Information and stories on health topics.

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EU and WHO Helping the Cholera Outbreak in Ethiopia

Cholera Outbreak in EthiopiaEthiopia has been suffering from one of the largest cholera outbreaks in recorded history, starting in August 2022. With very limited access to the Oral Cholera Vaccine, and other factors such as very little access to clean water and sanitation, many of the Ethiopian population remain at high risk of contracting cholera. In March 2024, Ethiopia reported a total of 37,497 cholera cases and 524 deaths, while calling for increased funding in June 2023 to improve the response to the current outbreaks and to better prepare the country for any future outbreaks.

Factors Contributing to Outbreak

Although Ethiopia remains “one of the fastest growing economies” in Africa, the per capita GNI stands at only $1,020, making it one of the poorest countries in this region, leading to access to health care, especially hospitals and physicians, being insufficient to those living in rural areas

A 2022 study identified that several factors immediately made Ethiopian citizens more susceptible to cholera, including cholera cases being higher for patients in the age group of 15-44, having another patient within the family and their dehydration status. Considering that 58% of the population in Ethiopia is between 15 and 64 years old, many people are at high risk of contracting cholera due to their age alone.

EU Response to Cholera Outbreak in Ethiopia

In November 2023, the EU first allocated €1 million to help fund humanitarian responses to the cholera outbreak in Ethiopia. This funding went to a series of designated causes, including supporting existing humanitarian organizations with their responses to the outbreak through the distribution of health care supplies, training of staff to help treat those with cholera and improving access to safe water and sanitation.

This funding came in the aftermath of floods that affected more than 1 million citizens and caused a further 470 cases of cholera in Ethiopia. However, in January 2024, 234 districts within Ethiopia could control the spread of cholera, with calls to aim responses towards improving sanitation to prevent open defecation and increasing access to clean water would provide a significant contribution to the prevention of cholera.

Cholera Treatment Centers

In February 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) helped with construction of 17 standard cholera treatment centres (CTCs) to help combat the cholera outbreak in Ethiopia. These centers are open and operating 24/7, to improve access to health care and the quality of treatment received, especially in more remote areas of Ethiopia where access to specialist cholera treatment is incredibly limited. The centers have handwashing facilities, baths and showers, all with access to clean water.

Each CTC has 718 beds, providing significant medical access to a larger proportion of the population. This scheme ensures efficient triage and treatment of cholera patients, which is crucial to save lives and help control the cholera outbreak in Ethiopia better.

In conclusion, EU and WHO solutions have been able to make a lasting difference. There will hopefully be further investment into health care facilities that could improve their quality and overall access to people. With the steady improvement of treatment across the country, the cholera outbreak in Ethiopia will likely become more controlled.

– Freyja Stone

Freyja is based in Manchester, UK and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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The Current State of HIV/AIDS in Algeria

HIV/AIDS in Algeria
HIV/AIDS is a significant health issue in Algeria, affecting thousands of lives. Despite efforts to combat it, the disease remains a challenge for the nation. 

The Prevalence

Algeria has seen an increase in HIV/AIDS cases over the last few years. According to UNAIDS, 26,000 Algerian children and adults were reported as living with HIV in 2023. Newly recorded cases of HIV in children and adults increased by 2,100 cases between 2022 and 2023. 

Early detection and treatment are crucial for managing the disease and preventing its spread. The government and non-governmental organizations work tirelessly to raise awareness and provide medical support to those affected.

Support Programs

The Algerian government has implemented several initiatives to combat HIV/AIDS. These programs, such as The Global Fund, focus on education, prevention, and treatment. Additionally, free antiretroviral therapy is available to patients, ensuring they receive the necessary medications to manage their condition effectively.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also play a vital role in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Algeria. These organizations work at the grassroots level, providing education and support to communities.

They conduct workshops, distribute educational materials and offer counseling services to those affected by the disease. NGOs also collaborate with the government to implement nationwide awareness campaigns and improve access to health care services.

For example, The Kaiser Family Foundation is an NGO that focuses on various domestic and international health epidemics. This foundation specifically examines global health policies to better improve access to care for those living with HIV in the U.S. and overseas. 

The Impact of Stigma and Discrimination

Stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS remain significant challenges in Algeria. Many individuals face social isolation and rejection due to their HIV status. This stigma often prevents them from seeking the medical help they need.

To address this issue, awareness campaigns aim to educate the public about HIV/AIDS and reduce the stigma associated with the disease. By fostering a more inclusive society, Algeria can better support those affected by HIV/AIDS.

