Archive for category: Global Poverty

Key articles and information on global poverty.

, ,

Reducing Energy Poverty: Vietnam’s Renewable Energy

Vietnam’s Renewable EnergyVietnam’s newly approved National Electricity Development Plan (PDP8) marks a significant step toward reducing energy poverty, promoting economic resilience and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. By prioritizing renewable energy expansion and rural electrification, PDP8 offers a roadmap for sustainable growth and poverty reduction in rural communities.

Renewable Energy Expansion

Vietnam has emerged as a leader in renewable energy within Southeast Asia, with wind and solar capacity reaching 16.5 gigawatts (GW) in 2021, up from 7.4 GW in 2020, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). PDP8 aims to increase renewable energy capacity to more than 30 GW by 2030, accounting for 47% of the total electricity supply. This shift reduces Vietnam’s reliance on fossil fuels, which supply about 50% of the country’s power in recent years and makes energy more affordable for low-income households. Renewable energy projects are also driving job creation.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that renewable energy development in Vietnam could create 139 million jobs by 2030, particularly in installation, maintenance and manufacturing—industries vital for rural communities. By encouraging economic diversification, these opportunities give rural regions a sustainable path out of poverty. Reliable, affordable energy also lowers operational costs for small businesses, fostering entrepreneurship and regional development.

Rural Electrification and Improved Livelihoods

PDP8 prioritizes rural areas and remote regions, addressing energy poverty in communities like the Mekong Delta, where 85% of the population depends on agriculture. Expanding electricity access to these areas has far-reaching effects. According to the World Bank, rural electrification programs can increase household incomes through improved agricultural productivity. For example, access to electricity enables farmers to run irrigation systems, store perishable crops and process agricultural products.

In the Quang Tri and Kien Giang provinces, where electrification efforts are concentrated, such improvements could directly enhance farming efficiency and income stability. Reliable electricity also improves living standards, providing lighting, heating and connectivity that support education and small businesses. In Vietnam, where nearly 70% of the population lives in rural areas, these advancements play a critical role in poverty reduction.

Innovations in Energy Storage and Research

To address the challenges of renewable energy intermittency, PDP8 includes the development of energy storage solutions, such as large-scale battery systems. These systems ensure consistent electricity supply, even in remote areas, where disruptions are more common.

Additionally, Vietnam is investing in renewable energy research hubs, which foster innovation and skills development. These hubs contribute to Vietnam’s green transition by advancing technology and training workers for jobs in renewable energy. According to McKinsey and Company, investments in green technologies could boost Vietnam’s GDP.

A Sustainable Path to Economic Resilience

Vietnam’s PDP8 aims to strengthen the economy by creating a robust renewable energy ecosystem. Affordable, reliable electricity shields communities from external shocks, such as fluctuating fossil fuel prices, while lowering costs for small businesses. The World Bank reports that improving energy access can reduce poverty by fostering entrepreneurship and expanding employment opportunities.

PDP8 is more than an energy strategy—it is a transformative plan for inclusive, sustainable development. By expanding renewable energy, promoting rural electrification and driving innovation, Vietnam aims to set an example for other developing nations seeking to reduce both energy poverty and economic inequalities.

– Edzhe Miteva

Edzhe is based in London, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

,

Addressing Challenges in Higher Education in Nepal

Higher Education in Nepal
Higher education is crucial for the overall development of Nepal as it cultivates human resources essential for managing the country’s remaining resources. Yet, Nepalese educational institutions face several significant challenges that drive students to seek opportunities abroad rather than studying at local universities. The university education system in Nepal is engendering deep distrust in academics and thus prompting a critical examination of its effectiveness. This essay is going to introduce five critical issues that hinder the effectiveness of higher education in Nepal.

Over Rapid Expansion of Enrolment

The rapid increase in student enrollment has outpaced the capacity of educational institutions, leading to overcrowded classrooms and strained resources. Many Nepalese educational institutions suffer from inadequate physical and educational facilities, including a lack of well-equipped libraries, classrooms and even basic amenities like toilets.

This exacerbates the challenges that educators face, as high student-to-teacher ratios make it difficult for teachers to tailor their methods to meet individual student needs. As a result, insufficient resources limit students’ opportunities to engage in cutting-edge research and apply their knowledge practically.

Under-Funding and Outdated Courses

Financial constraints significantly impact the quality of higher education in Nepal. Nepal spends only about 3.5% of its GDP on education, with a mere fraction allocated to higher education in Nepal. The majority of funding goes to a single institution, Tribhuvan University, leaving many other institutions under-resourced and unable to provide quality education.

This chronic underfunding affects the availability of modern teaching materials, research facilities and even the maintenance of existing infrastructure. As a result, students often find themselves in environments that do not support their academic and professional development, prompting them to seek education abroad where funding and resources are more robust.

The educational landscape often features outdated courses that do not align with the global job market’s demands. A lack of specialized programs, particularly in the field of technology and science, hampers students’ specific career aspirations. Additionally, administrative challenges lead to delays in conducting examinations and publishing results, further complicating the educational experience. These inefficiencies create an environment of uncertainty for students, who may find it difficult to plan their academic and career paths. The need for effective management and timely administrative processes is critical in ensuring that students receive the education they deserve.

Irrational Structure of the System

The design of courses and curricula often lacks coherence and modern relevance. Higher education in Nepal exhibits a notable emphasis on theoretical instruction at the expense of practical knowledge. Graduates may find themselves lacking hands-on experience and practical skills that are crucial in the professional realm. This disconnection between education and the job market likely further exacerbates the challenges that the graduates may have when they are seeking employment.

Quality Erosion

The expansion of educational institutions following the restoration of democracy has not been matched by a corresponding increase in quality. This decline in standards leads to a lack of trust in the academic system. Many prospective students are now questioning the value of a local degree, prompting them to explore educational opportunities abroad. The erosion of quality in higher education in Nepal not only affects individual students but also has broader implications for the country’s development, as it undermines the very foundation of human resource cultivation.

Impact of Poverty on Access of Higher Education

Low income remains a significant barrier to accessing higher education in Nepal. Many families cannot afford tuition fees, textbooks and other educational expenses, and this forces the students to abandon their academic dreams. The financial strain often compels students from low-income backgrounds to prioritize immediate employment over education and thus perpetuating a cycle of poverty.

Additionally, rural students face even greater challenges, including the costs associated with travel and accommodation in urban centers where most universities are located.

The government of Nepal with the assistance from the International Development Association (IDA)/World Bank, initiated the Second Higher Education Project (SHEP) in 2015 to tackle these challenges:

  • Increase Funding: the government could allocate a larger percentage of its GDP to education, ensuring more equitable distribution of resources across institutions.
  • Scholarship Programs: establishing scholarship programs aimed at low-income students could help alleviate some financial burdens, enabling more individuals, especially the under-privileged ones, to pursue higher education.
  • Curriculum Reforms: updating curricula to meet current job market meds and emphasizing practical skills can enhance employability for graduates.
  • Managerial Training: providing training for education administrators can improve the efficiency of processes within the institutions and enhance the overall management effectiveness.

Transformative Government Initiatives to Elevate Education Quality

The Nepalese government has actively tackled the challenges in its education system by launching several targeted initiatives. These don’t all relate to higher education in Nepal specifically but improvements on Nepal’s overall education system may be a good starting point for Nepal to improve its higher education system as well.

  • Community School Programs: The Community School Program is a fundamental aspect of the strategy of the Nepal government to provide free education to disadvantaged students. The Community School Program is a fundamental aspect of the strategy of the Nepal government to provide free education to disadvantaged students. It has enrolled more than 50,000 students from underprivileged backgrounds. This program offers free education alongside essential resources such as textbooks, uniforms, and meals, to the students in rural areas. Therefore, this program has successfully raised enrolment an reduced dropout rates.
  • Digital Classrooms: To modernize education and close the digital divide, the government has introduced digital classroom initiatives in select schools, primarily in urban locations. These classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards, projectors, and e-learning tools.  These advances allow teachers to enhance their lesson delivery and reduce administrative tasks. While this initiative shows promise, broader implementation in rural areas is necessary for a nationwide impact.
  • Teacher Training Programs: Many rural schools struggle with a shortage of qualified teachers, resulting in poor quality education and elevated dropout rates. Therefore, the Nepalese government has launched several training programs for teachers aimed at enhancing the teaching quality. These programs emphasize pedagogical skills, curriculum delivery and the utilization of digital resources. Also, incentives are offered to motivate teachers to work in remote and underserved areas.
  • The Bank’s Program for Results (PforR): The reforms supported by the PforR have been integrated into the Nepalese higher education program. Measures include targeted scholarships for the poor, examination standardization, curriculum reforms, a single subject certification policy, strengthened assessment systems and encouragement for teachers to dedicate more time to teaching. In March 2023, the World Bank endorsed the School Sector Transformation Program Operation to assist the Government’s School Education Sector Plan (2023-27). The program’s successful implementation and its reforms highlight the importance and effectiveness of collaboration and co-financing between the World Bank and its partner organizations.

Looking Ahead

Addressing these challenges is crucial for enhancing the quality and competitiveness of Nepalese higher education. By investing in infrastructure, updating curricula, and ensuring quality faculty, Nepal may be able to create an educational ecosystem that retains local talent. Furthermore, there is the potential to attract international students, ultimately contributing to the nation’s growth and development.

– Hoi Ieng Chao

Hoi is based in Macau and focuses on Technology and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Global HIV Infections and Deaths Are Declining

Global HIV Infections and Deaths Are DecliningGlobal efforts to combat HIV/AIDS have led to significant progress in reducing infections and deaths. Some countries are advancing faster than others, leaving vulnerable populations behind. As of 2023, approximately 39.9 million people were living with HIV/AIDS worldwide, with 53% being women and girls. Despite progress, disparities remain: while 83% of women aged 15 and older have access to treatment, only 72% of men in the same age group do.

Progress Through Antiretroviral Treatment

Antiretroviral (ART) drugs treat HIV by preventing the virus from replicating, which lowers the virus to undetectable levels and significantly reduces the risk of transmission to partners or unborn children. Since 2010, new infections have dropped by 39% and AIDS-related deaths have declined by 51%.

Despite this progress, challenges remain. In 2023, approximately 630,000 people died from AIDS-related illnesses, far from the United Nations (U.N.) target of fewer than 250,000 deaths by 2025. Over the past decade, new initiatives have expanded access to treatment in resource-limited countries, leading to significant improvements. However, barriers like HIV-related stigma, discrimination, social inequalities, national instability and conflict continue to hinder efforts to combat the epidemic.

Countries Leading the Fight

  • South Africa. Although South Africa has the highest number of people living with HIV worldwide, it runs the world’s largest free ART program. Over the past 25 years, new HIV infections have decreased by 75%.
  • Eswatini. Eswatini has achieved the ambitious U.N. 95-95-95 target, meaning 95% of people living with HIV know they are living with it, 95% are on ART and 95% of those on ART are virally suppressed.
  • Thailand. Thailand was the first country to achieve the WHO organization mother-to-child transmission target of less than 2%. 

Countries Facing Significant Challenges

  • South Sudan. South Sudan’s ongoing conflict is exacerbating struggles with inadequate health care infrastructure and limited access to ART. UNAIDS and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) play a critical role by providing testing, treatment and advocacy. The on-the-ground charity Crown, the Women of South Sudan, additionally mitigated the social and economic impact of HIV and AIDS by improving awareness and giving psychosocial support to vulnerable groups.
  • Nigeria. The nation faces challenges such as insufficient funding, poor health system coordination and social stigma. The country’s ART coverage is below the global average and rural areas are especially underserved​. The United States (U.S.) President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is a major contributor in the country. In PEPFAR countries, there have been 52% fewer infections since 2010. The Indigenous NGO, the Society for Family Health, also contributes by increasing community awareness and access to treatment.
  • Philippines. The Philippines has the fastest-growing HIV burden, with a 237% increase in new infections and a 315% increase in AIDS-related deaths from 2010 to 2020. Additionally, since 2010, the number of new infections among men who have intercourse with men has increased by six times in the country. Love Yourself is one of the nation’s leading organizations working to combat the epidemic. 7,000 of its clients are on free treatment and since 2011, it has reached 5 million through its campaigns. Its focus also extends to providing mental health support to those affected.

Looking Forward

Global progress in the fight against the epidemic has led to a decline in new HIV infections and deaths, but challenges remain in several countries. While nations like South Africa and Eswatini have made significant strides, others, including South Sudan, Nigeria and the Philippines, continue to face barriers such as health care gaps and stigma. Efforts from international organizations and local charities are crucial in addressing these ongoing issues and advancing treatment and prevention globally.

– Georgia de Gidlow

Georgia is based in Watford, UK and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Rwanda Leverages Technology to Become Africa’s Innovation Hub

Africa's Innovation HubRwanda, a landlocked nation in East Africa, is making significant progress toward becoming Africa’s innovation hub. Once defined by the devastation of the 1994 genocide, the country has undergone a remarkable transformation. Indeed, Rwanda has emerged as one of the continent’s most forward-thinking nations. With a clear vision to drive economic growth, the government has partnered with various stakeholders to foster technological advancement, particularly in the fintech sector. By positioning technology and innovation as cornerstones of its development strategy, Rwanda continues to solidify its reputation as a leader in Africa’s digital transformation.

Kigali Innovation City: A Catalyst for Growth

Kigali Innovation City lies at the center of Rwanda’s digital transformation. The city serves as a flagship project under the Smart Rwanda Master Plan. It drives the nation’s efforts to position itself as Africa’s hub for innovation. The City integrates university campuses, research and development facilities and business hotels to accelerate the digital transformation to stimulate regional economic growth. President Paul Kagame’s administration has led advancements in ICT infrastructure, laying the groundwork for Rwanda’s digital revolution.

Startups like Zipline and SafeMotos have become key players in Rwanda’s growing tech hub, revolutionizing health care and transportation. SafeMotos, a ride-hailing platform, provides safe and reliable motorcycle taxi services in Kigali. The startup is improving road safety and transportation efficiency while offering affordable mobility solutions to underserved communities. Zipline, a drone technology company, delivers life-saving blood and medical supplies to remote areas, addressing health care gaps worsened by poverty. These innovations highlight the role of technology in solving societal challenges and improving living standards, revealing Rwanda’s success in becoming a hub for innovation in Africa.

Technology’s Role in Poverty Reduction

The rapid growth of Rwanda’s ICT sector has had profound impacts on poverty alleviation, with tangible benefits across multiple areas: 

  • Job Creation. The ICT sector is a significant employer, directly providing thousands of jobs. As of 2020, the sector contributed 3% to Rwanda’s GDP, a figure projected to triple within the next decade. ICT developments have helped to increase productivity in agriculture through the use of mobile phones and drones. These advancements have reduced post-harvest losses and improved crop yields. The changes have increased farmers’ incomes and contributed to national GDP growth, directly addressing rural poverty where it is most acute.
  • Health Care Access. Zipline, a part of Rwanda’s technological transformation, has expanded health care access to essential health care in underserved regions by delivering medical supplies to remote areas of the country. By improving health care outcomes, these innovations reduce the economic burden of disease.
  • Export Diversification. The ICT sector is now Rwanda’s second-largest export contributor, accounting for 17% of total exports. This diversification reduces the country’s reliance on primary commodities such as coffee and tea. Additionally, diversification strengthens Rwanda’s economic stability, creating a more resilient environment for poverty reduction. The revenue generated by ICT exports fuels critical investments in infrastructure like that of the Kigali project, perpetuating a positive multiplier effect. 

A Model for Africa and Beyond

Rwanda’s transformation demonstrates how technology and strategic planning can potentially drive sustainable development and economic resilience. Indeed, by investing in innovation and digital infrastructure, the country has created solutions to address health care gaps, improve transportation and diversify its economy. This success positions Rwanda as a model for other nations seeking to reduce poverty and stimulate growth through technology. Furthermore, its journey highlights the potential for strategic leadership and innovation to create lasting progress across Africa and beyond.

– Edzhe Miteva

Edzhe is based in London, UK and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

,

The Recent Poverty Spike in Argentina

poverty in argentinaBetween 2021 and 2022, it was fair to say that poverty in Argentina was heading towards a positive reform. Of course, it is important to consider the effect that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on reducing poverty numbers, but in 2021 poverty in Argentina sat at 11.4%, a 4% decrease from 2020, and in 2022 it decreased even further to sit at 10.9%.

Poverty Spike in Argentina

Argentina is now grappling with an alarming surge in poverty, which has risen to levels not seen in over 20 years. As of mid-2024, more than 50% of the population is living below the poverty line, with 27 million people affected. The poverty spike in Argentina correlates to current economic instabilities. President Javier Milei has established particular austerity measures recently, primarily implementing a significant reduction in spending, that exists as a major factor in the South American nation’s monetary issues.

Milei, a staunch libertarian, came into power in late 2023 and proposed methods aimed at stabilizing an otherwise fluctuating economy. He focuses on three main areas: cutting funding to social assistance programs; layoffs in the public sector and freezing public investment. In the end; however, each inadvertently ended up doing more bad than good. For example, the government’s layoffs in the public sector have led to thousands losing their jobs, thus exacerbating unemployment, according to The Guardian.

Inflation and Purchasing Power

A spike in poverty like this is often the result of years of build-up, and for Argentina, it can be seen through its long-lasting fight with inflation. Annual inflation in Argentina sits at one of the highest on the globe at over 230%, The Guardian reports.

Such rampant inflation has drastically eroded purchasing power, leaving necessities like food out of reach for many. The cost of staple goods has soared, making daily survival a challenge for millions. A further damning scenario occurred in May 2024, with subway fares in Buenos Aires tripling, rising from 125 pesos (14 cents) to 574 pesos (64 cents).

Unsurprisingly, all of the recent living difficulties have been met with protests in response. In June 2024, anti-government protestors clashed with police forces in Buenos Aires in retaliation to the Argentine Senate passing Milei’s reforms. In spite of all this, Milei’s government has defended the situation, deferring away from the negative effects of his policies, instead “celebrat[ing] the fact that his administration had managed to lower spending to a level below tax income for the first time since 2008.”

NGOs Helping

There are efforts underway, working to address the challenging circumstances in Argentina, with several organizations actively working to alleviate the impacts of poverty and inflation. NGOs are playing a key role in supporting vulnerable populations by providing essential resources and services. For instance, organizations like the Red Cross are distributing food, offering shelter and facilitating access to health care.

Additionally, programs such as Project Noemi focus on promoting job training and small business development are helping individuals gain economic stability, contributing to longer-term solutions for affected communities.

Overall, the surge in poverty in Argentina is a stark reminder of the fragile balance between economic reforms and social equity. While the Milei administration’s austerity measures may have been established with positive intentions, aimed at stabilizing Argentina’s finances, their immediate impact has plunged millions into hardship. Navigating a path out of this crisis will require not only bold economic decisions but also a commitment to social justice and inclusion.

– Joe Lockett

Joe is based in the Wirral, UK and focuses on Business and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

, ,

Women’s Empowerment International: Disrupting Poverty

Women’s Empowerment International: Disrupting Cycles of Poverty More than 10% of women worldwide are trapped in extreme poverty due to structural barriers such as inadequate education and vocational training, limited financial resources and prevailing patriarchal social structures that hinder their mobility out of poverty. Women’s Empowerment International (WE) is actively disrupting these cycles. WE funds small business loans, education, training and other strategies to alleviate poverty through partnerships with high-impact, nonprofit organizations. This support equips women with the necessary resources and tools to improve their livelihoods and enhance their lives.

WE Organization’s Focus

WE focus on regions where women are in dire need and lack adequate social support from states or governments. The organization carefully selects nonprofit partners to deliver tailored programs for women in need. These partners develop and run high-impact programs aimed at improving the livelihoods of women below the poverty line. The programs address key issues such as violence against women’s sustainability and ensure regular and responsive communication among all participants.

WE measure the progress of its programs using the ‘WISE: Women’s Impact Sustainability and Empowerment Project’ data metric. This tool evaluates improvements in financial literacy, shifts in provider roles, changes in decision-making and business sustainability to ensure that women are the primary beneficiaries. WE’s expansive reach includes impactful work in Guatemala, San Diego, Haiti, Honduras, Uganda and El Salvador. Each program is specifically tailored to the goals of the women in each locale and the resources available to maximize success.

Honduras

In Honduras, 70% of the population lives in poverty, with half of the population in some areas surviving on less than $1.25 per day. Rural illiteracy rates are as high as 40% and child malnutrition exceeds 60%. Residents of these areas, often isolated with no transportation or access to clean water, primarily rely on subsistence farming, logging and livestock raising for income. Since 2007, WE has collaborated with the Adelante Foundation to offer small business loans to 2,100 women in these impoverished rural communities. It also provides educational resources, achieving a loan repayment rate of 94.4%. Women receiving loans support each other as guarantors, creating solidarity groups that foster collective success. These entrepreneurs have launched ventures ranging from local stores and bicycle repair shops to greenhouses, using their profits to educate their children and reinvest in their communities.

Guatemala

In Guatemala, WE has formed a partnership with Multicolores. The organization assists women in creating sustainable sources of income independent of formal education or long-term external aid. Based in rural villages, Multicolores supports Indigenous Mayan women through the ‘Stitching New Narratives’ program, which enhances their traditional stitching and design skills. This initiative not only celebrates their indigenous heritage but also enables them to produce garments that foster economic prosperity, helping to elevate them from poverty. The program supports these artists in their creative and economic development, which in turn improves their living conditions, health, well-being, and social mobility.

Uganda

Uganda has been severely affected by the AIDS epidemic, which has left many children orphaned. Thousands of grandmothers have become primary caregivers, often supporting up to six children single-handedly. In 2024, WE partnered with the Nyaka AIDS Orphans Foundation to launch the Nyaka Granny Microfinance Project. This initiative provides loans to grandmothers to start small businesses, generating income to support their families. More than 7,000 grandmothers have benefited from the program, engaging in activities such as animal husbandry, handicrafts, produce cultivation and crop sales. By earning an income, these grandmothers can improve their living conditions. Additionally, they can ensure their grandchildren receive an education, thus breaking cycles of poverty and empowering women across generations.

Driving Change

Women’s Empowerment International have made incredible strides in empowering women in areas of high poverty. Its programs enable women to develop the tools and infrastructure needed for sustainable economic progression. Furthermore, by providing initial assistance and resources, the organization allows women to drive their success rather than remaining dependent on external aid.

– Rebecca Barry

Rebecca is based in Manchester, UK and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Bridge International Academies: Education and the Poverty Cycle

Bridge International AcademiesAccess to quality education can transform lives, offering children in low-income communities a way out of poverty. Studies reveal that individuals with higher levels of education earn more, live healthier lives and contribute to their communities. However, educational inequality still hinders millions of children from accessing quality schooling, making it challenging to break the poverty cycle. The following explores the success stories of organizations like Bridge International Academies, where education has changed communities and highlights the obstacles that still prevent it from reaching all who need it. 

Transforming Lives in Low-Income Communities

The link between education and poverty alleviation is well-documented. Children who receive quality education acquire skills to secure better jobs, earn higher incomes and lift themselves out of poverty. In countries such as Bangladesh and Kenya, organizations have invested in educating children from impoverished backgrounds to create generational change.

For example, the nonprofit organization Bridge International Academies in Kenya provides affordable, high-quality education in underserved communities. With more than 500 schools across Kenya, Uganda and Nigeria, Bridge International has helped students achieve scores significantly above national averages, creating a pathway out of poverty for thousands of students. Through affordable tuition, comprehensive teacher training and tech-integrated classrooms, Bridge International exemplifies how education can change the trajectory of low-income communities.

In Bangladesh, BRAC operates one of the largest education programs in the world. BRAC’s education model empowers young girls in rural villages to attend primary and secondary school. BRAC has proven that education dramatically reduces poverty and gender inequality: its alumni reveal a 30% increase in household income compared to nonparticipants, effectively breaking the poverty cycle within these communities. By prioritizing girls’ education, BRAC addresses poverty and promotes gender equity. 

Challenges

Despite these successes, significant obstacles remain in delivering quality education to all children in poverty. In many developing countries, children face barriers, including inadequate school infrastructure, a shortage of qualified teachers and insufficient government funding.

  • Inadequate Funding for Education Programs. Underfunded schools lack necessary resources like textbooks, desks and classroom materials, limiting students’ learning experiences. In Sub-Saharan Africa, about 20% of primary school-age children are out of school, largely due to underfunded education systems. Low-income communities often depend on external aid, which can be inconsistent or insufficient to meet UNICEF’s demand.
  • Teacher Shortages and Training Gaps. In many impoverished regions, schools face severe teacher shortages and available teachers may lack proper training. A well-trained teacher improves student outcomes, but in places like rural India and Sub-Saharan Africa, underqualified teachers remain a common challenge. In response, organizations such as Teach For All recruit and train local educators to improve teaching quality in low-income communities.
  • Gender Inequality in Education Access. Girls in low-income regions face additional hurdles, such as early marriage, household responsibilities and cultural biases that prioritize boys’ education over girls’. According to UNESCO, girls make up 48% of the global out-of-school population. Programs like BRAC’s girls’ education initiatives work to reverse these ongoing trends by ensuring girls receive equal access to education, empowering them to contribute economically and socially to their communities.
  • Impact of Conflict on Education. Conflict-affected regions suffer severe setbacks in education access, as schools may be destroyed, occupied or unsafe for children. For instance, in countries like Syria and Yemen, millions of children cannot attend school due to ongoing violence. Organizations like UNICEF provide emergency education resources in these areas, but the instability makes it challenging to establish consistent educational progress.

Moving Forward

Ending poverty through education requires global cooperation and sustained investment in educational access and quality. Governments, NGOs and private organizations must work together to fund schools, train teachers and ensure equitable access to education. Programs that prioritize marginalized groups, improve teaching quality and address barriers like gender inequality and conflict could create the most substantial impact.

Countries that prioritize education see the rewards in their workforce, economy and social development. Bridge International Academies, BRAC and Teach For All demonstrate that breaking the poverty cycle through education is possible. While significant challenges remain, these success stories underscore the transformative power of education in reducing poverty globally.

– Olivia Barker

Olivia is based in the UK and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

5 Facts About Zambia’s Energy Crisis

Zambia’s Energy CrisisZambia is a landlocked country in south-central Africa and it is home to the largest artificial dam in the world: The Kariba Dam. This dam provides hydro-power, giving power to 43% of the country. Unfortunately, there has been an extreme drought, causing the dam not to be able to generate enough power and the nation is experiencing major blackouts. The crisis has been ongoing since March 2024. Here are five facts about Zambia’s energy crisis.

Long Blackouts

These blackouts have lasted as long as three days, with some areas receiving only one or two hours of electricity daily. Zambia generates 84% of its electricity from water sources, 13% from coal and just 3% from “solar, diesel and heavy fuel” combined. Without sufficient hydroelectric power, the country struggles to meet its energy demands.

Many people visit restaurants not to eat or drink but to charge their phones and a growing business has emerged around charging phones for a fee. These blackouts have worsened matters considerably for a country that already struggles with energy distribution. “Less than half of Zambia’s 20 million people had access to electricity before Kariba’s problems.” Zambia’s energy crisis has only made matters worse.

Industries Impacted by the Blackouts

Health care facilities are under great strain. Hospitals in Zambia are in dire straits because their patients need electricity. “Fortunately, the government has installed huge generators in some markets, government offices and hospitals,” reports the BBC. Also, many small businesses cannot run during the day, putting immense pressure on owners to buy expensive diesel generators.

Mining, an important industry in Zambia, is struggling as well. In fact, two miners were recently saved after a power outage trapped them underground. Luckily, they were able to be rescued.

Political and Economic Ramifications

Zambia is “one of the most functional democracies on the continent,” says President Hakainde Hichilema. With no electricity, jobs or general well-being, Hichilema expresses fear about the future of that system. AP news reports that small businesses are “the backbone of the country,” and there is fear that an economic downturn will hurt the nation.

Economist Emmanuel Zulu notes that the energy crisis is weighing heavily on Zambia’s economy, contributing to rising unemployment. Meanwhile, Zambian economist Trevor Hambayi estimates that the crisis has cost the nation approximately $1.3 billion, around 5% of its gross domestic product (GDP).

Impact on Agriculture

Farmlands are also heavily impacted. The drought is not only creating an energy crisis, but it is also creating a historically dry farming season. Places that have been hit badly by the drought are producing “half” of the maize they usually make and “three-quarters” of Zambia’s livestock live in areas that have been hit particularly hard by the drought. Food and water have become increasingly scarce due to these developments, exacerbating food insecurity. This crisis has also contributed to a cholera outbreak, with 20,000 reported cases.

Solutions to Zambia’s Energy Crisis

The Zambian government is promoting a “solar explosion” as a solution to avoid relying on polluting energy sources such as coal and charcoal. Together with other organizations, the government is working to implement solar power to help alleviate Zambia’s energy challenges. The government has negotiated with China, India and Canada to bring in as much solar power as possible. In addition, it has made it easier for citizens to buy solar on their own by removing “imported duties and value-added taxes on solar equipment.”

Though the government is working to install major solar infrastructure in the future, this process may take some time. While that process continues, groups like SolarAid support businesses and people who need aid now. SolarAid is a charity that fights poverty, climate and energy crises by providing solar power to rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa.

SolarAid was founded in 2006 and since its start, the charity has distributed 2.3 million solar lights, provided 12.5 million people with light and saved many families $297.9 per year. SolarAid is working to make solar power available to as many Zambians as possible. Through its Zambian office, SunnyMoney, the organization has been working to create a thriving “solar market in Zambia.” Since its inception in Zambia in 2008, SolarAid has given out 413,000 solar lights. While Zambia’s energy crisis continues, the sales at SunnyMoney have gone up 540%.

Final Note on Zambia’s Energy Crisis

Zambia’s energy crisis is a massive problem for the nation. However, it may open the door for a brighter, more energy-resilient nation. Even more, Zambia’s energy crisis may lead the way for green energy, which could be an important example for the rest of the world.

– Michael Messina

Michael is based in Newburyport, MA, USA and focuses on Technology and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

, ,

Fight Against Malaria in Ethiopia

Malaria in EthiopiaEthiopia is still amid its long-lasting battle against malaria, which is one of its most persistent challenges. As of October 2024, Ethiopia has faced more than 7 million cases of malaria. Additionally, the country has dealt with more than 1,000 malaria-related deaths this year alone, indicating that the disease currently shows little sign of slowing down.

Causes

Malaria, a disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, has historically been a significant threat to Ethiopia. One notable example is the devastating 1958 epidemic, which affected 3 million people in a 100,000-square-mile radius and resulted in an estimated 150,000 deaths. Ethiopia’s battle against malaria is deeply rooted in its geographic and climatic conditions. The severity of the 1958 epidemic was partly attributed to the harsh natural conditions of the area where the outbreak occurred, where the altitude range was estimated to be between 1,600 and 2,150 meters above sea level.

The country’s varied landscapes, from lowland plains to highland areas, create ideal environments for the Anopheles mosquito, which carries the malaria parasite, to thrive. Seasonal rains, especially in the western and southern regions, such as in and around the Gambella National Park, help mosquitoes breed, leading to spikes in malaria cases. Varying climatic conditions have made weather patterns less predictable, making it even harder to control the spread of the disease.

Combating Malaria in Ethiopia

Efforts to combat malaria in Ethiopia have evolved over the decades. The country has implemented various strategies, including widespread distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs). Further measures include indoor residual spraying (IRS) and access to effective antimalarial drugs. Community health programs, such as the Health Extension Program, have played a crucial role in improving early diagnosis and treatment in rural areas.

Despite these efforts, gaps remain in reaching the most vulnerable populations, particularly in remote regions with limited health care infrastructure, such as the Benishangul-Gumuz state in northwest Ethiopia. Additional challenges are posed following the rise of insecticide resistance among mosquito populations and the potential for drug-resistant malaria strains. This underscores the need for sustained investment in research, developing new tools such as next-generation antimalarials and vaccines and adapting strategies to local contexts.

Ethiopia’s partnership with international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Fund has been vital. However, the scale of the problem demands a coordinated and persistent effort from local and global stakeholders.

Final Remark

Addressing the socioeconomic factors contributing to malaria transmission in Ethiopia is equally essential. Poverty, inadequate housing and limited access to clean water and sanitation exacerbate the spread of the disease. Strengthening health systems, enhancing community awareness and promoting economic development are essential components of Ethiopia’s comprehensive approach to malaria elimination.

Maintaining a strong fight level for Ethiopia is paramount, as malaria looks like it will be around for a while. The disease is a health issue and a developmental challenge affecting education, economic productivity and overall well-being. By intensifying its efforts and leveraging innovations in public health, Ethiopia can move closer to a future free from the devastating impact of malaria.

– Joe Lockett

Joe is based in the Wirral, UK and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

,

Child Soldiers in Kosovo

Child Soldiers in Kosovo
The use of child soldiers has long been a tragic consequence of war, affecting countless regions across the globe. The Kosovo War (1998–1999) was no exception, with reports highlighting the involvement of child soldiers in armed groups like the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). Today, Kosovo has largely transitioned from its wartime past to a period of relative stability. However, there is little evidence to suggest current use of child soldiers in Kosovo.

Kosovo War

The Kosovo War, a violent struggle for independence from Yugoslavia, saw widespread human rights violations, including the use of child soldiers. 

In February 1998, the Kosovo War broke out between Albanian Kosovo residents, who sought independence and self-determination, from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbian government forces as there was deep-seated animosity between the Albanian majority and the Serbian minority. Serbia’s policies of repression, including the systematic denial of rights to ethnic Albanians, escalated tensions. The Kosovo War lasted 15 months and 15,000 people lost their lives. In 1999, the war concluded with the withdrawal of the Serbian army and the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.

Child Soldiers

The KLA, otherwise known as the Ushtria Clirimtare e Kosoves – UČK, a mostly Albanian Kosovan paramilitary group fighting for Kosovo’s independence, reportedly recruited children as young as 15. While some joined voluntarily, inspired by nationalist sentiments or familial pressure, however, there were also cases of coercion and manipulation. Furthermore, during the war, widespread poverty fueled the vulnerability of children to exploitation and becoming child soldiers. 

In October 2000, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) revealed that among the 16,024 registered members of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), approximately 10% were under the age of 18. Most of these minors were 16 or 17 years old, while around 2% were younger than 16. The youngest recruits, predominantly girls, were typically assigned roles such as cooking and logistical support rather than direct combat. Other girls also joined the KLA, such as a 15-year-old whose father proudly declared, “I am a soldier, my son is a soldier, my daughter is a soldier, and all my 11 children will become soldiers. We will fight until we achieve our freedom.”

Legislature After War

After the war concluded in 1999, Kosovo has since claimed independence in 2008, but the scars of war, particularly among youth, continue to be felt. 

Despite this, Kosovo has made strides in ensuring the safety and future of its children. Legislative reforms in Kosovo have played a pivotal role in aligning the country’s child protection policies with international standards. Kosovo’s implementation of its 2003 Criminal Code incorporates provisions at criminalizing recruitment of child soldiers.  

Articles 151 and 153 specifically address the conscription or recruitment of children under the age of 15 into national armed forces, armed groups, or their use in hostilities during international or non-international armed conflicts. These acts are considered grave violations, punishable by sentences ranging from 5 years to life imprisonment. However, these provisions apply only during an actual armed conflict.

In addition, Article 155 criminalizes the recruitment of children aged 15 to 18, irrespective of whether an armed conflict exists. This offense carries a penalty of 1 to 10 years in prison. These protocols have strengthened Kosovo’s legal frameworks to protect children from exploitation in armed groups in any future armed conflict.

Economically

Prior to the war and changes that took place on the Balkan peninsula, Kosovo was the poorest by the region’s standards. By the draw of the war, nearly half of Kosovo’s population lived below the poverty line. The conflict significantly reduced the number of able-bodied workers, caused extensive damage to most infrastructure, and severely disrupted commercial activity. Poverty was directly correlated with child soldier recruitment, as impoverished families often faced coercion, or children voluntarily joined for the promise of basic needs or nationalist fervor. Today, while progress has been made, Kosovo still grapples with significant poverty levels, with over 30% of its population living below the poverty threshold. This underscores the ongoing need to address poverty as a root to prevent the cause of child exploitation and can help reduce ethnic tensions to prevent another war.

Conclusion

During the Kosovo War, child soldiers were a significant percent of soldiers, showing how poverty and conflict affects vulnerable populations. 

Today, while the recruitment of child soldiers in Kosovo has largely ceased, the scars of war remain in economic hardship. Addressing ongoing economic hardship and strengthening child protection laws are essential steps in preventing future exploitation. By fostering education, economic opportunity and community resilience, Kosovo can continue its post-conflict recovery for peace and stability.

– Avery Hazard

Avery is based in Spain and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr