face school shortages, infrastructure and trained teachers. Children in these areas often lack access to quality education.

Many impoverished families cannot afford education costs, such as tuition, books and transportation. Therefore, child labor, especially amongst young boys, has remained a common practice. Families rely on income from their children’s labor to survive. According to a UNICEF report, 51% of women in Bangladesh were married before turning 18, and around 18% are under the age of 15. With young women in Bangladesh, there is a clear link between schooling and early marriage. The encouragement of girls to pursue motherhood rather than education is high; many cannot attend school because of pressure and financial incapability.

Government and NGO Initiatives

The government of Bangladesh provides free and compulsory primary education for all. This initiative has increased enrollment rates significantly from 80% in 2000 to 98% in 2015. The government also financially supports families who are in extreme poverty. UNICEF states that “more girls are going to school and staying in school than ever before.”

BRAC offers free non-formal education for students. This initiative focuses on providing children with schooling, those specifically not in government education or private schools. The organization supports “about 23,000 schools across all 64 districts and has 700,000 students enrolled in Bangladesh.”

Moreover, the Employment Generation Program for the Poorest, a government-led initiative supported by the World Bank, significantly reduced poverty and improved household resilience in Bangladesh. It also provided vital short-term employment for people during critical periods, particularly focusing on helping vulnerable rural populations.

Conclusion

Education is a powerful tool for breaking the cycle of generational poverty in Bangladesh. Through government’s and NGOs’ efforts to improve socio-economic conditions, education can transform individuals and entire communities. However, to fully solve the issue of generational poverty, challenges must be addressed on a deeper scale, through sustained investments and policies.

– Gufran Elhrari

Gufran is based in London, UK and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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How Historical Resource Extraction in Africa Fuels Modern Poverty

historical resource extractionThe history of colonial exploitation has deeply shaped economic and social structures in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly through large-scale resource extraction. European powers profited extensively from Africa’s natural wealth while providing limited support to local economies and communities. The impact of colonial-era practices remains evident in the economic challenges facing many African countries today, such as dependency on raw exports and foreign corporations. This article explores how the colonial exploitation legacy influences modern poverty, focusing on Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It also examines current efforts to reduce dependence on foreign entities through sustainable development and resource sovereignty initiatives.

Historical Resource Extraction and Economic Dependency

During colonial rule, European powers extracted valuable resources from African nations without regard for long-term economic development. In the DRC, Belgium controlled vast resources, including rubber, copper and ivory, while failing to invest in essential infrastructure like roads, schools or health care. The Belgian administration’s primary attraction to the DRC was its natural resources that could be exploited for profit. This exploitation by Belgium ​​set the stage for decades of future conflict and violence leaving behind an unstable country unable to grow economically. Evident in how the majority of Congolese people have not benefited from the natural resources. The DRC is one of the poorest countries in the world with an estimated 73.5% of Congolese people living on less than $2.15 a day in 2024.

Similarly, Nigeria’s British colonial rulers focused on extracting oil, positioning Nigeria as one of Africa’s major oil producers. However, with approximately 40% of Nigerians living below the national poverty line, wealth distribution remains a significant issue.

Nigeria’s economy, heavily reliant on oil exports, faces the consequences of price fluctuations in global markets, which can destabilize the local economy and deepen poverty. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has documented the economic instability that accompanies raw material dependency, noting that countries lacking the infrastructure to process their resources into higher-value products struggle with poverty and limited economic diversification.

Long-Term Impacts

Historical resource extraction systems left African countries reliant on raw exports, which today are often controlled by foreign corporations. In Nigeria, international oil companies hold a significant stake in oil production. Their influence limits Nigeria’s ability to fully capitalize on its oil wealth for national growth, as foreign profits outstrip contributions to the local economy and infrastructure.

In the DRC, foreign corporations dominate cobalt mining, a resource crucial to technology production worldwide. Local communities receive minimal benefits from the cobalt industry, often facing poor working conditions, environmental damage, and limited economic opportunity. Artisanal miners, who produce over 20% of the DRC’s cobalt, frequently earn less than $2 per day despite grueling and dangerous conditions.

Furthermore, child labor remains a significant concern, with an estimated 40,000 children working in cobalt mines across the country, Wilson Center reports. According to the UNDP, economies heavily reliant on raw exports without diversified industry struggle with job scarcity and vulnerability to market fluctuations, hindering efforts to reduce poverty. The presence of foreign corporations in critical industries leaves these countries at the mercy of global market dynamics, which often prioritize profit over local development.

Sustainable Development and Economic Empowerment

Several African nations have launched initiatives to reduce reliance on raw exports and foreign corporations in response to colonial legacies. Nigeria, for instance, has started developing oil refineries to process crude oil locally, hoping to reduce its need for imports and increase job opportunities. By adding value within Nigeria, these efforts aim to boost economic resilience and retain a larger share of resource-generated wealth within the country.

The U.S. government-supported Public-Private Alliance for Responsible Minerals Trade (PPA) focuses on creating a sustainable and responsible minerals trade in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) by promoting local ownership and ethical mineral sourcing. By creating conflict-free supply chains for resources like gold and cobalt, the PPA helps communities gain more control over their resources.

It also emphasizes empowering women in mining communities and improving working conditions. These efforts aim to create sustainable economic opportunities, reduce exploitation by foreign corporations, and build resilience in the DRC’s mining regions. Transparent supply chains and community-focused projects are critical steps toward self-sufficiency and long-term poverty alleviation.

Addressing Colonial Impacts to Alleviate Poverty

Historical resource extraction continues to affect African economies, leaving many reliant on raw exports and vulnerable to global market shifts. European powers took significant wealth from African nations without fostering sustainable local industries, creating economic structures that persist today. Sustainable development and resource sovereignty initiatives are helping African countries reclaim control over their resources and invest in local economic growth. Addressing these historical injustices remains crucial for building economies that empower African communities and reduce poverty by ensuring African wealth benefits the continent itself.

– Harriet Conway

Harriet is based in London, UK and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Community-Led Development in Comoros Driving Progress

Comoros Rising: Community-Led Innovations Driving ProgressComoros, a small island nation with one of the world’s most climate-vulnerable locations and topographies, faces significant challenges. More than 54.2% of the population lives in at-risk areas and 45% falls below the national poverty line. Amid these challenges, women’s cooperatives and marine conservation projects are reshaping livelihoods and ecosystems. These grassroots initiatives highlight how community-led development in Comoros can potentially address poverty while promoting environmental sustainability, turning vulnerability into opportunity and offering a model for resilience.

Reshaping the Vanilla Industry

Vanilla farming, a key source of income for many in Comoros, has long been hindered by fluctuating markets and outdated methods. However, women-led cooperatives are transforming this industry into a sustainable and profitable venture.

The Union of Women Vanilla Farmers of Comoros, established in 2015, trains farmers to use agroforestry techniques that preserve biodiversity while boosting crop yields. By combining vanilla cultivation with tree planting, farmers protect the soil and reduce the environmental impact of farming.

Direct trade agreements have empowered Comorian vanilla farmers by eliminating intermediaries, allowing them to earn significantly higher prices for their crops. For example, direct market access has contributed to Comoros becoming the 11th largest exporter of vanilla, with exports valued at $7.72 million in 2022.

Revitalizing Marine Ecosystems

Fishing is a vital industry in Comoros, but overfishing and environmental degradation have impacted fish stocks. Community-led marine protected areas (MPAs) are reversing this trend, promoting sustainable fishing and alternative livelihoods.

The Moheli Marine Park (MMP), established in 2000, involves local communities in managing marine resources. Studies in similar regions suggest that effective MPAs can lead to a 2 to 4 times increase in fish biomass. Additionally, MPAs have created opportunities in eco-tourism, such as snorkeling and marine research. These ongoing efforts align with Comoros’ Blue Economy National Plan, aiming to restore ecosystems and boost sustainable economic growth.

International Support Driving Grassroots Innovation

International support has significantly bolstered grassroots innovations in Comoros. The Global Environment Facility’s Small Grants Programme (SGP) has funded numerous community-led projects, directly benefiting local households. In 2017, three cooperative companies in Comoros secured trade financing worth more than $400,000 for vanilla and clove harvesting and export, due to a joint project by the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF). These initiatives have strengthened the vanilla industry’s contribution to the national economy, enhancing production efficiency and reducing post-harvest losses. 

A Model for Sustainable Growth

Women’s cooperatives are revitalizing the vanilla industry, while marine conservation projects protect ecosystems and create sustainable livelihoods. For instance, the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) has supported cooperatives and provided training for female entrepreneurs in the vanilla sector, laying the foundation for increased trade in the country. 

Comoros’ story demonstrates the potential of local initiatives to drive change in low- and middle-income countries. By building on its successes and strengthening international collaborations, the nation offers a model for sustainable growth that can inspire others worldwide. The launch of the ReSea Project in 2024, for example, aims to empower coastal communities for climate resilience, further contributing to sustainable development. Through determination and innovation, Comoros is not only addressing poverty but also building a future of resilience and opportunity.

Looking Ahead

Community-led development in Comoros exemplifies how local solutions can address global challenges. Through the empowerment of women in vanilla farming and the revitalization of marine ecosystems, the nation has demonstrated that community-driven innovation can lead to sustainable economic growth and environmental stewardship. Supported by international partnerships and a commitment to grassroots leadership, these initiatives have improved livelihoods and provided a blueprint for development in other low-and-middle-income countries. Community-led development in Comoros is a reminder that resilience and creativity at the local level could drive transformative change, paving the way for a brighter and more sustainable future.

– Fiza Meeraj

Fiza is based in London, UK and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Migration to Guyana

Migration to GuyanaGuyana has entered a pivotal economic development thanks to its emerging oil and gas sector, which increased its gross domestic product (GDP) by 32.2% in 2023 alone. This development has been attracting migrants from neighboring countries, mainly from Venezuela, where a political crisis has caused almost eight million Venezuelans to emigrate abroad. However, migrants in Guyana still face significant barriers to integrating into the workforce and broader society.

An Overview

  • Guyana discovered offshore oil reserves in 2015, with production starting in 2019. With a population of only 800,000 (about one-third of which live below the poverty line), one of the most impoverished countries in South America is now one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. This is making Guyana an attractive destination for economic migrants.
  • Venezuelan political refugees make up the largest migrant group. Many have settled in Guyana’s rural areas, particularly the Indigenous Warao people.
  • Although Guyana offers legal stay permits, health care and education regardless of a migrant’s status, the country is not a signatory of the United Nations’ (U.N.) 1951 Refugee Convention or the Complementary provisions of the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention on Migrant Workers. This denies Venezuelans refugee status and exposes migrants in Guyana to a greater risk of exploitation and informal work.
  • A Regional Migration Policy for Caribbean countries is set to launch in 2025 to address new migration trends. 

Why Is Migration to Guyana Increasing?

The country’s growing oil and gas sector demands a larger workforce and both Guyanese and foreign nationals respond positively. In the year following the discovery of oil reserves, Guyana experienced more people entering than leaving the country. This trend is set to increase throughout the 2020s. 

Furthermore, the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Venezuela has prompted an influx of forcibly displaced Venezuelans into neighboring Guyana. Venezuelans constitute about 3% of Guyana’s population. Many are fleeing the collapse of their country’s socioeconomic and political infrastructure, seeking relief from poverty and food insecurity.

What Is Life in Guyana Like for Migrants?

Migrants must first apply for a work permit through a work visa. The pre-arrival recruitment process for migrant workers in Guyana typically takes about 90 days. However, the process does not always conform to ethical standards, with some migrants reporting they had to pay to apply for a job. 

Migrants can also request stay permits, subject to renewal every three months. However, these permits do not grant foreign nationals the right to work. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reports that 23,412 forcibly displaced Venezuelans have received stay permits since 2018. As this figure does not account for undocumented migrants, the number is likely much higher.

Due to these challenges, many migrants work in informal places and thus lack social protection. As the International Organization for Migration (IOM) noted, “The informal economy accounts for a significant amount of employment and livelihood, with official estimates ranging from 45% to 52% of total Guyanese economic activity.” This exposes migrants to labor exploitation and even human trafficking. Informality increases in rural areas where many Indigenous Venezuelans from the Warao community have settled. 

Warao migrants account for 10% of Venezuelan nationals in Guyana. IOM reported in 2023 that 48% of Indigenous Venezuelans had no recognized status in Guyana. This makes them more vulnerable to exploitation in a context where Indigenous Guyanese already face disproportionately high poverty rates. The UNHCR and The New Humanitarian shared that the Warao community faces limited access to food, clean water, sanitation and education. 

Language barriers compound these difficulties as Guyana is the only anglophone country in South America. Additionally, there are escalating tensions between the Guyanese and Venezuelan governments, with Venezuela claiming Guyana’s western Essequibo region. This dispute risks causing friction between Venezuelan migrants and Guyanese citizens.

How Are the Migration Issues in Guyana Being Addressed?

  • A new Regional Migration Policy: The intergovernmental organization Caribbean Community (CARICOM), headquartered in Guyana, is developing a “people-centered” Regional Migration Policy. It aims to “streamline migration processes, enhance security, promote regional development” and improve protection for vulnerable migrant groups. CARICOM member states are set to review the policy in February 2025. 
  • Spanglish Bee: The UNHCR is playing an active role in improving migrant access to education. The annual “Spanglish Bee” competition is held in partnership with the Ministry of Education to improve refugee children’s English and Spanish skills. 
  • Supporting integration: Blossom Inc., a child-protection nonprofit in Guyana, has been collaborating with UNHCR to offer case management services to forcibly displaced children and their caregivers. These aim to develop migrants’ independence in Guyana, including providing information on accessing social services. These services supported 56 children and caregivers from July to September 2024.

Migration to Guyana has the potential to offer many domestic and regional benefits, including boosting the economy and providing refuge for Venezuelans escaping a humanitarian crisis. IOM reported that Guyana must welcome at least 100,000 people into its workforce to maximize its economic growth. Though it is uncertain how migration flows to Guyana will develop in the long term, organizations and world leaders are gradually seizing opportunities for improvement.

– Nesreen Yousfi

Nesreen is based in Watford, Hertfordshire, UK and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Lobito Trading Corridor: Growing Africa’s Economy

Lobito Trading CorridorLobito is a municipality in Angola with a population of 484,000. It is known for its shipping port, constructed in 1903 to transport goods worldwide. Also at this time, building began on the Benguela Railway connecting the Port of Lobito to the resource-rich Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). During Angola’s civil war from 1975-2002, many of its transport systems were damaged, and goods could no longer reach the port for export. This heavily impacted the African economy. The Lobito Corridor initiative is the flagship project of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGI). In 2022, the G7 formed the PGI, intending to invest $600 billion by 2027 to improve the infrastructure globally. Re-establishing its Lobito Trading Corridor could increase the efficiency of resource mobilization from the DRC to Angola’s port for trade with developed countries globally.

The Impact of The Lobito Trading Corridor on Africa

The Lobito Corridor is likely to improve international relationships. In August 2024, the first Lobito Corridor train carrying copper reached Lobito’s export port after its refurbishment. It took just six days to reach the port from the DRC, a journey that by road would usually take over 30 days, according to CNN. Before this, most of Africa’s resources went to Asia. Positive relationships between the U.S. and Africa hope to see increased trading efforts and economic growth for the developing country. Economic growth would allow continued building of Africa’s infrastructures and investment in humanitarian services.

Currently, 30% of Angola’s population lives below the poverty line. The country suffers from high and widespread unemployment, according to CNN. The Lobito Trading Corridor Initiative could bring many jobs to Angola and areas feeding the Lobito Corridor to keep the railway functioning. With more of its citizens in employment, poverty levels could decrease.

The Lobito Corridor could also provide transport assistance to support local businesses, such as agriculture. Businesses along the Lobito Corridor could use the railway to transport their crops and other services to regional communities or further afield. On a larger scale, the Angolan food production company, Carrinho Industry, also has the potential to benefit from this initiative. With initially poor road and communication infrastructure, transportation of food to supply Africa was difficult and expensive. However, with the more efficient Lobito Corridor, essential food supplies can reach those in need much faster, CNN reports.

The Future

Feasibility studies are currently taking place to assess the viability of extending the railway 800 kilometers to service Zambia, another mineral-rich African country. With more than 60% of its population living in poverty, the success of this phase could lead to economic growth and job security. Similarly, another future phase of the initiative is extending the railway to the Indian Ocean through Tanzania. This would allow an even more expansive trading opportunity for Africa.

– Millie Trussler

Millie is based in London, UK and focuses on Technology and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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How Seaweed Biofuel Could Boost Investment in Barbados

Seaweed BiofuelBarbados generates around 95% of its electricity from imported fossil fuels, making energy expensive and environmentally unsustainable for the island nation. At the same time, the invasive Sargassum seaweed has overwhelmed its coastlines, damaging tourism—a sector that contributes nearly 17% of Barbados’s GDP. Researchers in Barbados have found a solution to both challenges: turning Sargassum seaweed into biomethane biofuel, a clean and renewable energy source. Tested successfully in a specially adapted vehicle, this breakthrough could reduce energy costs, restore tourism and position Barbados as a leader in sustainable energy innovation.

Seaweed Power Cars

The process of converting seaweed into fuel combines three key components: wastewater from the rum industry, sheep dung and Sargassum, a type of seaweed commonly found in Barbados. These elements undergo anaerobic digestion, producing a biofuel known as biomethane. This biofuel powers a specially modified Nissan Leaf owned by the Caribbean Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (CCREE). While biofuel is currently limited to a test vehicle, it has the potential to become a mainstream energy source. Rum and Sargassum experts claim a petrol car can be upgraded to run fully on biomethane in just four hours.

Barbados’ Seaweed Challenge

In June 2018, the government declared a national emergency as the invasive plant inundated coastlines, creating significant economic challenges. The sheer volume of seaweed takes a large toll on the tourism industry in Barbados and has plagued its many hotels. According to STR, hotels unaffected by Sargassum experienced a 3% year-over-year increase in revenue per available room (RevPAR) in 2018, while those in affected areas saw declines of 4.4% in RevPAR and 4.7% in occupancy. The sheer volume of seaweed has burdened the country’s infrastructure and harmed its reputation as a pristine travel destination. However, if scaled up, the seaweed biofuel concept could offer a dual solution: powering a new generation of vehicles while removing Sargassum from coastlines.

Driving Investment and Economic Growth

Barbados has set an ambitious goal to become a 100% renewable energy and carbon-neutral island state by 2030. Seaweed-based biofuel aligns perfectly with this vision, positioning the country as a global leader in renewable innovation. Achieving this target would not only bring international recognition but also attract foreign investors eager to support sustainable projects. The country’s pioneering efforts could also open doors for international collaboration and funding in the renewable energy sector. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), investments in clean energy are increasing annually and Barbados’s proactive approach may secure a significant share of this funding.

Boosting Tourism with a New Purpose

The benefits of seaweed biofuel extend beyond energy. By creating value for Sargassum, Barbados can transform a long-standing problem into an economic asset. The incentive to clear beaches will increase, allowing the tourism sector to recover and thrive. Hotels that once struggled with declining occupancy due to the unsightly and smelly seaweed will regain their appeal, attracting visitors and boosting local businesses. For a country with a population of fewer than 300,000 people, this innovation places Barbados on the global stage. What began as a challenge with an invasive plant could now position the island as a leader in renewable technology and sustainable development.

Moving Forward

The development of seaweed-based biofuel in Barbados provides a practical solution to two longstanding challenges: renewable energy production and environmental management. By transforming Sargassum seaweed into a valuable resource, Barbados has an opportunity to lead in sustainable innovation. Furthermore, as the country works toward its carbon-neutral goals, this breakthrough could improve local energy independence, attract investment and restore its vital tourism sector, creating a cleaner and more resilient future.

– Andrew Nicoll

Andrew is based in Long Melford, Suffolk, UK and focuses on Business and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Housing Ministry Addresses Lack of Affordable Housing in Oman

Affordable Housing in OmanAcross Oman, many struggle with unemployment (40% of the population), employer underpayment and limited economic diversity. As a result, countless low-income families in Oman need financial assistance. Without help, these issues often lead to the inability to afford basic necessities which results in issues such as learning poverty, currently impacting more than 40% of children in Oman.

Reason For More Affordable Housing

Oman is located in Southwest Asia on the coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Immigrants and expatriates make up approximately 46% of Oman’s population due to the region’s close proximity to numerous countries. Therefore, the country’s financial markets rely heavily on foreign investments.

As of May 2024, Oman’s capital market has seen a 19% increase in foreign investment. This growth is in response to additional policies favoring foreign investments, which the government hopes will decrease the public debt and encourage investments in essential services.

With the increase in foreign investments comes an increase in population. Consequently, Oman’s population is nine times larger than it was in 1964, previously sitting at just half a million people. As the population rises, so does the demand for housing and housing prices. This limits the number of available homes while also pricing out those who previously qualified for housing assistance. These factors directly contribute to the lack of affordable housing in Oman.

The lack of affordable housing in Oman is a longstanding issue and is the reason the Omani Government created Social Housing Policy in 1973 and, more recently, began a housing assistance program.

Steps Taken to Address Housing Insecurity

In 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning (MHUP) began its social housing assistance program. The program’s goal is to improve the living standards of those with limited income by providing adequate housing. The program constructs housing units to support modern living, thereby providing essential tools to support these standards.

In 2022, the MHUP spent 35 million Omani Rial, approximately 90.5 million U.S. dollars, on the construction of affordable housing for Omani citizens. The following year, the MHUP spent 40 million Omani Rial and in 2024, it set aside 70 million Omani Rial for affordable housing efforts. From 2022 to 2024, the MHUP delivered 747 homes to Omani citizens and as of September 2024, there were 478 housing units under construction. The MHUP’s latest housing report also details the future construction of 109 housing units across Oman, along with efforts to ensure the equitable distribution of services.

Building Homes of Various Sizes

During this time, the MHUP also reconsidered how it takes diverse family makeups into account during construction. In the future, the MHUP intends to build homes of various sizes. This will allow the MHUP to better aid more families by more strategically distributing funding.

However, the Ministry’s social housing assistance program does more than construct homes. The MHUP also provides grants and loans. Those in need of affordable housing can then qualify for government financial assistance with the help of the MHUP so they can build or repair their homes.

The MHUP strives to address the lack of affordable housing in Oman through each of these components as a part of its program and represents the government’s goal of achieving a secure and successful future for all citizens.

– Nivea Walker

Nivea is based in Elon, NC, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Renewable Energy in Myanmar

Renewable Energy in MyanmarMyanmar is a Southeast Asian nation with approximately 55 million people. While Myanmar has faced economic and political challenges and is currently facing civil conflict, its renewable energy resources offer hope for sustainable development and improved living standards. Currently, the country has the lowest electrification rate in Southeast Asia, with around 70% of its population having access to electricity.

Solar, wind and hydropower investments are transforming lives by increasing electricity access in rural areas and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The country aims to achieve 100% electrification by 2030, relying heavily on renewable sources to bridge its energy gaps.

Current Renewables

Hydropower dominates Myanmar’s renewable capacity, contributing around 45% to the national grid. The country boasts an estimated potential of more than 100 gigawatts (GW) in hydropower. However, development faces challenges such as environmental impacts and high implementation costs. Additionally, Myanmar encourages private sector involvement by permitting 100% foreign ownership of renewable projects and offering supportive policies. Some of these policies include streamlined power purchase agreements (PPAs) tailored for hydroelectric and other renewable initiatives​.

One of the current projects in development is the Minbu Solar Power Plant, located in the Magway Region. This project is Myanmar’s first large-scale solar facility, which began operations in its initial phase and has plans to expand further. It represents a significant step in integrating solar energy into the national grid​. Finally, concurrently, China plays a key role in supporting renewable energy initiatives in Myanmar, particularly in wind and solar projects. However, the political situation following the 2021 coup poses challenges to investment and implementation.

Power of Solar

Renewable energy has transformed lives in Hin Ka Pi, a remote village in Myanmar’s mountainous border region. A group of five women, including Naw Yoe Lay, trained in India as solar engineers or “Solar Mamas” through a World Wildlife Fund (WWF) initiative, returned to bring electricity to their communities. With newfound skills, they installed solar-powered systems, creating access to light and energy for the first time. Families now cook, sew and study safely at night without fearing venomous snakes or the unreliability of candles. The project provided light and empowered women like Naw Yoe Lay, earning them respect and pride as changemakers in their villages.

Future Potential

Myanmar is rich in renewable energy resources, from wind to hydropower to holding 20% of the world’s rare earth elements. These resources are key to addressing Myanmar’s electricity challenges and reducing carbon emissions​. Myanmar has significant solar and wind energy potential, with estimated capacities of 26.96 GW and 33.83 GW, respectively. Initiatives like solar mini-grids and wind projects are being developed to address electricity shortages, especially in rural areas​.

In addition, the government has outlined ambitious goals, such as achieving 53.5% renewable energy in its power mix by 2030 and providing electricity access to 100% of households. Large-scale projects, such as a wind farm in Chaung Thar and solar farms in the dry zones, are currently under development to meet these goals.

– Avery Hazard

Avery is based in Segovia, Spain and focuses on Technology and Solutions for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Rwanda Leverages Technology to Become Africa’s Innovation Hub

Africa's Innovation HubRwanda, a landlocked nation in East Africa, is making significant progress toward becoming Africa’s innovation hub. Once defined by the devastation of the 1994 genocide, the country has undergone a remarkable transformation. Indeed, Rwanda has emerged as one of the continent’s most forward-thinking nations. With a clear vision to drive economic growth, the government has partnered with various stakeholders to foster technological advancement, particularly in the fintech sector. By positioning technology and innovation as cornerstones of its development strategy, Rwanda continues to solidify its reputation as a leader in Africa’s digital transformation.

Kigali Innovation City: A Catalyst for Growth

Kigali Innovation City lies at the center of Rwanda’s digital transformation. The city serves as a flagship project under the Smart Rwanda Master Plan. It drives the nation’s efforts to position itself as Africa’s hub for innovation. The City integrates university campuses, research and development facilities and business hotels to accelerate the digital transformation to stimulate regional economic growth. President Paul Kagame’s administration has led advancements in ICT infrastructure, laying the groundwork for Rwanda’s digital revolution.

Startups like Zipline and SafeMotos have become key players in Rwanda’s growing tech hub, revolutionizing health care and transportation. SafeMotos, a ride-hailing platform, provides safe and reliable motorcycle taxi services in Kigali. The startup is improving road safety and transportation efficiency while offering affordable mobility solutions to underserved communities. Zipline, a drone technology company, delivers life-saving blood and medical supplies to remote areas, addressing health care gaps worsened by poverty. These innovations highlight the role of technology in solving societal challenges and improving living standards, revealing Rwanda’s success in becoming a hub for innovation in Africa.

Technology’s Role in Poverty Reduction

The rapid growth of Rwanda’s ICT sector has had profound impacts on poverty alleviation, with tangible benefits across multiple areas: 

  • Job Creation. The ICT sector is a significant employer, directly providing thousands of jobs. As of 2020, the sector contributed 3% to Rwanda’s GDP, a figure projected to triple within the next decade. ICT developments have helped to increase productivity in agriculture through the use of mobile phones and drones. These advancements have reduced post-harvest losses and improved crop yields. The changes have increased farmers’ incomes and contributed to national GDP growth, directly addressing rural poverty where it is most acute.
  • Health Care Access. Zipline, a part of Rwanda’s technological transformation, has expanded health care access to essential health care in underserved regions by delivering medical supplies to remote areas of the country. By improving health care outcomes, these innovations reduce the economic burden of disease.
  • Export Diversification. The ICT sector is now Rwanda’s second-largest export contributor, accounting for 17% of total exports. This diversification reduces the country’s reliance on primary commodities such as coffee and tea. Additionally, diversification strengthens Rwanda’s economic stability, creating a more resilient environment for poverty reduction. The revenue generated by ICT exports fuels critical investments in infrastructure like that of the Kigali project, perpetuating a positive multiplier effect. 

A Model for Africa and Beyond

Rwanda’s transformation demonstrates how technology and strategic planning can potentially drive sustainable development and economic resilience. Indeed, by investing in innovation and digital infrastructure, the country has created solutions to address health care gaps, improve transportation and diversify its economy. This success positions Rwanda as a model for other nations seeking to reduce poverty and stimulate growth through technology. Furthermore, its journey highlights the potential for strategic leadership and innovation to create lasting progress across Africa and beyond.

– Edzhe Miteva

Edzhe is based in London, UK and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Foreign Aid to Egypt: Balancing Stability and Reform

Foreign Aid to EgyptSince the Arab Spring uprising in 2011, Egypt has faced significant economic and political challenges. Foreign aid to Egypt, primarily directed for economic support and military financing, is a significant element of the country’s international relations and development strategy, with the state being one of the largest recipients of foreign aid globally.

Egypt’s economic situation is deteriorating in the current geopolitical climate, marked by the ongoing Israeli war in Gaza, and its expansion into other Middle Eastern and North African countries, compounded by political instability in Libya, the civil war in Sudan and President El-Sisi’s numerous infrastructure developments. As the country contends with inflation, debt and instability in neighboring nations, foreign aid remains critical to its economic and strategic stability.

Foreign Aid from the United States

Since 1946, the United States has provided around $85 billion in foreign aid to Egypt, primarily targeting military and strategic initiatives, with Egypt the second-largest recipient of military funding globally.

This aid aims to modernize Egypt’s military, strengthen regional security and ensure access to the Suez Canal. U.S. foreign aid has been conditioned based on fulfilling human rights criteria in attempts to boost regional stability and safety. However, in September 2024, the Biden administration granted Egypt the full $1.3 billion aid package, waiving democratic and human rights conditions. This decision drew criticism from activists who argued it undermined efforts to hold Egypt accountable for human rights violations, but the U.S. government emphasized Egypt’s key role in mediating the ongoing Israel-Gaza conflict.

USAID programs offer a solution by channeling funds into health, education and infrastructure, with more than $30 billion allocated to development projects since 2010. USAID has built more than 2,000 schools, improved water access for millions and eliminated polio. Expanding such initiatives can mitigate the risks of mismanagement.  With Egypt’s role in regional geopolitics becoming increasingly complex, U.S. foreign aid highlights Egypt’s importance as a regional stabilizer and a critical ally in countering conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.

Foreign Aid from the European Union

The European Union (EU) is a major provider of economic aid to Egypt, focusing on governance, economic sustainability and migration management. Earlier this year, the EU launched a new strategic partnership with Egypt, including an aid package of €7.4 billion to reinforce stability. This is one of the most expensive financial aid deals the EU has ever partaken in and emphasizes the EU-Egypt partnership based on peace and security and a commitment to human rights, democracy and improved governance.

The EU’s funding also prioritizes renewable energy, agricultural development and socio-economic programs. For example, the EU-Egypt Renewable Energy Project has installed solar and wind farms in desert regions, generating clean energy and providing electricity to millions of households.

The IMF and the World Bank

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank support Egypt through loans and technical assistance tied to economic reforms and structural adjustment programs. Their involvement aims to stabilize Egypt’s economy while addressing long-term development challenges. IMF investments saw a $3 billion loan in 2022 to boost growth after external shocks, including the COVID-19 pandemic and rising food prices caused by the war in Ukraine. The program prioritized reducing public debt, enhancing social protection and promoting private-sector growth.

The World Bank complements the IMF’s approach by funding projects aimed at poverty alleviation, infrastructure development and social protection. World Bank initiatives have improved access to clean water and sanitation, developed renewable energy sources and focused on vulnerable groups. By balancing reform measures with expanded social protections, the IMF and World Bank can help Egypt achieve sustainable economic growth without disproportionately impacting its vulnerable populations.

A Critical Recipient

Egypt remains a critical recipient of foreign aid, balancing its role as a stabilizing force in the region with ongoing domestic challenges. While its diplomatic and humanitarian contributions, especially in Gaza, underscore its importance, concerns over human rights and economic instability highlight the complexities of international assistance. While U.S. military aid ensures regional stability, European, Gulf and institutional support fosters long-term development. Collaborative solutions, like linking governance reform to aid and expanding social safety nets, could transform foreign assistance into a catalyst for sustainable development in Egypt.

– Isobel Hurst

Isobel is based in Graz, Austria and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

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