In 2023, Lebanon witnessed another wave of young professionals, medical staff and academics leaving the country. This mass exodus exacerbated an already dire situation, with 44% of the population now living in poverty. The country’s economic crisis, characterized by a devalued currency, inadequate health care services and high unemployment rates, has particularly impacted its elderly citizens. As the largest elderly population in the Middle East, many are forced to continue working beyond the age of 60, often without social protections or pensions, further increasing elderly poverty in Lebanon.
Lebanon’s Financial Crisis
The World Bank has labeled Lebanon’s financial crisis as one of the most severe crisis episodes globally since the mid-nineteenth century. The crisis, which began with a complete financial meltdown in 2019, has left banks unable to pay depositors in dollars, enforcing informal capital controls that restrict withdrawals to limited amounts at heavily discounted exchange rates. Since then, the Lebanese currency has plummeted from 1,500 to the dollar pre-crisis to about 94,000 in May 2023, peaking at more than 100,000 in March. Lebanon’s economic struggles have compounded due to significant political turmoil and disasters, including the devastating explosion at Beirut’s port on Aug. 4, 2020 and recent Israeli strikes on civilian areas in southern Lebanon.
Brain Drain
The crisis in Lebanon has triggered a “brain drain” as disillusioned educated youth and professionals emigrate in search of better opportunities abroad. This exodus is sharply felt in the health care and education sectors, jeopardizing the quality and availability of essential services for the wider population. In 2021 alone, nearly 80,000 Lebanese left the country. The departure of skilled individuals in such large numbers is impeding economic recovery and weakening the infrastructure of public services, intensifying the nation’s broader crisis. Projections reveal that between 2020 and 2050, the number of people aged 60 and over in Lebanon will double, while the young population is expected to decline by about 33%.
Health Care Access
The elderly constitute almost half of the total population with disabilities in Lebanon and the leading causes for disability among both older men and women, with kidney diseases, sense organ diseases and diabetes being the leading causes of disability among both older men and women. These conditions require regular access to essential drugs and services. However, Lebanon’s financial crisis, worsened by the pandemic, has left its health care sector struggling to provide affordable services to its impoverished population. The elderly, who most need regular health care services, face significant challenges due to a lack of health insurance, soaring medication prices and shortages of medical personnel. A study by HelpAge reveals that many elderly individuals, unable to afford their prescribed medications, are deliberately reducing or stopping their use, further endangering their health and impacting elderly poverty in Lebanon.
Pensions and Social Protection
Lebanon ranks among just 16 countries globally without a pension scheme for private-sector workers. As a result, the majority of workers—55% of whom are informally employed—lack any social insurance coverage. Due to the banking crisis, lifetime savings have become inaccessible and continue to lose value as the local currency deteriorates. This financial instability forces many elderly men to work well beyond the official retirement age, compromising their physical and mental health, as the absence of a pension system leaves them without a safety net.
NGO Efforts
Without broader government reforms in Lebanon, sustainable recovery and reconstruction remain unlikely and the social and economic situation will likely continue to deteriorate. In the meantime, many NGOs and charities are performing crucial work to alleviate some of the hardships faced by the elderly population. Amel association, which was created in response to the atrocities of the Lebanese civil war and the Israeli aggression in southern Lebanon, is one example of an organization working on advancing the rights of older people in Lebanon ensuring they can lead dignified, safe and healthy lives.
With a focus on ‘defending a culture of solidarity rather than charity,’ Amel offers many essential services, including psychosocial support, to the vulnerable elderly population. In collaboration with HelpAge International, it gives the elderly access to activities designed to improve their psychological well-being, such as group counseling, peer-to-peer support, recreation and social events. This is done through 32 centers throughout the country, six mobile clinics, two mobile education units and a mobile protection unit. As these inspiring efforts continue, it underscores the critical need for systemic change to address the underlying issues and provide lasting relief for Lebanon’s most vulnerable citizens.
Looking Ahead
Lebanon’s economic and social crises have created severe challenges, particularly for the elderly population lacking social protections. The mass emigration of professionals has weakened essential services, further exacerbating the nation’s difficulties. NGOs like the Amel Association play a crucial role in providing immediate support, yet the urgent need for comprehensive government reforms remains clear to ensure sustainable recovery and a reduction in elderly poverty in Lebanon.
– Asma Issa
Asma is based in London, UK and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.
Photo: Flickr
How Concern Worldwide Is Uplifting Syria
Furthermore, years of conflict in Syria have caused many facilities and institutions to become unusable. For instance, a third of all schools and health care facilities in Syria are no longer used for their original purposes but rather have been destroyed, damaged or used for shelter or military purposes.
Recent Earthquake Devastation
Early last year, a massive 7.8 magnitude earthquake hit southern Turkey near the Syria border, followed by another 7.5 magnitude earthquake. These were the most devastating earthquakes to hit the Turkey-Syria region in more than 20 years. It killed more than 55,000 people and left millions homeless, often in overcrowded temporary shelters.
Of the 15.3 million Syrians who remained in the country afterward, 85% of the population is estimated to require humanitarian assistance. More than 12 million face food insecurity, only about half of all hospitals are fully functional and more than two million children are out of school indefinitely. As a result, Syria continues to be the world’s largest refugee crisis, representing nearly 25% of the total global refugee population.
About Concern Worldwide
Concern Worldwide, founded in 1968, is an international humanitarian organization working in 26 countries to free disadvantaged individuals from poverty, fear and oppression. Composed of 4,700 diligent humanitarians, Concern has reached more than 25 million underprivileged individuals, focusing on six areas: livelihoods, health and nutrition, education, gender equality and innovations and emergencies. In terms of emergencies, it helps communities affected by natural disasters, assisting them to rebuild long-lasting resilience through sustainable methods.
In the wake of the recent earthquake, Concern responded in hours, delivering emergency supplies and providing shelter, food, cash, clean water, sanitation and psychosocial support. Its efforts range from short-term reliefs to long-term support by erecting tents, installing latrines and building clean water systems. A year in, it has successfully helped more than 375,000 individuals. Concern has committed to supporting those who are worse affected until they can stand on their feet again and rebuild their lives.
Multi-Faceted Approach
Concern Worldwide focuses on emergency response and has various other departments, including a community-based focus on women and children, to raise awareness and break down social barriers. In addition to increased access to health services, optimal child care training and treating acute malnutrition in children, it provides a 14-month package that includes business skills training, general coaching, financial literacy, home savings management and entrepreneurship skills. Concern intervenes at the local and national government levels to uplift individuals in Syria and other poverty-stricken countries and allow them to choose their future.
– Kewe Chen
Photo: Flickr
The Fight to End Malnutrition in Ethiopia
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) has primarily been working with the government to resolve this issue. It supports the government’s nutrition program called the Health Extention Program which was developed in 2004. The main focus of this program is to increase awareness about nutrition actions in households, limit bacteria with vaccinations and promote healthy behaviors. In addition, it allows for family health services, putting the spotlight on helping adolescent nutrition.
UNICEF also works with the pilot program that allows for a new innovative way of growing crops, which has been especially beneficial in preventing damage from sudden hits by natural disasters. Through this new method in hydroponic vegetable farming, malnutrition rates have gone down, especially for children. This practice allows farmers to grow food with little soil and water, perfect for situations of extreme drought. Not only did self-sufficiency increase through this process, allowing farmers to cultivate year-round, but it also has made farming practices sustainable, as this process promises generations of this usage.
United States Agency for International Development
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has accomplished many tasks involving increasing nutrition access. Feed the Future movement which aims to end world hunger is one of its most influential successes. This organization not only aims to increase the amount of agricultural produce, but it also seeks to increase wages earned through their produce to increase their income and buy products to lift them out of poverty.
In Ethiopia specifically, there are three main steps that USAID and Feed the Future have been following to aid poverty. The three steps are as follows:
Results for Development
Results for Development (R4D) is a global nonprofit that works with government officials and social leaders to create grand changes in health and nutrition. R4D has aimed to integrate wasting treatment into the health care routine of Ethiopia, especially when wasting has become one of the largest mortality causes for small children.
By incorporating ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), R4D has begun to address the severe underweight problem caused by malnutrition. But even though this product is made with high quality and is cost-effective, it is not widely available to minorities. This issue is currently on the road to becoming resolved through market shaping which would introduce more access to RUTFs. Ethiopia is one of the countries that has access to this solution through R4D. This organization is looking to increase funding for RUTF to increase its presence in markets and create a set of cost-effective recipes.
Looking Forward
Malnutrition is a heavily prevalent issue in Ethiopia, with more than 5 million children in Ethiopia suffering. However, through actions provided by these three organizations, UNICEF, USAID and R4D, malnutrition is on its way to being tackled in this country.
– Linda Yoonseo Lee
Photo: Flickr
Olive Kids Foundation Supports Displaced Palestinian Children
The situation in Gaza remains critical. Millions have fled, but those civilians who continue to live in the northern side of the Gaza Strip are surrounded by rubble, limited access to electricity and food and water shortages, which the U.N. reports are on the brink of famine. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), about nine in 10 Palestinians are displaced, with children making up half of the estimated 1.9 million people affected. Furthermore, this displacement leads to separation, loss of property, abuse, exploitation and a lack of psychosocial support. Many displaced families struggle with the high costs of frequent relocations.
The Olive Kids Foundation
Amid this turmoil, the Olive Kids Foundation stands as a beacon of hope, providing essential support to the most vulnerable. Here’s how it is making a difference:
Making a Lasting Impact
The Olive Kids Foundation’s alumni often return to assist other children in similarly dire situations, creating a cycle of support and empowerment. Through their continuous efforts, the foundation aims to raise more donations to support displaced Palestinian children during this ongoing crisis.
– Lydie Udofia
Photo: Flickr
Elderly Poverty in Lebanon
Lebanon’s Financial Crisis
The World Bank has labeled Lebanon’s financial crisis as one of the most severe crisis episodes globally since the mid-nineteenth century. The crisis, which began with a complete financial meltdown in 2019, has left banks unable to pay depositors in dollars, enforcing informal capital controls that restrict withdrawals to limited amounts at heavily discounted exchange rates. Since then, the Lebanese currency has plummeted from 1,500 to the dollar pre-crisis to about 94,000 in May 2023, peaking at more than 100,000 in March. Lebanon’s economic struggles have compounded due to significant political turmoil and disasters, including the devastating explosion at Beirut’s port on Aug. 4, 2020 and recent Israeli strikes on civilian areas in southern Lebanon.
Brain Drain
The crisis in Lebanon has triggered a “brain drain” as disillusioned educated youth and professionals emigrate in search of better opportunities abroad. This exodus is sharply felt in the health care and education sectors, jeopardizing the quality and availability of essential services for the wider population. In 2021 alone, nearly 80,000 Lebanese left the country. The departure of skilled individuals in such large numbers is impeding economic recovery and weakening the infrastructure of public services, intensifying the nation’s broader crisis. Projections reveal that between 2020 and 2050, the number of people aged 60 and over in Lebanon will double, while the young population is expected to decline by about 33%.
Health Care Access
The elderly constitute almost half of the total population with disabilities in Lebanon and the leading causes for disability among both older men and women, with kidney diseases, sense organ diseases and diabetes being the leading causes of disability among both older men and women. These conditions require regular access to essential drugs and services. However, Lebanon’s financial crisis, worsened by the pandemic, has left its health care sector struggling to provide affordable services to its impoverished population. The elderly, who most need regular health care services, face significant challenges due to a lack of health insurance, soaring medication prices and shortages of medical personnel. A study by HelpAge reveals that many elderly individuals, unable to afford their prescribed medications, are deliberately reducing or stopping their use, further endangering their health and impacting elderly poverty in Lebanon.
Pensions and Social Protection
Lebanon ranks among just 16 countries globally without a pension scheme for private-sector workers. As a result, the majority of workers—55% of whom are informally employed—lack any social insurance coverage. Due to the banking crisis, lifetime savings have become inaccessible and continue to lose value as the local currency deteriorates. This financial instability forces many elderly men to work well beyond the official retirement age, compromising their physical and mental health, as the absence of a pension system leaves them without a safety net.
NGO Efforts
Without broader government reforms in Lebanon, sustainable recovery and reconstruction remain unlikely and the social and economic situation will likely continue to deteriorate. In the meantime, many NGOs and charities are performing crucial work to alleviate some of the hardships faced by the elderly population. Amel association, which was created in response to the atrocities of the Lebanese civil war and the Israeli aggression in southern Lebanon, is one example of an organization working on advancing the rights of older people in Lebanon ensuring they can lead dignified, safe and healthy lives.
With a focus on ‘defending a culture of solidarity rather than charity,’ Amel offers many essential services, including psychosocial support, to the vulnerable elderly population. In collaboration with HelpAge International, it gives the elderly access to activities designed to improve their psychological well-being, such as group counseling, peer-to-peer support, recreation and social events. This is done through 32 centers throughout the country, six mobile clinics, two mobile education units and a mobile protection unit. As these inspiring efforts continue, it underscores the critical need for systemic change to address the underlying issues and provide lasting relief for Lebanon’s most vulnerable citizens.
Looking Ahead
Lebanon’s economic and social crises have created severe challenges, particularly for the elderly population lacking social protections. The mass emigration of professionals has weakened essential services, further exacerbating the nation’s difficulties. NGOs like the Amel Association play a crucial role in providing immediate support, yet the urgent need for comprehensive government reforms remains clear to ensure sustainable recovery and a reduction in elderly poverty in Lebanon.
– Asma Issa
Photo: Flickr
Libyan Higher Education as an Example of Academic Resilience
Throughout the 2011-2012 period, several Libyan academics abroad praised the removal of the Gaddafi regime as a way to increase academic research and standing for Libyan universities around the world. There was genuine hope for the future, particularly with the announcement of the Tripoli University Program for Rebuilding Libya in 2012. Following the university’s reopening, the program set out four main goals:
Within the first year, events overwhelmed the proposal. The proposed reforms may have been considered “tone-deaf” and portrayed a general political aim instead of an attempt to stabilize the Libyan higher education system in the wake of recent conflict.
Current State of Libyan Higher Education
Following years of civil war within the country, Libya remains in a political stalemate with the United Nations (U.N.) calling for a peaceful, Libyan-led shift to democratic power. While the government sits at a standstill, the same can not be said of higher education. Libya’s nation-state boasts more than 20 universities, with access intended to reach the urban-rural divide.
Mainly built during the Gaddafi regime, the resources accessible to the institutions were dependent on their location regarding urban centers with the modern elite of the political party. It has to be noted that due to the political upheaval surrounding the past decade, more than 200,000 Libyan students have had their education interrupted or delayed and some even ceased altogether.
After the 2011 civil war, university resources became more scarce and the funds necessary to pay staff and faculty became contentious. In 2023, the faculty at the University of Tripoli staged a two-month sit-in, protesting the lack of pay and benefits received. The protests were exacerbated after the University needed to close temporarily due to political violence spilling onto campus grounds. Several universities stood in solidarity with the University of Tripoli, including the University of Benghazi. The strike would experience extremes, including when armed forces kidnaped a leader of the General Syndicate of University Teaching in an attempt to stop the strike.
During the Tripoli-based violence, the University of Benghazi was set to receive a visit from the World Federation for Medical Education regarding the university’s QS ranking for 2023. Beyond the delay of international recognition, the University of Benghazi suffered property damage to the campus within the past decade of civil war. And while action has been taken to mitigate portions of the damages, the campus, like many others, remains in disrepair.
Continued Barriers to Higher Education
As Libyan universities attempt to make education accessible despite political instability, several barriers restrict students’ access to higher education. Due to the political upheaval, there is a risk of violence bleeding onto university campuses, which has occurred as local militias become “university guards.” These militia members are under nonexistent supervision and reportedly have caused more harm than good. There have been several instances from multiple universities that show a pervasiveness of harassment by militia members on university campuses. Harassment and violence escalated in several cases to the point in which female students have been unable to attend lessons and, as such, delayed or hindered their education.
While political violence and uncertainty surrounding portions of the country explain issues involving militias and campus-based harassment, conflict-related hindrances are not the only barriers to higher education (and education in general); language remains a pervasive barrier. Within Libya, there is a minority population of Amazigh (“Berbers”) who speak the Tamazight language. Speakers of the Tamazight language cross several national lines, including Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and specifically the Siwa Oasis within Egypt. The Gaddafi regime, which titled itself the Libyan Arab People’s Jamahiriya, created clear ethnic and linguistic lines that have yet to be meaningfully rectified.
Hope for the Future
Throughout the continued violence and contested ideas of a national government, Libyan academia has persevered. Several studies within the last decade are attributed to Libyan academics, specifically within the realm of climate science and resilience studies. While resources and funding are scarce, professors have continued to research significant local and global issues while simultaneously teaching in universities that can not be guaranteed to protect them from violence. Libyan academics have continued to pursue knowledge throughout more than a decade of adversity, showing strength and tenacity in the face of conflicts.
– Jamie Sackett
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
Child Marriage: An Obstacle to Education for Girls in South Sudan
Economic, social and political changes have to be made to provide a better education for girls in South Sudan. From state-issued fundraising to environmental amendments, more girls will be able to attend school. With more girls in school, cases such as child marriages will begin to decrease, resulting in a brighter future for girls nationwide.
Social Issues
One of the many social, controversial issues plaguing South Sudan is the high rate of child marriages. Approximately 52% of South Sudanese girls are married before age 18. According to Girls not Brides, “Child marriage is driven by gender inequality and the belief that girls are somehow inferior to boys.” Additionally, “Increased school dropout rates push young girls toward marriage and early pregnancies.” Without key motivating factors to keep girls in school, many choose to drop out or not attend at all.
Economic Issues
In 2023, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reported that 70% of the South Sudanese population lives in poverty. According to Girls not Brides, “Child marriage is used as a coping mechanism in response to economic and food insecurity. Families from the poorest households in South Sudan marry off daughters in order to receive dowry.” This is a common practice in South Sudan and raises little to no concerns among citizens.
A 16-year-old South Sudanese girl by the name of Atong was forced to marry a 50-year-old man in July 2011. A 16-year-old South Sudanese girl by the name of Atong was forced to marry a 50-year-old man in July 2011. “I did not know him before. I did not love him,” she said. “I told my family, ‘I don’t want this man.’ My people said, ‘This old man can feed us, you will marry him.”
Political Issues
According to Human Rights Watch (HRW) on child marriage, “There are also gaps in the Transitional Constitution, Penal Code and Child Act related to this harmful practice—including no minimum age of marriage —and no systematic or comprehensive programs to address the root causes of child marriage at the community level.” The Transitional Constitution, for example, “…does not set a minimum age of marriage. Instead, it states that every person had the right to marry a person of the opposite sex and that no marriage shall be entered into without free and full consent.”
This makes it nearly impossible for girls to attend school due to their responsibilities as a wife. According to Broken Chalk, “Shockingly, a girl in South Sudan is more likely to die in childbirth than to complete primary education.” South Sudan lacks a legal framework surrounding many things, including educational requirements. Therefore, the rules and laws are fuzzy and underdeveloped. Additionally, “A lack of quality teaching staff and inadequate school buildings are challenges that add to extreme poverty, as families desperately work for the next meal.”
Solutions
While South Sudan is far from exemplary in educating girls and young women, there are possible steps that could be taken to move toward improvements. Child marriage hinders a girl from receiving an education,and to combat this, organizations like the African Union and UNICEF have been collaborating with the government and other partners to raise awareness about the dangers. They are advocating for laws to protect young girls and working to change cultural and social norms that negatively impact them.
For example, UNICEF’s flagship Communities Care Program, designed to “promote gender-equitable and positive social transformation norms,” established 29 community discussion groups and engaged more than 800,000 people in awareness-raising activities. In 2020, the program expanded to tackle sexual violence, teenage pregnancies and child marriage in South Sudan, with 74% of participants reporting positive changes in their beliefs and attitudes.
Although child marriage is still prevalent in South Sudan, with continued efforts from the government and nonprofit organizations like UNICEF, the nation is making great strides toward reducing the incidence and improving the well-being and rights of its young girls.
– London Collins Puc
Photo: Flickr
Targeting Poverty and the Environment in South Africa
Impacts of the WfW Program
The WfW program hires unemployed persons to remove invasive plant species, thereby providing income while targeting pressing environmental concerns. These plant species deplete water resources in an already water-scare nation, limiting water supply for health and economic needs. In addition to water, the invasive plant species also threaten biodiversity and ecosystems. They contribute to soil erosion and obstruct grasslands used for livestock grazing. The program also has social targets, seeking to hire at least 5% disabled persons, 20% youth and 60% women, with baby chrèches provided for mothers with young children.
The program has successfully targeted poverty and the environment in South Africa. According to the South African government, 20,000 jobs have been created through the WfW program. Furthermore, 52% of participants were women. It has removed more than one million hectares of invasive plant species, which, as of 2010, has helped the nation retain more than 46 million cubic meters of water and prevent $22.7 billion of national income from being lost.
The Working for Energy Program
With the success of the WfW program, the government has rolled out additional “Working for” programs to target poverty and the environment in South Africa. One notable example is the Working for Energy program, which was inspired by the leftover biomass from the WfW program. This program focuses on providing low-income families with electricity generated from renewable sources.
The initiative is projected to generate 720 megawatts (MW) of electricity and create 50,000 jobs, demonstrating a sustainable approach to both energy production and economic development. In addition to Working for Energy, programs have been implemented targeting wetlands, fire, the coast and waste. In total, these programs are expected to create 230,000 public employment opportunities by 2025.
The Expanded Public Works Program
With the success of the “Working for” programs, the South African government established the Expanded Public Works Program (EPWP) following the Growth and Development Summit in 2003. This initiative continues to create employment opportunities under the summit’s goal of “more jobs, better jobs, decent work for all.” The EPWP targets additional sectors of the environment, which now runs the “Working for” programs, including Infrastructure, Social and Nonstate. The EPWP continues to be successful, having achieved its goal of the creation of one million jobs ahead of schedule in 2008.
Looking Ahead
Despite such successes, challenges lay ahead. Though the EPWP presents employment opportunities, larger structural concerns are at play. Unemployment rates have been rising in the last 20 years, currently sitting at 32.9%. Water shortages are also becoming increasingly common. Furthermore, though the expansion of EPWP can create some permanent employment, most of the jobs it provides for the unemployed are temporary.
The United Nations Development Programme claims that the program can benefit from additional skills training to help its beneficiaries switch into employment outside of the EPWP. However, the “Working for” programs and its continued development as the EPWP remains an innovative measure. It is frequently cited as one of the leading examples globally of simultaneously targeting poverty and environmental concerns.
– Imme Koolenbrander
Photo: Flickr
Prevention and Development: HIV in Eswatini
HIV in Eswatini
Eswatini has been at the top of the charts in regard to HIV prevalence in the past years. During the peak of the HIV epidemic in 2015, almost one out of every three people in the nation were living with HIV. Although treatment for HIV existed during the mid-’90s, not many citizens in Eswatini had access to the treatment. In 1995, no treatment was made available for the Swazis, leading to 73,000 people contracting the disease and 2,400 people dying that very same year.
The fight for controlling the epidemic has been difficult in the following years, with the implementation of various programs and treatments failing on a widespread level. Currently, the life expectancy for the Swazi people is 54.6 years. Although low in regards to the global comparison, this is actually progress for the nation. In Eswatini, the life expectancy in 2000 was 47 years, which means that it has improved by 7.55 years in the past 24 years.
Relief and Aid
A primary factor in the improvement of controlling the HIV epidemic, as well as increasing the life expectancy of the Swazis, has to do with the partnership between the Government of Eswatini and the United States (U.S.) Presidential Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, more commonly known as PEPFAR. PEPFAR is the largest commitment by any nation addressing HIV in history, enabled by the support of the U.S. Congress, presidential administrations and many other powerful figures in the U.S. political sphere.
PEPFAR-funded programs such as the REACH and REACH II programs have focused on developing local organizations in the community. These organizations, such as Umliba Loya Embili and Insika ya Kusasa, have aided in the fight against HIV, addressing risks such as miseducation, poverty, child protection and more.
The increase in Swazis taking preventative medication for HIV has also been a major success in the decrease in HIV rates in recent years. The dissemination of drugs, in particular, pre-exposure prophylaxis, more commonly known as PrEP, has been a milestone in aiding the risk and containment of HIV. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) globally recommended the introduction of PrEP among people at high risk of contracting HIV, including adolescent girls, young women and sex workers.
Eswatini was one of these countries and now the number of PrEP users is increasing yearly, going from 2,200 in 2018 to 32,750 in 2022. The increase in protection being available for citizens at their local clinic is a positive step in the right direction, which is openly decreasing the potential for Swazis to contract HIV.
The Future of Eswatini
Addressing the HIV epidemic in Eswatini will be a slow and incremental process, given that large-scale relief and aid have only recently been introduced. The transition from a lack of relief, education and medication to a growing support system marks progress in the fight against high HIV rates. Continued funding for education and medical care is essential for building a healthier future for the people of Eswatini.
– Oliver Martin
Photo: Flickr
The Shadows of the Himalayas: Poverty in Nepal
The mountain people of the Himalayas frequently stay on the outskirts of socioeconomic and geopolitical opportunities, living on the fringes of society. Agriculture remains the backbone of the Nepalese economy. However, the sector is plagued by low productivity, limited modernization and vulnerability to adverse climatic conditions, maintaining a cycle of poverty in Nepal.
Education and Child Labor
Education is a critical factor in breaking the cycle of poverty. Yet, many Nepalese children face significant barriers to accessing quality education. School facilities are often inadequate and qualified teachers are scarce. Furthermore, child labor is a persistent issue, with many children forced to work to support their families instead of attending school. About 13.4% of children aged 5 to 9 are engaging in agricultural activities during the prime years of their basic education.
Health Care Challenges
Health care in Nepal is another sector that highlights the disparity between urban and rural populations. While the capital, Kathmandu and other metropolitan areas have seen improvements in health care infrastructure, rural regions lag far behind. However, the government has introduced a health policy encouraging the private sector to invest in the production of health workers and in providing quality health services. While this is an important step, it may harm low-income people who have nowhere to turn to but to rely on their government. Many villagers have to travel long distances to reach the nearest health facility. Once there, they often need more medical supplies and trained professionals.
The Role of Tourism
Tourism significantly contributes to Nepal’s economy, bringing in substantial foreign exchange and creating employment opportunities. However, the benefits of tourism are not evenly distributed. The industry is heavily concentrated in certain areas, like Kathmandu and Pokhara, leaving other regions with little to no benefit.
Steps Toward Alleviating Poverty
Cordaid, a nonprofit dedicated to addressing the causes of fragility, has been working in Nepal since the ’80s, phasing out activities in the nation. Cordaid works with smallholder farmers to build their resilience to adverse weather. They provide vocational training and certification to increase employment opportunities.
Furthermore, CARE Nepal helps improve marginalized communities’ lives through various programs. These program included initiatives in health, education, women’s empowerment, economic development, disaster risk reduction and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs. It provides maternal and child health care, promotes gender equality in education, empowers women with vocational training and economic opportunities and supports sustainable agricultural practices.
In 2023, CARE Nepal’s “Gender Justice and Health and Education Rights” program reached nearly 40,000 people, empowering women and girls from vulnerable communities to lead healthy, violence-free and distinguished lives.
Conclusion
With its towering peaks and deep cultural roots, Nepal is a country of immense potential and equally significant challenges. Poverty remains a persistent shadow over its picturesque landscapes. Addressing this issue requires sustained efforts from the government, international community and local stakeholders. By focusing on education, health care, economic diversification and equitable development, Nepal can begin to lift its people out of poverty. The future is as bright as the sunlit peaks of the Himalayas.
– Rika Mokal
Photo: Pixabay
Health and Vector-Borne diseases
Effect of Adverse Weather on Vector-Borne Diseases
Vectors are sensitive to their environments. An increase in the earth’s average temperature presents a difficult challenge for addressing vector populations, as altered weather patterns and temperature changes affect vectors directly and indirectly. Rising temperatures can increase the speed of vector life cycles and breeding, which can increase vector populations and the speed of pathogen replication in hosts.
Indirectly, the weather changes impact the habitats and environments where these vectors exist and can change their geographic range and distribution. Mosquitoes, for example, breed in stagnant water; increased precipitation in some areas can amplify the number of vector breeding sites. These long-term changing weather patterns can increase vector’s geographic range, as warmer winter temperatures allow vector species to live in a larger area, increasing the range of the infections they spread to humans.
The burden of vector-borne diseases is highest in tropical and subtropical areas, disproportionately affecting the most impoverished populations. Malaria is one of the most prevalent vector-borne diseases globally, with an estimated 219 million cases and more than 400,000 deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Most of these deaths occur in children under five, with mosquitoes being the primary transmission vector.
Helpful Organizations
Many international organizations focus on this issue, working with the public health perspective and tackling changing climatic conditions to safeguard human health. GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance, has played a crucial role in combating vector-borne diseases by funding and supporting the distribution of vaccines for diseases such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. GAVI-supported yellow fever campaigns in more than 10 African countries protected more than 130 million people. Its efforts have significantly increased vaccination coverage in low-income countries, reducing the incidence of these diseases and enhancing human health security.
While Gavi seeks immunization coverage for many diseases, the Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI) focuses on eliminating malaria through surveillance and response, vector control, program management and drugs and diagnostics. MEI has a global focus and projects in South America, sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. MEI has made significant progress in working at national, regional and international levels. Furthermore, the Nature Conservancy is an international organization with multiple priorities, including improving resilience for vulnerable habitats and communities, working with governments on clean energy policies and maximizing natural carbon storage opportunities through habitat conservation and agriculture practices.
Conclusion
The impact of changing temperatures on vector-borne infectious diseases is profound, exacerbating their global burden and highlighting the need for targeted investments and improvements. Investing in outbreak responses and enhancing disease surveillance systems is crucial to counter the increased infection potential from changing climatic conditions. These strategies can reduce exposure to vectors and susceptibility to vector-borne diseases, particularly in vulnerable populations. Additionally, investing in ecosystem stabilization and forest and wetland preservation can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, limit climate variability and contain vector habitats.
– Hodges Day
Photo: Flickr