Access to Health Care Services and Technology

Access to health care services is essential for managing HIV/AIDS in Algeria. The government has established numerous health care centers across the country to provide testing, treatment and counseling services.

These centers offer free and confidential HIV testing, which helps to make sure that individuals can receive a diagnosis without fear of discrimination. Additionally, trained health care workers provide compassionate and non-judgmental care to those living with HIV/AIDS.

Technology plays a crucial role in advancing HIV/AIDS research in Algeria. Labs use hot plate magnetic stirrers to achieve accurate results, which is particularly useful in the research of HIV/AIDS.

These devices ensure precise temperature control and consistent mixing, leading to more reliable data. By leveraging advanced technology, researchers can develop better treatment options and improve the overall understanding of the disease.

Community Support and Involvement

Support groups and community centers provide a safe space for people to share their experiences and seek emotional support. These groups also offer practical assistance, such as help with medication adherence and access to health care services. By fostering a strong sense of community, Algeria can better support those affected by HIV/AIDS and improve their quality of life.

The fight against HIV/AIDS in Algeria requires a multifaceted approach. By addressing the stigma, improving education, and leveraging technology, the country can better support those affected by the disease. Continued efforts and collaboration are necessary for making progress in this ongoing battle.

– Kelly Schoessling

Kelly focuses on World News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Poverty in Rajasthan: Reduction Measures

Poverty in RajasthanRajasthan, situated in Northwestern India, is the seventh most populous state in the country, boasting a population of 69 million people. While The Multidimensional Poverty Index Report of 2023 highlights Rajasthan as having one of the steepest declines in poverty in India, 10 million people are still living below the poverty line. To combat poverty in Rajasthan, the government has meticulously targeted problem areas, focusing mainly on improving the health care sector and rural areas, where more than  75% of the poor population live.

While the percentage of poor in Rajasthan has successfully declined from 28.86% in 2015-2016 to 15.31% in 2019-2021, according to a 2023 report, it is important to note that discrimination towards those living in caste communities remains abundant, with many being denied poverty-alleviation measures. The work of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and independent programs such as BHOR are aiding both urban and rural communities to combat poverty, as well as focusing on previously neglected minority groups.

Free Medicine and Tests Scheme

India has one of the highest out-of-pocket health expenditure levels, with citizens spending around 65-70% of their income on health care. More than 90% of households do not have health insurance for one or more members, meaning access to basic health care is unobtainable for the majority of impoverished people.

In 2011, the Rajasthan government introduced the free medicine scheme to enable free access to commonly-used, essential medicines for patients using government healthcare institutions. Rajasthan has approximately 1,828 medicines accepted under the scheme, providing treatment for a variety of illnesses like cancer, kidney and heart problems. The scheme operates in both major cities and rural areas, improving accessibility and establishing better health care for the largely poor population which occupies these rural localities.

To ensure the smooth running of the scheme, the government created The Rajasthan Medical Services Corporation Limited (RMSCL), ensuring the enforcement of quality control measures and the efficient distribution of medicines to all health facilities within the state. The number of free medicine beneficiaries recorded between 2011 and 2017 was approximately 524 million people, highlighting the extremely positive impact of the scheme on those previously unable to afford such treatment.

Tackling Rural Poverty

The majority of the poor population occupy rural areas of Rajasthan, and approximately 65% depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Farmers, particularly smallholder farmers, are extremely vulnerable to crop losses due to the lack of resources and natural disasters. With many impoverished individuals relying on crop yield to sustain a living, the government has introduced initiatives to improve crop productivity and therefore income for farmers.

The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is a subsidized crop insurance scheme covering all farmers in the event of crop yield losses due to non-preventable risks such as drought, floods, natural disasters and pest and disease attacks. It charges a minimum premium from the farmers, while the state and central governments support the remaining share. Rajasthan boasts a higher national average in insured area per farmer, stressing its importance and effectiveness in protecting farmer livelihoods.

Poor yields and crop failure are often a product of monoculture farming which has long dominated parts of India, therefore diversifying the selection of crops has been pivotal in reducing the rapid spreading of disease and increasing overall yield and income for rural farmers, according to the Copenhagen Census Center. Providing a more diverse selection of crops has also expanded market opportunities, by offering a vast selection of products and reaching a wider range of buyers.

Self-Help Groups

Launched by The World Bank, The Rajasthan Rural Livelihoods Project (RRLP) aims to increase the income of poor people, through social empowerment, community investment support, skills development and employment promotion. The project also included the mobilization of people into Self Help Groups (SHGs). SHGs have been salient in helping improve the financial and socio-economic status of rural communities, specifically for women. Income generation and delivering micro-credit has helped women achieve financial independence, allowing them wider access to finance and encouraging asset creation.

Rural projects such as this have been principal in empowering minority groups, in this case poor women, but it must be noted that Caste discrimination in Rajasthan still runs rife. Dalit women, a group typically belonging to one of the lowest castes, make up around one-fifth of Rajasthan’s population, yet reports show no implementation of state-sponsored schemes for training or giving credit access to Dalit women.

BHOR

Established in 2019 by the Rajasthan Skill and Livelihoods Development Corporation (RSLDC), the BHOR program operates in the city of Jaipur to provide street beggars with vocational training and employment opportunities, with the long-term goal of making Jaipur a begging-free city. Its rehabilitative approach provides education and training in a variety of skills and jobs such as electricity, plumbing and cooking. While the focus of the program is on the training of individuals, it also provides recruits with accommodation and physical training through exercise like yoga. BHOR has seen huge successes, with 64 people subsequently finding employment with organizations such as Akshay Patra, Fortis Hospital and Hotel Shahpura Residency in 2022.

Final Word

As Rajasthan continues to navigate its way to becoming poverty-free, addressing outstanding issues of the discriminative caste system, which remains prevalent in Indian society, is imperative. The work of government initiatives, alongside the resilience of smaller SHGs and rural communities, has proven the possibility of a poverty-free state in the future, facilitating hope and future growth for other states.

– Sofia Bowes

Sofia is based on the Isle Of Skye, Scotland and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Surpassing Goals: UNICEF’s Polio Vaccine in Gaza

Polio Vaccine in GazaPolio is a serious virus that mainly affects nerves in the spinal cord or brain stem. Severe cases can lead to paralysis, trouble breathing and sometimes death. Polio can spread quickly, especially in unhygienic conditions, as it can be transmitted through contact with excrement. Most people do not show any symptoms or only contract mild flu-like symptoms that last up to 10 days. However, one in 200 infections still leads to irreversible paralysis, which can happen in a matter of hours. About 5% to 10% of those paralyzed die from paralysis of their breathing muscles. Polio mainly affects children younger than 5, but any unvaccinated person can contract it.

How Is It Back in Gaza?

Gaza recently had its first polio case in 25 years––a 10-month-old boy who is now paralyzed in his leg. Health experts have been concerned about disease outbreaks in the territory where the Israeli military has destroyed water supply and wastewater disposal networks across the territory, leaving waste to pile up in areas full of displaced people. Approximately 90% of Gaza’s 2.3 million residents have been displaced, leaving hundreds of thousands of people in crowded and unhygienic tent camps.

According to the Government Media Office in Gaza, the Israeli army has imposed control over waste dumps, targeting municipality workers, machinery and mechanisms to stop any transfer of waste away from civilian areas. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the war has caused an interruption in routine immunization campaigns that normally prevent the virus.

UNICEF’s Polio Vaccine in Gaza

The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has been working with the WHO and the United Nations Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) along with the Ministry of Health in Gaza to administer the polio vaccine throughout the region in September 2024. About 2,700 workers are a part of the enclave, which started on September 1, to enter Gaza and administer the first round of the two-round vaccine. UNICEF’s original aim was for some 640,000 children ages 10 and younger to receive the type two polio vaccine or about 90% vaccination coverage. Children will need to receive two doses of the polio vaccine at four-week intervals to receive maximum protection. More than 1.2 million vaccine doses have been delivered to Gaza, with an additional 400,000 doses expected soon.

On the first day, the UNRWA reported 87,000 vaccinations were administered out of the 156,000 it was hoping to administer to that entire area. Louise Wateridge, Senior Communications Officer for UNRWA, said it was very promising to see families traveling from other regions as UNICEF and its partners are administering the vaccine one area at a time and asking when the vaccine will be available for them and their children. The polio vaccine campaign had already reached 189,000 children in Gaza as of September 4, ending the first three-day “humanitarian pause.”

More teams are being arrayed across Gaza to administer the polio vaccine. Israel has stated that it sees the importance of preventing the outbreak of polio in Gaza in order to prevent the spread of epidemics in the region. Thus, it has agreed to humanitarian pauses in three-day intervals, which would allow safe passage and access to vaccinations from 6 am to 3 pm every day.

Final Note

Around 560,000 children younger than 10 received the polio vaccine during the first round of the campaign, conducted in three phases from September 1 to 12, 2024, in Gaza. This means UNICEF has already reached its goal of administering the polio vaccine to 90% of children less than 10 in the Gaza Strip. Yet, United Nations (U.N.) officials continue to emphasize that the only way to fight against the virus effectively is through an immediate and lasting ceasefire.

– Anna Thibodeau

Anna is based in Omaha, NE, USA and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Poliovirus Outbreak in Gaza

poliovirus outbreak in gazaAfter 25 years, children in Gaza are experiencing a poliovirus outbreak. Health officials have stated that there are links between the virus in Egypt and the poliovirus outbreak in Gaza, which is currently experiencing an outbreak in the middle of the war. The United Nations and local health officials launched a vaccination campaign in September 2024, hoping to reach as many children as possible. “The World Health Organization (WHO) has said Israel agreed to limited pauses in the fighting to facilitate the campaign,” AP News reports.

Background

Polio’s infection spreads quickly and painfully, especially in contaminated situations and conditions. It transmits from person to person, especially in contaminated water. Due to the war in Gaza, the water supply has been tainted with and contaminated with excrement. The Israeli army devastated the water supply and the wastewater disposal networks throughout the entirety of the Palestinian territory, according to Al Jazeera. This causes the wastewater to reach hundreds to thousands of civilian homes, forcing them to move to safer and healthier conditions.

“According to the Government Media Office in Gaza, the Israeli army has also stopped transferring the waste away from civilian areas by imposing control over waste dumps and targeting municipality workers, machinery and mechanisms in place to manage waste,” said Al Jazeera.

Cases of Polio in Gaza

Gaza reported one case of the polio virus in September 2024. The case is of a 10-month-old little boy, who is now paralyzed in both his legs, according to AP News. One confirmed case of polio leads to a few more suspected cases of polio, which leads to an outbreak of poliovirus in Gaza. According to Dr Majdi Duhair, scientifically speaking, one confirmed case of polio is an outbreak. One case of the polio virus can lead to at least 200 more infected people with no symptoms, NPR reports.

“Authorities plan to vaccinate children in central Gaza until Wednesday before moving on to the more devastated northern and southern parts of the strip,” AP News reports.

The Poliovirus Campaign

The poliovirus affects children under the age of 5 and affects the unvaccinated. Since the discovery of the poliovirus in July 2024, the campaign fighting the poliovirus outbreak in Gaza has received support from WHO, UNICEF, UNRWA and the Ministry of Health in Gaza. The campaign has about 2,700 health workers moving to different parts of Gaza throughout September. The first round of polio vaccinations began at the end of August and only covered a few children. According to Al Jazeera, the campaign aims to give oral polio vaccine drops to 640,000 children under 10.

“But we know from our experience in so many places that we have to implement at least two large-scale vaccination campaigns with the novel oral polio vaccine type two that achieves high levels of coverage to stop transmission,” said Hamid Jafari from CSIS.

Outbreak During a War

On August 16, 2024, U.N. Secretary-General Guterres called for a seven-day cease-fire. The cease-fire was to allow the campaign to safely move around Gaza during the poliovirus outbreak, looking for families with children under 10 years old to administer the oral vaccine. According to NPR, reaching all the families in Gaza is difficult. The war has moved people out of their homes, making them move to find a safe haven every hour. The campaign’s goal is to reach 90% of the children in Gaza. Since the territory is extensive and vulnerable, the campaign has more than 200 teams going around the entire territory to eradicate the disease.

“We go from shelter to shelter and tent to tent. People are literally everywhere. In the middle of the street, you have people living by the beach. So the idea is to reach every child wherever they are,” said Juliette Touma for NPR.

Conclusion

The poliovirus outbreak in Gaza is a result of the conditions Gaza is under because of the war. The ceasefire allowed for 558,963 children under 10 to receive oral drops of the vaccine. The goal of the 12-day campaign was to reach 640,000 children, but that was difficult since families were scattered all over Gaza on the streets, in tents, shelters, etc. because of the war. But each day health officials are reaching more families with their teams and area planning. According to Dr Richard Peeperkorn from the WHO, the campaign is a symbol or a show of the possibilities of peace in the world if given a chance to act.

– Ashley Diaz

Ashley is based in Homestead, FL, USA and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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EpiC in Laos: HIV/AIDS Prevention for Marginalized Communities

EpiC in LaosThe Meeting Targets and Maintaining Epidemic Control (EpiC) is an eight-year project (2019-2027) funded by the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). EpiC’s goal is to achieve control over the HIV/AIDS epidemic by enhancing technology and service access to key populations.

EpiC is led by FHI 360, a global organization that rallies technology, research and relations to improve global health. FHI 360 is present in more than 60 countries. Its EpiC project has been implemented in 35 countries, from Laos to Central Asia and Africa. With a budget of $4.2 million for 35 countries, including Laos, EpiC has seen success in controlling HIV/AIDS and improving the living conditions of those affected.

HIV/AIDS in Laos

Laos, located in the heart of Southeast Asia, borders Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and China. The country has a population of 7.5 million. The first case of HIV in Laos was recorded in 1992, involving a female sex worker who frequently traveled to Bokeo at the northern border of Laos and Thailand. Since then, Laos has maintained a low HIV prevalence, with an infection rate of 0.3%, affecting approximately 20,000 people by 2022.

The epidemic has a death toll due to the disease of less than 500. However, among the cases, 39.2% are female sex workers (FSM) and 11.5% are men who have sex with men (MSM). Approximately 11.682 cases of HIV/AIDS are on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Furthermore, 9,910 instances received a viral load test within the past 12 months.

EpiC’s Initiatives

EpiC is different from past HIV/AIDS control projects because it identifies that support for high-risk individuals is its target. High-risk populations include sex workers, pregnant women who have HIV and children whose one parent has HIV. Building on existing HIV/AIDS relief programs, EpiC improves management, accurate health information and funding.

Rolling out HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), setting up a total market for open access to condoms and ART and decentralizing access to HIV/AIDS-related services to local and private sectors with appropriate funding health care providers to smaller regions are current EpiC’s actions. EpiC also prioritizes providing services to lessen the stigma and violence surrounding HIV/AIDS in health care and law enforcement.

EpiC’s Success

In 2022, EpiC achieved its goal of 95-95-95 in Laos. This means that 95% of people living with HIV/AIDS are aware of their health status. Additionally, 95% of those receive treatment and among individuals who receive treatment, 95% have suppressed viral infection and have no risk of passing the virus to others.

Moving Forward

With EpiC strategically set in place, the future is looking bright for HIV/AIDS patients and the health condition of developing countries, especially Laos. EpiC has made positive changes toward open access to HIV/AIDS control services to vulnerable communities through joint efforts and critical strategies.

– Jimmy Nguyen

Jimmy is based in Savannah, GA, USA and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Algeria: Public Health Strategy to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial ResistanceOn September 9, the World Health Organization (WHO) published Algeria’s updated National Action Plan, which aims to target antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a critical threat to public health. The report offers an overview of previous achievements and identifies the next stage of solutions to be implemented from 2024 to 2028.

Antimicrobial Resistance

AMR is the ability of a pathogen to withstand treatment, complicating the targeting of infections caused by fungi, viruses and other microbes. According to Health Data Source, approximately 3,400 deaths in Algeria were directly attributed to AMR. Furthermore, a total of 13,600 deaths were associated with related health complications.

Globally, health care professionals find that the mutation of microbial and bacterial diseases often outpaces the development of new and effective treatment options. Antimicrobial medicines offer protection against infections and viruses during medical procedures and treatments. However, pathogens usually develop immunity to these procedures, increasing the risk of infection and risking the spread of disease.

Populations Affected by Antimicrobial Resistance

The WHO identifies humans, animals and agriculture as the primary organisms endangered by AMR. The spread of resistant pathogens threatens food safety and the integrity of food supply networks. These pathogens and bacteria, resistant to medical treatments, can proliferate within human and animal populations. Indeed, they become increasingly dangerous with each mutation.

Inequities in access to health care and services make women particularly vulnerable to AMR pathogens. Cultural perceptions of women, along with biases held by health care providers, often lead to delays in the quality of care and services they receive during medical visits. Many women face exposure to unsafe and contaminated environments in their daily activities. For instance, as the primary water collectors in their households, Algerian women risk contracting fungi or viruses from contaminated water sources.

On a positive note, Algerian women are among the most likely to seek medical advice for personal and family health concerns. To address these issues, Algerian officials, along with the global community, are working to enhance the infrastructure of their health care system to tackle AMR-related health conditions.

Algeria Proposes an Updated Action Plan

Algeria will focus on monitoring cases of treatment-resistant bacterial infection to prevent the rapid spread of disease among people, livestock and the food supply. The updated strategy would provide more data for preparing and launching health initiatives and research. Algeria’s newest goals coincide with the One Health system, a collection of health care principles embraced by nations worldwide. The One Health campaign organizes the management of infectious diseases into five divisions:

  1. Surveillance and Disease Intelligence
  2. Emergency Preparedness and Response
  3. Laboratory Systems
  4. Public Health Institutes and Research
  5. Disease Control and Prevention

This organization allows for better tracking of infectious diseases and regulating efforts to implement solutions before major medical emergencies arise.

Goals

The following goals summarize the Algerian government’s participation in reducing the threat of AMR in global communities:

  • Create awareness campaigns about the issue of Antimicrobial Resistance. Additionally, educate the public at the grade school, collegiate and professional levels.
  • Implement a training program for health care, veterinary and agricultural workers.
  • Create better surveillance and data reporting networks to monitor the issue of antimicrobial resistance.
  • Better equip laboratories as centers for research and observation of antimicrobial resistance.
  • Develop and promote treatment options that can serve as alternatives to antimicrobial medications.
  • Establish a system to monitor antibiotic consumption.
  • Prevent and control infection in neonatal settings by updating known hygienic protocols, promoting breastfeeding for new mothers, revisiting the issue of mother-fetus infection and more.
  • Prevent and control community infections by promoting rapid tests for bacterial blood; include private doctor offices, laboratories and hygienic clinics in antimicrobial research.
  • Establish a therapeutic standard on the issue of antimicrobial resistance.
  • Establish a community-based monitoring system for local developments in AMR.
  • Prevent and control infections at the farm level.
  • Create a ranking system for the critical stages of AMR and establish an antimicrobial committee accessible to local Wilaya hospital committees and the private sector.
  • Monitor antimicrobials in human and veterinary health.
  • Develop a therapeutic recommendation for the treatment of AMR in human medicine.
  • Develop a good practice guide for the use of antimicrobial medicines in veterinary settings.
  • Strengthen regulations and training around the use and availability of antimicrobials.
  • Create a documentation system for antimicrobial research and develop financing.
  • Develop research collaborations with universities and create international and national partnerships.
  • Create committees and oversight groups to monitor the implementation of the antimicrobial action plan and develop funding for AMR research.

These goals will promote research campaigns dedicated to understanding, tracking and controlling the transmission of diseases prone to AMR.

Final Note

Combating AMR bacteria will prepare the medical community to limit the spread of complex diseases, protecting a population of 42 million. While the updated program is in the early stages, the Algerian government has committed to partnering with public and private institutions to educate communities nationwide and to ensure long-lasting results.

– Karina Dunn

Karina is based in Mesquite, TX, USA and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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USAID Programs in Botswana Alleviating HIV

USAID Programs in BotswanaClassified as one of the world’s most impoverished countries in 1966, Botswana has undergone significant economic transformation since gaining independence. Today, it is recognized as an upper-middle-income country, largely due to its thriving mining sector. The land-locked nation’s production of diamonds, alongside other minerals, is a key factor in its growing economy. After 58 years of gaining independence from the U.K., Botswana is now aiming to achieve high-income status. 

However, the country still relies on the help of the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) programs. Despite Botswana’s economic prosperity, the health of the nation’s people is largely vulnerable due to the prevalence of HIV. The epidemic has become a burden on the economy, as well as Botswana social services. Almost 21% of adults in Botswana have HIV, which is one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Improvements to the health care sector have been implemented, such as increased access to clean water. Yet, the nation’s health remains unstable due to the HIV epidemic.

USAID’s Work in Botswana

USAID is a key implementer of the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), which combats the HIV epidemic. PEPFAR works to address HIV in more than 50 countries globally. “We have the opportunity to see an AIDS-free generation by 2030,” said Congresswoman Barbara Lee, a PEPFAR advocate. PEPFAR’s goal is to eradicate AIDS and, by extension, HIV in the near future and it is working with USAID to achieve this.

In the past two decades, PEPFAR has received about $120 billion in funding, enabling USAID to fight the HIV epidemic and improve global health, with a significant focus on Botswana. Since 2003, PEPFAR has invested $750 million to combat HIV in Botswana. This funding supports USAID programs, enhancing its effectiveness in the Southern African nation.

Reducing Stigma

HIV has been heavily stigmatized in parts of Botswana and USAID is working to reduce negative perceptions of people with the infection. USAID is engaging with traditional, faith and community leaders to help eradicate the epidemic by addressing the social stigma surrounding HIV.

Support and Counseling 

Individuals with HIV aren’t the only ones affected by the virus. In 2022, an estimated 54,000 children in Botswana were orphaned due to HIV/AIDS. USAID supports orphans and other vulnerable groups, including women and children, whom HIV has impacted.

Furthermore, USAID provides counseling services to people living with HIV in Botswana. Infected individuals are supplied with support and guidance, encouraging them to get medical treatment. Counselors can track individuals’ progress as they start or maintain their medical schedules, helping to prevent the transmission of the virus.

Final Thoughts

USAID has been helping Botswana since the ’80s, working to alleviate HIV by improving health services, prevention efforts, public opinion and support for those affected by the disease. The $750 million PEPFAR has provided to Botswana since 2003 has allowed USAID programs to help reduce AIDS-related deaths among adults and children by about 14,100. Additionally, USAID programs have contributed to lowering the estimated number of children living with HIV by 16,900 in the past 20 years. USAID programs continue to combat the HIV epidemic, both in Botswana and globally, working toward eradicating the disease.

– Megan Hall

Megan is based in Suffolk, UK and focuses on Global Health and Celebs for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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PAHO’s Work in Haiti: Protecting the Country’s Health System

paho's work in haitiSeptember 2024 marks two years since Haiti’s humanitarian crisis reached critical levels due to the escalation of armed violence and territorial gang control. On February 29, 2024, a fresh wave of violence broke out. Gunmen targeted police stations and the international airport in what was regarded as a protest against unelected Prime Minister Ariel Henry.

Today, more than 200 gangs are operating in Haiti and the country’s health system has suffered greatly as a consequence. Many major hospitals, particularly in the capital Port-au-Prince, had to close, with no guarantee of safety for staff or patients amid the security crisis. Less than half of the health facilities in the country’s capital are operating at normal capacity, according to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and a UNICEF representative visiting the country heartbreakingly described its health system as being “on the verge of collapse.”

PAHO’s Work in Haiti

PAHO, however, has been working tirelessly to protect and support the health system in the region. Armed groups in Port-Au-Prince have drastically affected supply chains into Haiti. Cargo flights to the capital city’s airport suffered while the airport was in the hands of these groups, UNICEF reports. All hospitals in the country are struggling to obtain their usual supplies.

PAHO has donated a host of essential medicines, medical supplies, and equipment to strained health facilities. These donations have played a crucial role in ensuring that these facilities remain open and operational. PAHO’s work in Haiti, supporting the Ministry of Health (MSPP), has also meant that more than 38 tons of medical supplies could be transported from a stockpile in Panama to care for internally displaced peoples, according to the PAHO website.

Containers filled with supplies were held up by armed groups, or even looted. They have now been able to reach Haitian residents, with PAHO taking this transportation over for Port-au-Prince – the main logistical hub of the country – whilst it is overwhelmed by violence.

Supporting Those in Shelters

The outbreak of violence has meant that more than 37,000 Haitians are now displaced and spread across 23 camps in the Port-au-Prince borough. PAHO workers are on the ground in Haiti, providing psychological support to those displaced as they face the stigma of living in shelters, and exist in fear of the outbreak of epidemics like cholera.

PAHO has also provided key health services to those living in these make-shift camps. Skin infections and diarrheal diseases are especially common, and workers are on hand to provide indispensable treatment. Treating these ailments at the root will also help to ease some pressure off of local health services. The high number of displaced families is placing additional demand on hospitals in the southern area of Haiti especially, according to UNICEF.

Hygiene and Sanitation Products

PAHO’s distribution of hygiene and sanitation products in shelters is a vital step in ensuring that disease does not spread. Cramped, closed conditions in emergency shelters leave those living in them particularly vulnerable to the outbreak of epidemics. The organization has carried out epidemiological surveillance and vaccinations to reduce this pressing risk. A surge in cases of any disease would place yet more strain on Port-au-Prince’s health systems. PAHO’s work in Haiti is vital now more than ever, according to its website.

In July 2024, PAHO supported Haiti’s Ministry of Public Health and Population to vaccinate more than 230,000 children against diphtheria. This recent success mirrors the organization’s clear commitment to disease control in Haiti.

Delivering Blood

The smooth-running of blood testing activities in Haiti was directly affected by the outbreak of violence. Haiti has previously struggled to meet its need for safe blood bags, yet delivery of blood products is essential for Port-au-Prince’s strained health system. Without them, surgery cannot go ahead safely, and maternal mortality becomes a critical issue.

PAHO has stepped in during the security crisis to deliver blood supplies. Deliveries to the National Blood Transfusion Center have allowed for vital blood work to resume.

Fuelling Port-au-Prince Ambulances

Political instability in Haiti has affected nationwide access to essential goods and services. Access to fuel has been reduced because of this, posing problems for the transportation of patients. To facilitate the continuation of ambulance services in the particularly strained Port-au-Prince area, PAHO has supplied fuel to the National Ambulance Center so that their service can continue to function, according to its website.

PAHO’s work in Haiti has helped many people struggling in times of political crisis and violence. The organization stated that it will continue its work in Haiti, hoping to strengthen and improve the current situation.

– Maeve Relihan

Maeve is based in Birmingham, UK and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Leading The Way: Cabo Verde’s HIV Fight

cabo verde's HIVCabo Verde, a West African country consisting of islands in the central Atlantic Ocean, has become a leader in the fight against HIV and AIDS in Africa through its health care investments and social initiatives. Currently, Cabo Verde is estimated to have an HIV prevalence of around 0.6%. At the same time, AIDS-related deaths decreased from around 200 in 2004 to less than 100 in 2022. This progress has involved declining poverty, which dropped to 28.1% in 2022 from 56.8% in 2001. Cabo Verde’s HIV fight is now focused on projects directed at vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women, children and disabled people.

Investment in Communities

Combating HIV and AIDS requires involving both the general public and individuals living with HIV in decision-making processes. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has reported that the West Africa region is not on track to meet the goal of eradicating AIDS by 2030, a target set during the Africa Rising Forum in 2014.

The group’s Executive Director expressed the need for “policies and programs that focus on people not diseases.” This involves community-led HIV testing to reach more people. Furthermore, support groups for mothers living with HIV and individual visits by social assistants are also key. One assistant in Cabo Verde expressed how this work allows patients to “have a good quality of life and avoid stigma and social marginalization.”

Regional Asymmetry

A key challenge for Cabo Verde is the disparity in resources between islands, which affects HIV patients’ ability to access care. At independence in 1975, the country had only 13 doctors. However, the health system has since expanded in both size and sophistication, with 80% of the population now living within half an hour of a health facility. The decentralization of smaller health centers has improved access to care, enabling HIV patients to receive antiretroviral therapy to manage the disease. UNAIDS estimates that by 2023, 72% of individuals living with HIV in Cabo Verde were accessing antiretroviral therapy.

Free Health Care

Cabo Verde’s economy has grown significantly since the ’90s, driven by foreign investment and tourism. This growth has led to increased health care spending, rising from $65 per person in 2001 to $165 in 2013. Citizens are entitled to free basic health care, including preventive care and treatment for HIV and AIDS. The country’s social protection efforts are supported by widespread health education, facilitated by high literacy rates and good access to electricity, fostering greater public awareness and engagement.

Advocacy for the Disabled Community

Despite Cabo Verde’s broad progress, vulnerable communities, such as those with disabilities, continue to face challenges. Handicap International, active in Cabo Verde since 2006, has worked to include disabled individuals in the fight against HIV. The organization improved data on the biological vulnerability to HIV infection and promoted inclusive education on HIV and AIDS.

Research found that the HIV prevalence rate among people with disabilities in Cabo Verde is 2.3%. Additionally, about 79% of disabled participants unaware of available HIV care and support. However, the study itself led to 96% of participants gaining an improved understanding of HIV and AIDS.

Preventing Vertical Transmission

Preventing vertical transmission of HIV from mother to fetus is a key priority for Cabo Verde in reducing new infections. Minister of Health Arlindo Nascimento do Rosário emphasized, “Every child has a right to be born healthy and to live a healthy life.” As part of the free health care system, pregnant women are offered HIV testing. If they test positive, they receive antiretroviral drugs and antenatal support to minimize the risk of transmission.

In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) shared the story of Leila Rodrigues, a mother who discovered she had HIV just weeks before giving birth. Thanks to the care her son received, transmission was prevented. Rodrigues later joined the National Network of People with HIV of Cabo Verde.

Final Note

Cabo Verde’s progress in HIV health care has not come without challenges. However, the country has become a model for investing in change and empowering communities. The WHO Africa Health Forum has highlighted Cabo Verde as an exemplar, with participants visiting to observe how innovations have built a strong health care system. Emulating Cabo Verde’s commitment to social inclusion, universal health coverage and decentralized HIV testing could enable the West African region to more effectively combat the disease.

– Daisy Outram

Daisy is based in Kent, UK and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons