Archive for category: Global Poverty

Key articles and information on global poverty.

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Politics and Healthcare Colliding: HIV/AIDS in Serbia

HIV/AIDs in SerbiaPrejudiced attitudes toward homosexuality in Serbia are preventing early diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS, which has resulted in suffering and even death, as reported in 2013. Progressive groups and residents have spoken out over the years, claiming that hostile attitudes toward homosexuality in socially conservative Serbia have fostered this culture of fear. In extreme cases, individuals endanger themselves. The World Bank states that HIV/AIDS in Serbia affects 0.1% of the population, but despite this, the number of untreated cases or late-stage diagnoses remains a concern.

HIV Demographics

The main demographic of HIV sufferers is men who have sex with men (MSM), making up 80% of cases. As already vulnerable members of Serbian society, according to the foreign press and citizens alike, additional barriers to health care have a significant impact. These barriers include social stigma and a lack of self-testing, outreach or information about discreet HIV diagnosis. Additionally, since the early 2000s, the number of HIV/AIDS diagnoses in Serbia per year has increased (diagnoses, not necessarily incidence). HIV/AIDS in Serbia is becoming more of a pressing issue despite modern interventions available to address it. The preventability of mortality and late-stage diagnosis remains a major concern.

In 2013, the painful and preventable death of an HIV sufferer, “Marko,” was reported. This story presents the extremes individuals may face when confronting negative social pressures. With 49.2% of new diagnoses detected late in 2021, it suggests that people may delay seeking care due to social stigma and potential repercussions.

Serbian Politics

Serbia’s prime minister (PM), Ana Brnabic, is the only openly gay leader in the Balkans and the leader of the Serbian Progressive Party. Progressive critics have reprimanded the prime minister’s leadership style, arguing that she has not adequately addressed hostility within society toward LGBTQ+ individuals.

This is not new to Brnabic, who has previously faced criticism during her leadership regarding homophobia in Serbia. Numerous LGBTQ+ spokespeople have suggested that denying the prevalence of homophobia minimizes the experiences of an already marginalized sector of Serbian society. In 2018, she was reportedly “uninvited” from Belgrade’s Pride parade.

Shift Toward Equality

As time progresses, Serbia has seen improvements toward equality. Despite decriminalizing homosexuality in 1994, the country has welcomed an openly gay leader and has numerous groups campaigning for the LGBTQ+ community. De Se Zna! (a queer activist group in Serbia) has been providing psychological and legal support as an association since 2016, advocating for queer individuals to feel safer in Serbia and increasing the sense of support and community among marginalized groups.

Out groups have long applied pressure on the government to take a more active stance. The Friedrich Naumann Foundation (FNF) has been a notable group pushing for progressive legislative proposals and the establishment of a centralized database compiling homophobic hate crime offenses. These efforts highlight the lack of comprehensive information on crimes committed against queer people in Serbia. The Serbian government continues to face pressure to promote a more equitable society and improve accountability.

Looking Ahead

While stigma and late diagnoses remain challenges, continued advocacy, expanded outreach and improved access to discreet testing services can help reduce preventable HIV-related deaths in Serbia. Furthermore, ongoing efforts by community organizations and policy reform initiatives offer pathways toward improved health outcomes and greater social inclusion.

– Maya Hollick

Maya is based in the United Kingdom and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Fighting HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: Healthy Economic Future for Women

HIV in NigeriaNigeria has the second-largest HIV epidemic globally, with approximately 2 million people living with HIV (PLHIV) as of 2023. Studies show women and adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa are more than twice as likely to contract HIV as men and are more likely to face social stigma for taking HIV medication. Factors contributing to the disparity include poverty, limited access to education and gender-based violence, which increase vulnerability among women and girls.

Organizations, including the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the Achieving Health Nigeria Initiative and the Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria, work with trusted local leaders to combat stigma and expand access to HIV testing and treatment. By promoting updated perspectives within communities, these efforts educate adolescents and broader populations about gender equality and sexual health. Advocates say the programs provide women with critical mental and physical support, thereby improving employment opportunities and long-term stability.

NGO’s Improving HIV/AIDS Cases and Female Economy

The disease has had a devastating effect on the nation as a whole, particularly on women. The United Nations (U.N.) in Nigeria reports that gender inequalities and the low socioeconomic status of women and girls continue to increase their vulnerability to HIV infection and other forms of abuse. President George W. Bush launched PEPFAR in 2003 to address this crisis.

The program has provided billions of dollars in funding for HIV treatment and prevention in more than 50 countries. PEPFAR is a bipartisan initiative involving multiple U.S. agencies that works to strengthen global health security and control the epidemic through direct support and partnerships. Since its inception, the U.S. government has invested more than $100 billion in the global HIV/AIDS response, saving more than 25 million lives.

NGO’s Involved

Achieving Health Nigeria Initiative (AHNi) is one of several NGOs involved in PEPFAR’s work. Founded in 2009, the organization implements public health interventions focused on education and youth development. It also works on disease prevention and epidemic control.

In addition, it runs humanitarian programs addressing health, protection and the prevention of sexual and gender-based violence. AHNi also led the National Aligned HIV/AIDS Initiative (NAHI) in collaboration with the Nigerian government and PEPFAR. The initiative aims to help Nigeria achieve epidemic control and meet the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets by 2030, the organization reports.

Another NGO supported by PEPFAR is the Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria. Its ASPIRE project focuses on HIV testing services, laboratory diagnosis and patient tracking. It also includes prevention of mother-to-child transmission, antiretroviral treatment, including for pregnant women and support services for orphans and survivors of gender-based violence. The project also operates a well-being hub for PLHIV and AIDS and members of the surrounding community.

The Positive Economic Effect on Nigerian Women

Training from projects such as these has expanded employment opportunities for women. Stella Obianuju, a member of the Association of Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, participated in a leadership training program and described a significant change in her life. She said she moved from a state of stigma and abuse to being “well informed and empowered,” with the knowledge to report violence and discrimination and seek justice.

By raising awareness and expanding access to prevention measures, such programs aim to reduce new HIV infections as well as HIV-related illness and death. Reduced morbidity, stigma and mortality can also create conditions for economic growth and poverty reduction, including expanded access to family planning services. The expansion of HIV treatment centers has also created jobs in logistics, health care and data management as systems shift from paper records to digital platforms.

This transformation has improved quality and accountability by allowing real-time assessment of clinical outcomes. In Nigeria alone, PEPFAR has invested more than $6 billion in the national HIV/AIDS response, according to the U.S. Embassy in Nigeria. Overall, PEPFAR funding supports the hiring of thousands of health workers, including doctors, nurses, pharmacists, laboratory technicians and counsellors, particularly in rural and underserved areas.

The program also provides grants to Nigerian NGOs, community-based organizations and faith-based groups, creating administrative, management and field-level jobs.

Final Remarks on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria

Recent U.S. funding freezes in 2025 have threatened the continuity of HIV services and increased the risk of treatment interruptions. This prompted the Nigerian government to seek domestic alternatives. In response, it approved about $3.6 billion in 2025 to fund 150,000 HIV treatment packs.

According to the Gates Foundation, “These advances have been driven by sharp science and collaboration between the private sector, governments, research institutes, advocates and PLHIV everywhere. But what makes long-acting PrEP so exciting isn’t just the science. It’s what these prevention methods could offer: Options.”

These options offer greater choice for women, families and adolescents, increasing autonomy and long-term health security.

– Gemma Nailer

Gemma is based in Manchester, UK and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Deworming Programs & School Attendance in Cambodia

Deworming ProgramsParasitic worm infections remain a common but preventable health challenge for children in Cambodia. While these infections are rarely life-threatening, they can cause chronic fatigue, anemia and recurring illness that make it difficult for children to attend school consistently or concentrate in class. For low-income households, these repeated health disruptions can quietly undermine education and limit long-term economic opportunity.

In recent years, national deworming programs implemented through schools have become a core part of Cambodia’s public health and education strategy. By reducing preventable illness among school-aged children, these initiatives help protect learning and remove health-related barriers that can trap families in cycles of poverty.

A Persistent Health Burden

Soil-transmitted helminth infections, including roundworm, whipworm and hookworm, continue to affect more than one billion people worldwide, with children among the most vulnerable groups. According to a 2023 fact sheet from the World Health Organization (WHO), chronic worm infections contribute to malnutrition, impaired growth and reduced physical stamina, particularly in areas with limited sanitation and access to clean water.

In Cambodia, exposure remains common in many rural and peri-urban communities. Rather than causing acute illness, these infections often create a steady health burden that lowers children’s energy levels and increases short-term absenteeism. Over time, the persistent drag on health weakens children’s ability to benefit fully from schooling.

Why Attendance Is Fragile for Poor Households

For children from low-income families, school attendance is often highly sensitive to health. Even a relatively minor illness can result in missed days when households lack access to timely health care or cannot absorb repeated disruptions. These short absences accumulate, creating learning gaps that are difficult to recover from.

Education is widely recognized as one of the most reliable pathways out of poverty. However, its benefits depend on consistent participation. When preventable health conditions interfere with attendance, the effectiveness of education spending is reduced, particularly for children already facing economic disadvantage. 

Schools as a Platform for Health Delivery

Deworming involves periodic administration of safe, low-cost medication to eliminate intestinal worms. The WHO’s most recent guidance, updated in the early 2020s, recommends preventive treatment for children living in endemic areas where infection prevalence exceeds established thresholds.

When delivered through schools, deworming programs can reach large numbers of children efficiently and at a minimal cost. According to recent estimates summarized by the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), school-based deworming programs typically cost around $0.50 per child per year. This makes them one of the most cost-effective public health interventions currently in use.

In Cambodia, deworming efforts are coordinated by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. This allows treatment to be integrated into routine school activities rather than relying on clinic-based delivery.

Evidence From Implementation in Cambodia

Cambodia’s school-based deworming programs have historically achieved high levels of coverage among enrolled children. A treatment coverage survey conducted in Kamport Province in the early 2010s found that 84%–89% of targeted school-age children received treatment. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of school-based delivery in reaching the intended population.

While this study reflects an earlier implementation phase, more recent WHO country profiles indicate that Cambodia has continued regular school-based deworming in the 2020s as part of its neglected tropical disease control strategy. The country has maintained national program coverage in endemic areas. High treatment coverage plays an important role in reducing the overall burden of infection within schools and surrounding communities.

It supports sustained improvements in child health when programs are delivered consistently and at scale.

Protected Learning and Household Stability

Deworming programs do not create educational opportunities on their own. Instead, they help prevent preventable illness from eroding children’s ability to attend school regularly and participate in learning. Healthier children are better able to maintain attendance and avoid repeated short-term absences that disproportionately affect students from low-income households.

For families living near or below the poverty line, recurring illness can also lead to avoidable medical expenses and lost income when caregivers must miss work. By lowering infection prevalence, deworming programs help reduce these health-related economic shocks and support household stability.

A Low-Cost Way To Safeguard Opportunity

Deworming programs are widely recognized for their reliability rather than their novelty. Their strength lies in consistent delivery, high coverage and low cost. Implemented through schools, they help ensure that basic health conditions do not quietly undermine the effectiveness of education for children most at risk of poverty.

In Cambodia, continued investment in school-based deworming reflected a broader understanding that poverty reduction depends not only on expanding access to education, but also on protecting children’s health so that education can work as intended.

– Tom Basu

Tom is based in Buckinghamshire, UK and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Poverty and Malaria Vaccine Price Cuts

Poverty and MalariaMalaria remains one the world’s deadliest diseases, disproportionately affecting children in Africa. Global health organizations achieved a major breakthrough in the fight against this life-threatening infection in 2023 by rolling out the world’s first malaria vaccine: manufacturers have now slashed the price of this vaccine, along with a second approved vaccine, and it could be an important step in relieving the socioeconomic burden of the disease across the African continent.

In late 2025, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and children’s agency UNICEF struck a pricing deal to cut the cost of the R21/Matrix-M vaccine to $2.99 USD from around $4. Analysts project that these reductions will unlock 30 million extra doses before 2030, protecting around 7 million children. This monumental pricing deal follows on from another cost reduction that Bharat Biotech and GSK announced in June of 2025, stating that they will progressively reduce the price of the RTS,S malaria vaccine by half, falling to less than $5 USD per dose.

A Crucial Vaccination Effort

Researchers initially struggled to develop an effective malaria vaccine: vaccines train the immune system to recognize proteins on the surfaces of infectious agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses). The infectious agent associated with malaria is Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite that can evade the immune system and change its surface proteins throughout its life cycle, thus finding a suitable vaccine to target the parasite became complicated.

When researchers achieved clinical breakthroughs in 2004 and refined a vaccine formula, it was time to move to human trials. The newly-named ‘RTS,S/AS01’ vaccine was administered to groups of young children across sub-Saharan Africa in the first rounds of human testing.

Trials ran from 2004 until 2015 and concluded that three doses of RTS,S was enough to reduce clinical malaria cases in children by up to 39%. In January 2024, a mass roll-out of the RTS,S vaccine began in Cameroon and authorities soon followed it with the distribution of the more cost-effective vaccine, R21/Matrix-M. Now, RTS,S and R21 vaccinations form part of routine childhood immunizations in more than 20 African countries, acting as a crucial tool for protecting children against deadly infections.

The Importance of Equitable Pricing in Immunization

Many factors influence the pricing of a vaccine introduced into the market, including patent protection, production cost and volume of contract. Notably, there is a positive correlation between a country’s Gross National Income (GNI) and the price point at which suppliers sell a dosage within the country- this is known as tiered pricing.

Rather than selling a vaccine at a flat rate, pharmaceutical companies use tiered pricing to charge high-income countries a higher price per dosage to balance affordability in lower-income markets, cover research and development (R&D) costs and generate profit. This improves the accessibility of vaccines regardless of geographical location and socioeconomic status.

However, malaria is a disease that primarily affects the Global South, therefore the market for the RTS,S and R21 vaccines for high-income countries in the Global North was almost non-existent. The typical vaccine development model and tiered pricing system could not be implemented, and external organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, filled the funding gaps.

The introduction of the second-ever malaria vaccine, R21, improved vaccine equity through accessibility: the formula has a lower concentration of antigens (the active ingredient in vaccines) whilst maintaining its efficacy, which drastically cuts manufacturing costs. Doses of R21 are better adapted to the African climate because of less strict requirements in cold chain storage and transport, reducing accidental wastage and ensuring more children receive protective immunization.

The Socioeconomic Impact of Immunity

The relationship between malaria and socioeconomic status can be considered bi-directional: malaria infection and recovery minimizes a person’s ability to work, attend school or perform caregiving duties, increasing the risk of experiencing poverty. Conversely, those living in poor conditions without access to adequate sanitation or health care face a higher risk of malaria infection and suffering more severe disease outcomes.

Therefore, immunity can break the cycle of poverty and malaria. As a whole, every $1 USD spent on vaccines saves between $16-44 USD on treatments and broader economic implications of disease. Driving down the price of each dose improves vaccine equity, ensuring that communities most affected by extreme poverty and seasonal malaria spikes will be among those protected.

However, immunization alone is not enough to decrease the malaria burden across the African continent. Research from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, demonstrates that the RTS,S vaccine is around 63% effective as a prevention tool, but when used in combination with insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), efficacy rises to 93%. Studies have shown that the malaria vaccine is least effective in children who come from low socioeconomic status households, this is likely due to a lack of health care access which prevents children from completing all three immunizations along with preventative SMC treatments.

What Will the Future of Malaria Vaccination Look Like?

More and more African countries are adopting affordable malaria vaccine strategies, and keeping this momentum will be the key to imagining a malaria-free future. Community engagement has proven to be a highly successful strategy in effort to relieve concerns regarding the vaccine’s safety and cost. In the early stages of vaccine roll-out in Cameroon, parents initially responded to the scheme with hesitancy: community and religious leaders drove up vaccine demand by encouraging open discussions at community meetings and disseminating misinformation. Following the success of Cameroon’s vaccination campaign, global health partners have adopted this person-led strategy by connecting with community leaders and technical experts directly.

Gavi has predicted that immunizing around 50 million children against malaria before 2030 could save more than 170,000 lives. An increasing number of children will have the opportunity to complete their education uninterrupted by disease and parents will be relieved of the costly burdens of caregiving and clinical treatments. African governments and communities have responded to the agreement to slash malaria vaccine prices with great optimism and will be a huge step in protecting the most vulnerable populations from poverty.

– Charlotte Bunn

Charlotte is based in Bristol, UK and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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The E-Rickshaw Revolution in India: Driving Change

e-ricksawThe e-rickshaw revolution in India refers to the rapid growth of electric rickshaws (e-rickshaws) in urban and rural areas, which has been a cultural phenomenon in recent years. A country known for its busy roads and honking cars, India is home to some of the world’s most congested cities and some of the highest levels of air pollution worldwide. The crisis does not affect all social groups equally.

Those who spend more time outdoors, including children, people without homes, street vendors and manual laborers, are more exposed to air pollution. These groups, therefore, are more likely to suffer its harmful effects. In addition, economically vulnerable groups are often less physically healthy and less able to withstand the harmful effects of air pollution.

For instance, outdoor manual workers are often not employed on formal contracts. They are less likely to take sick leave due to the risk of reduced wages, which often results in poor or compromised health. With the rise in popularity of “greener” modes of transport, the e-rickshaw has particularly proved life-changing for many across India, including those at risk of poverty.

E-rickshaws in India are providing new opportunities for the population, including the most vulnerable groups. They also help combat environmental issues such as air pollution and, in turn, positively reshape urban poverty. Some of the positive outcomes include:

Environmental and Health Benefits

Air pollution in India has serious consequences for public health. In 2019, an estimated 18% of deaths were linked to air pollution and this figure is not declining. These impacts also drain government finances, diverting funds that could otherwise support people living in poverty.

Vehicles and traffic are major contributors, accounting for 20–30% of urban air pollution. While e-rickshaws have arguably added to road congestion in urban India, they offer a greener alternative. They produce zero carbon emissions during operation and help reduce overall air pollution levels.

By reducing urban air pollution, health outcomes improve in low-income areas. The e-rickshaw revolution in India is also helping reduce noise pollution, particularly in highly congested cities such as Delhi. Similar to manual rickshaws, the manufacturing of e-rickshaws is not a zero-emission process.

However, once on the road, e-rickshaws do not emit any harmful pollutants (unlike auto-rickshaws, which are fueled by petrol or diesel). These environmental and health benefits of the e-rickshaw boom in India have a direct, positive impact on those living in poverty. A decrease in air pollution levels will therefore improve health outcomes for the most vulnerable.

Increasing Job Opportunities, Employability and Social Mobility

The revolution has created many new green jobs and businesses in India. These include battery charging stations, e-rickshaw maintenance and manufacturing and increased demand for e-rickshaw drivers. E-rickshaws have created more informal and flexible work opportunities.

This allows many drivers to become their own bosses and capitalize on new prospects by leasing their vehicles to others and becoming small entrepreneurs, often managing and employing other drivers. Increased job opportunities have not only affected urban areas.

The India e-rickshaw revolution has also reached rural areas, where it is increasingly popular as a cheap, green mode of mobility with lower maintenance costs. The flexible working opportunities created by the revolution have been particularly beneficial for women. Many women seeking work have turned to driving e-rickshaws to gain financial independence and support their families.

These social mobility trends and increased job opportunities have a direct, positive impact on those living in poverty. The e-rickshaw revolution has opened doors that were previously closed to many people across different social groups.

Charities Supporting the Revolution

The ride-hailing industry in India is currently male-dominated. However, many charities are supporting and encouraging women to learn to drive e-rickshaws, thereby capitalizing on India’s shift toward electric rickshaws.

The charity Karuna Shechen offers free driving lessons for women. It also provides a 50% subsidy when purchasing the vehicle, with a repayment agreement to pay off the balance. Incentives such as this directly help women and families who suffer from the effects of poverty in India.

Furthermore, there have been a small number of cases in which charities have donated e-rickshaws to vulnerable people in India, including women and others at risk of poverty, allowing them to become more self-reliant and financially stable. One such charity is Shishu Mandir, which aims to both “reduce pollution while also empowering women.”

Final Thoughts

E-rickshaws are reshaping cities and villages across India by reducing pollution, creating jobs and expanding access for women and vulnerable communities. They show that clean transport can deliver health, dignity and lasting economic mobility. Drivers can earn more stable incomes because e-rickshaws have lower purchase prices and operating costs than auto-rickshaws, while also saving on fuel.

– Anna Clare

Anna is based in Chester, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Charity Foundation Investing in Multiple Sarawakian Organizations

Sarawakian OrganizationsOn February 1, 2026, the Dato Tan Guek Kee and Datin Lee Siew Ling Charity Foundation invested in multiple Sarawakian organizations, ranging from nonprofit groups to school boards, totaling 1.29 million Malaysian ringgits (RM). The foundation also provided aid to 19 undergraduate students, both local and overseas, amounting to RM194,080 to support their academic and career pursuits. Sarawak ranks as the third poorest state in Malaysia based on long-standing assessments. Following the 2022 election, Sarawak has generated renewed interest and discussion regarding the assessment of its school systems and the reclamation of state autonomy.

Despite promises of greater autonomy, federal intervention has continued to limit self-governance due to centralized power and limited resistance from state leaders. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), as of February 2026, education stakeholders in Sarawak have strengthened their capacity in educational planning and implementation. Promoting adolescents’ ability to make informed decisions can contribute to improved living conditions and social development.

Background of the Charity Foundation

Dato Tan Guek Lee, founder of the Lee Onn Group, a Sarawakian company focused on housing development, established the Dato Tan Guek Kee and Datin Lee Siew Ling Charity Foundation in 2013. Since then, the foundation has hosted annual charity events and invested more than RM15 million in Sarawakian organizations. It has also provided educational and development opportunities to both organizations and individuals.

In 2026, the foundation awarded grants to 30 organizations, including the Kuching Autistic Association, Kuching Life Care Society, Chung Hua Middle School Education Foundation and the Federation of Kuching Division Community Associations. During its 2025 annual event, the foundation donated RM1,429,000 to 31 charity organizations, nonprofit groups and educational and religious institutions. It also provided aid to 25 students from local and overseas universities and institutions.

Community Identity and Development Priorities

The organization frequently uses the phrases “Sarawak First” and “Jaga Sarawak Baik-Baik,” or “Take Very Good Care of Sarawak,” in its public communications. “Sarawak First” represents the movement toward greater autonomy and development within Malaysia.

Sarawak, like many regions globally, has faced economic challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic, global economic slowdown and geopolitical tensions. Residents have emphasized resilience in overcoming these pressures to improve economic conditions. “Sarawak First” promotes the goal of an inclusive, prosperous and harmonious society.

“Jaga Sarawak Baik-Baik,” a phrase associated with Tok Nan, reflects the inclusive nature of Sarawak’s diverse communities and reinforces unity and social cohesion.

While the foundation does not explicitly state these values beyond public messaging, it reflects these principles through its commitment to local development and philanthropy in Sarawak, including encouraging other entrepreneurs to contribute.

Looking Ahead

Deputy Premier Datuk Amar Dr. Sim Kui Hian described the foundation’s investments in Sarawakian organizations as a meaningful contribution to human capital, social well-being and the future of society. He expressed hope that the foundation’s support would strengthen these organizations and empower vulnerable communities and youth to improve their society.

– Cindy Nguyen

Cindy is based in Albuquerque, NM, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Artisans Fighting Poverty in Peru

Poverty in PeruPeru is a country in South America with a population of 34.22 million people. The global pandemic did a lot of damage to Peru’s economy and poverty rates in the country have increased significantly since 2019. Currently, 27.6% of the population lives beneath the national poverty line and much of that poverty is centralized in rural parts of Peru.

In fact, rural poverty is higher than the national average, at a whopping 39.3%. Ending poverty in rural areas is vital to ending poverty nationwide. Still, it is tough, as many rural areas speak distinct languages and specialize in different forms of cultural art.

However, it is this cultural art that many programs have chosen to focus on in one of the many attempts to alleviate financial difficulty in rural areas.

The MGD Achievement Fund

The MGD Achievement Fund’s joint program in Peru focused on reducing poverty across four of the country’s most disadvantaged regions. It did this by building inclusive creative industries in tourism, handicrafts, organic agriculture and gastronomy. The program enriched the poorest parts of Peru by using traditional heritage to stimulate tourism through handicrafts and foods, as well as promoting organic agriculture.

Much of its work was done with the help of the United Nations (U.N.), specifically the Food and Agriculture Organization, the U.N. World Tourism Organization and the country’s Ministerio de la Producción (Ministry of Production). Focusing on the regions of Ayacucho, Cusco, Lambayeque and Puno, the program distributed official certificates to 126 artisans, 26 entrepreneurs in rural tourism and 49 regional cooks. The program was a huge success and more than 2,500 families across Peru increased their incomes, maintained their traditional practices and cared for the environment around them.

The program also documented many traditional arts and ensured they could continue for seasons to come.

The Awamaki Program

Awamaki uplifts Peruvian artists. It is a nonprofit that operates in Peru’s Sacred Valley, also known as the Urubamba Valley. It is based in the town of Ollantaytambo and focuses on addressing the widespread poverty throughout the valley.

The heart of the program is a cooperative of five women-led groups across the valley and it allows these women to receive skills-based training for their art. Their art is sold throughout the valley and beyond and all profits go back into their communities. The organization also helps facilitate tours in the region, bringing money into small towns.

It offers tours in both Spanish and Quechua, the native language of many regions in South America. The group also teaches computer classes to residents and offers English classes to help bolster international relations in the future.

Conclusion

Overall, Peru is a beautiful country with a wonderful heritage that is close to the hearts of many. Some have spent their entire lives doing their traditional art, making their own traditional food and speaking their traditional languages. Documentation and appreciation of heritage can be a huge stepping stone, especially when that heritage is so closely intertwined with the area’s finances. Honoring culture while promoting growth is the most effective tool for alleviating poverty.

– Eddie Hofmann

Eddie is based in Seattle, WA, USA and focuses on Business and Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Floating Micro-Clinics for Riverine Communities in Guyana

Floating Micro-Clinics

Across the dense river networks of Guyana’s interior, many Indigenous and hinterland communities face challenges accessing basic health care due to geographic isolation, limited transportation and poor road infrastructure. Residents often travel days by boat or on foot to reach the nearest clinic for vaccinations, prenatal care, emergency treatment or chronic disease management. Floating micro-clinics for riverine communities in Guyana offer a culturally sensitive, practical solution by delivering essential health services directly along rivers, which serve as the main transportation routes for these communities.

The Government of Guyana has expanded river transportation for health access by providing purpose-built boats and engines to remote villages. This has enabled patients and medical staff to reach health facilities more efficiently.

What Are Floating Micro-Clinics?

Floating micro-clinics are rapid-response medical units, often boats outfitted with consultation space and solar-powered equipment, that travel on regular circuits between riverine villages. By ferrying nurses, health educators and medical supplies directly to residents, these services reduce travel time, lower costs and improve preventative health care.

The Guyanese Ministry of Health has invested in river transport infrastructure to improve access to health care for residents of Regions One, Three and Five. It has delivered boats equipped to support patient care and outreach. In addition to government investment, UNICEF-supported programs have helped expand maternal health outreach.

They do this by providing boats equipped with solar-powered vaccine refrigerators and cots to serve communities in Regions One and Eight. These vessels enhance access to immunization and maternal care in villages such as Kamwatta, Sandhill and Orinduik.

Bringing Health Services Closer to Communities

Floating micro-clinics for riverine communities in Guyana enable nurses, community health workers and other providers to offer vaccinations, prenatal checkups and treatment for common illnesses on the spot. By reducing the distance families must travel for routine care, these mobile units help prevent illness and support early detection of health issues. Telemedicine has also expanded across remote regions, complementing floating clinic outreach by allowing health workers to consult specialists and manage patient care more effectively.

Many of the communities served through these initiatives are Indigenous and deeply rooted along river systems. Floating micro-clinics serving riverine communities in Guyana align medical outreach with traditional travel routes and cultural practices, ensuring services are delivered in ways that respect community life. Families no longer need to undertake long and costly journeys through difficult terrain to reach basic health services.

River transport investments and floating clinic models demonstrate how integrated health and transportation strategies can reduce geographic disparities. These programs coordinate regular river routes and supply essential health equipment directly to remote villages. This strengthens health surveillance, expands vaccination coverage and supports maternal and child health across Guyana’s hinterland.

Conclusion

Floating micro-clinics serving riverine communities in Guyana bring essential health care to populations that traditional infrastructure has historically underserved. By leveraging river transport and mobile medical units, these programs improve access to vaccinations, maternal and child care, diagnostics and routine treatment. With continued investment and community involvement, floating micro-clinics can significantly strengthen rural health outcomes and reduce inequality across Guyana’s vast river systems.

– Shahzeb Khan

Shahzeb is based in San Ramon, CA, USA and focuses on Business and Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Interventions Boosting Adoption of Digital Agriculture in Uganda

Digital Agriculture in UgandaFor underdeveloped countries with largely rural populations, digital interventions for agriculture face geographic and systemic barriers to national expansion. Several interventions, including digital apps and tools, digital literacy campaigns and the development of rural digital infrastructure, aim to enhance digital agriculture in Uganda.

Agriculture is a vital source of economic output and employment in Uganda, as 73% of the country’s workforce is employed by the agriculture sector. The country consists of a predominantly rural population, with more than 70% living in rural areas. About four million households rely on smallholder farming for survival and approximately 30% of the population lives below the poverty line.

Digital Agriculture in Uganda

Digital innovations for agricultural markets and productivity can enhance the country’s agricultural sector. However, low levels of digital literacy and financial constraints limiting digital technology adoption result in low participation from the general population. Rural communities mainly suffer from gaps in access to digital infrastructure.

This contributes to lower adoption of digital technologies in the agriculture sector than in other sectors. Currently, several projects and interventions are bridging these gaps and increasing smallholder farmers’ participation in digital agriculture in Uganda.

Kilimo Farmers Call Center

In 2018, 81% of smallholder farmers in Uganda lacked access to agricultural extension and advisory services, resulting in weak market and supplier connectivity. Consequently, in 2018, smallholder farmers received an estimated 28% of the expected yields for their crops, leading to poverty and malnutrition. The United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) identified the lack of access to quality extension services as a main constraint in the nation’s agricultural sector, especially in the West Nile region.

In this region, only one agriculture extension worker serves 2,000 farmers. In response, the UNCDF built the Kilimo Farmers Call Center in northern Uganda to reach farmers located in the most remote areas. The Center uses both technology and a network of community influencers, called digital extension agents.

The hybrid model makes it easier to reach more farmers by combining instant digital services with the connections and rapport built by extension agents. After farmers complete their farming profile on the Kilimo Farmer Call Center app, they are geo-mapped to receive relevant weather and market price updates. Farmers also receive agronomic tips based on their location and access to advisory and extension services.

The CABI Crop Sprayer App

The CABI crop sprayer app minimizes waste production and the environmental impact of pesticides by helping farmers determine precise application for their crops. In 2024, the app aided coverage for more than 600 acres in Uganda with optimized pesticides, reducing costs for farmers by up to 30%. In the Nakasongola District, the app reduced crop loss from pests by 35%.

Plantwiseplus Digital Tools

Farmers optimize crop production and their resource investments using digital tools developed by PlantwisePlus. Anthony Ssenyonga is a crop scientist and ambassador for PlantwisePlus in Uganda. He established a digital advisory hub, serving more than 500, where farmers can send in a picture of diseased crops and receive a diagnosis and treatment advice.

Ssenyonga trained 50 people to use the digital tools and share what they learned with farmers in their communities, which resulted in a 20% increase in tomato yields in 2024.

  • PlantwisePlus Factsheet App: Downloaded on a smartphone, farmers receive expert advice on protecting their crops against pests and diseases and advice on managing infected crops. This tool contributes to greater food security, as farmers generally lose 40% of their crops to pests and diseases.
  • PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank: Farmers use the Knowledge Bank to access information on specific pests affecting their crops and learn to manage them properly. They can also send in pictures of their infected crops for diagnosis by a trained plant doctor and receive accurate treatment advice.

Digital Literacy for Farmers

EzyAgric, a mobile platform digitizing the agricultural market in Uganda, designed a digital literacy intervention to increase farmers’ engagement with its platform. The need for digital literacy training was identified after the company discovered that only 20% of the 300,000 farmers registered on its digital platform actively engaged with it. EzyAgric provided training for 253 farming households across three districts, for both male- and female-headed households.

Subsequently, these households experienced a fivefold increase in e-seed purchases and farmer engagement with the platform increased significantly. EzyAgric continues its expansion into new regions of Uganda, using the initial intervention as a guide, to improve smallholder farmer engagement with the digital agricultural market.

Conclusion

Digital solutions to Uganda’s inadequate extension services infrastructure, poor marketing systems and climate instability susceptibility can revitalize the country’s agricultural sector. Indeed, by increasing the accessibility of digital services and educating smallholder farmers in digital literacy will increase rural participation in digital markets and the widespread adoption of digital agriculture in Uganda.

– Sarah Merrill

Sarah is based in Matthews, NC, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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From Farm to Factory: Kenya’s EPZ Strategy for Better Jobs

From Farm to Factory: Kenya's EPZ Strategy for Better JobsIn Kenya’s arid north, where raising livestock in a drought-ravaged landscape has long defined economic survival, Acacia EPZ Limited is transforming reality. The gum arabic processor, based in the Athi River Export Processing Zone (EPZ), provides a stable, climate-resilient income for more than 7,000 collectors, most of them women, turning a scattered forest product into a source of household earnings.

This micro-level success highlights a national dilemma. Kenya is a major agricultural producer, yet a net importer of processed foods. Reliance on raw commodity exports has kept manufacturing’s contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) stagnant at around 10% for decades, limiting the formal job creation essential for poverty reduction. Kenya’s strategy is a focused industrial policy centered on Export Processing Zones (EPZs), a structural mechanism designed to reinvent the economy and alleviate poverty en masse by creating better urban manufacturing jobs while providing stable, higher-value markets for rural farmers.

The Economic Imperative Driving Kenya’s EPZ Strategy

Kenya’s push for agro-processing tackles economic vulnerabilities resulting from its trade deficit. The country remains stuck exporting “primary commodities with low value addition,” like tea and coffee, capturing a fraction of its final value while leaving the economy exposed to global price swings.

This reliance on raw exports fails to create quality jobs, even as agriculture employs more than 40% of the population in often informal, low-wage work with a proportionally low contribution to GDP. With nearly 16% of Kenyans living in hardcore poverty, the need for transformative economic strategies is acute. Simultaneously, Kenya spends billions annually importing the very processed goods for which it possesses the raw materials to make itself. In 2023 alone, Kenya imported $3.81 billion in agricultural and related products, including $583 million worth of consumer-oriented foods like soups, processed fruits and baked goods.

This “primary commodity” trap also limits Kenya’s share of the lucrative and rapidly expanding regional market to a mere 7% of the estimated $11 billion East African consumer base. Kenya, now at this critical crossroad, must move beyond the cycle of exporting low-value raw materials and importing high-value necessities, which has for so long perpetuated reliance on volatile global markets while forgoing the jobs and enterprise growth that processing creates.

EPZs as the Engine of Industrial Upgrading

To bridge this gap, Kenya has deployed EPZs as its primary vehicle for industrial upgrading. Operating under the legal framework of the EPZ Act, these zones offer firms incentives like tax holidays and duty-free imports to attract investment toward export-oriented manufacturing. The government’s intent, as stated in its Bottom-Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA), is for EPZs to play a “critical role in achieving… employment creation, investment attraction, value addition of local products, especially the agro-based and foreign exchange earnings.”

The latest data on Kenya’s EPZ strategy reveals a sector of significant scale, yet one exposed to volatility. In 2023, capital investment in EPZs grew 10.9% to KSh 112.2 billion ($840 million), while exports generated KSh 105.5 billion ($790 million). However, direct employment fell to 75,598 jobs from 82,771 the year before. The official EPZ Annual Performance Report attributes this drop to reduced United States (U.S.) apparel orders and, crucially for agro-processing, a “disruption of the global macadamia market.” While the evolution of EPZs has come a long way, it is apparent that even within these protected zones, Kenyan manufacturers are not comfortably insulated from global commodity shocks and shifting trade winds. 

The Double Dividend: Direct Poverty Alleviation Outcomes

The impact of Kenya’s EPZ strategy delivers on two fronts: its double dividend, tackling poverty at both ends of the supply chain.

The first dividend is urban and peri-urban job creation. EPZ employment is a crucial step into the formal economy, offering wage-based predictability that contrasts with the precarious informal sector, where more than 17 million Kenyans work. While apparel dominates, agro-processing niches are growing. In 2023, food manufacturing saw a significant 16.4% expansion in dairy processing and and 11.6% increase in preserved fruits and vegetables. Each new plant adds jobs in production, quality control, logistics and management, creating a ladder to higher-skilled, better-paid work.

The second, even more transformative dividend is the strengthening of rural livelihoods, establishing a direct linkage between national industrial policy and smallholder farmers. Acacia EPZ is an exemplary demonstration of this connection, as it provides a stable market for more than 7,000 gum arabic collectors, turning a scattered, low-value product into a reliable household income in drought-prone regions. This model, where an EPZ firm anchors a local supply chain, is a blueprint for poverty reduction in rural Kenya. Agro-processing factories act as high-volume off-takers for agricultural produce that raises and stabilizes farm-gate prices, moving farmers from subsistence into a predictable commercial relationship with stable, increasing incomes. The government’s BETA agenda explicitly targets this link, aiming to improve livelihoods through “increased employment” and “more equitable distribution of income” by developing agro-value chains.

A Test Case for Structural Transformation

Kenya’s EPZ strategy is a measured and ambitious attempt to use industrial policy for structural poverty alleviation. It targets the economy’s architecture, aiming to transform low-value agricultural work into higher-wage manufacturing jobs and connect subsistence farmers to commercial value chains. The path is fraught with obstacles and undoubtedly troubled by all the growing pains of a developing economy.

Yet, the simple logic is compelling: capture more value domestically to create a cycle of formal jobs and rising rural incomes. The progress of firms like Acacia EPZ has already demonstrated the micro-level potential. Scaling this model successfully, while sure to be a formidable test, appears to be a promising and worthwhile venture that could offer vital lessons on how developing nations can industrialize their way to shared prosperity through inclusive economic upgrading.

– Georgio Moussa

Georgio is based in London, UK and focuses on Business and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr