Archive for category: Politics

, ,

Women’s Empowerment in Kurdistan

Despite facing both gender and ethnic oppression, Kurdish women have significantly reshaped the political landscape of the Middle East. No other group in the region features a higher percentage of women in leadership roles. Kurdish women serve as guerrillas, human rights activists and members of parliament, championing gender equality while fostering peace, security and social empowerment. Their efforts extend beyond Kurdistan, influencing the Kurdish European diaspora and demonstrating how women’s empowerment is transforming society in Kurdistan.

Political Participation

A defining policy in Kurdish governance is the co-chair system, which legally mandates that all leadership positions be shared equally between men and women. This structure ensures that international diplomats engaging with Kurdish representatives meet with women and men in equal numbers. The ideological foundation of this movement is rooted in “jineology” or “the science of women.” Several Kurdish political organizations embrace this philosophy, with the Women’s Protection Units (YPJ) in northern Syria being the most well-known. This region, referred to as Rojava by Kurds, symbolizes Western Kurdistan and serves as a key example of gender equality in action.

While these reforms have created new opportunities for women, challenges remain. Political instability, conservative social structures and ongoing conflict in the region pose obstacles to full gender equality. Women participating in politics and military forces still face discrimination and resistance from traditional societal norms.

Advancing Gender Equality

Committed to promoting gender equality, the YPJ movement has established women-only organizations and mandated that half of all government funds be allocated to women’s initiatives. These ongoing efforts have led to significant legal reforms, including the outlawing of child marriage, a ban on polygamy and stronger mechanisms for women to report domestic abuse, with legal consequences for perpetrators.

The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has also introduced legal protections for women’s rights. The Family Law enacted in 2011 provides statutory protection against gender-based violence, including practices like female genital cutting. However, gaps in enforcement persist and legal loopholes allow some discriminatory practices to continue. Provisions permitting husbands to discipline their wives and laws enabling rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims highlight the ongoing need for legal reform. Despite these challenges, the establishment of such laws marks progress toward safeguarding women’s rights. It is a significant step in transforming Kurdish society.

Economic Empowerment and Breaking Cycles of Poverty

Economic independence plays a crucial role in advancing gender equality. Programs such as the Stronger Women, Stronger Nations initiative support vulnerable women, including Syrian, Yazidi and Iraqi refugees, through vocational training and economic empowerment strategies. These programs provide financial literacy training, employment opportunities and entrepreneurship support, enabling women to secure stable incomes.

Women who participate in these initiatives gain skills in various sectors, including agriculture, tailoring and business management. In addition to improving household income, these programs reduce economic dependence on male family members, offering women greater autonomy and social mobility. Despite these advancements, women in Kurdistan still face barriers to workforce participation, including societal expectations, limited access to higher education and economic policies that do not always prioritize female employment.

Looking Ahead

Kurdish women’s empowerment has already set a precedent for gender equality in the region. However, continued progress depends on further legal reforms, education access and economic opportunities. While Kurdish women’s leadership in governance, law and military forces has been groundbreaking, ongoing advocacy is needed to address legal gaps and social resistance.

By fostering long-term gender equality through political representation, legal protections and economic independence, women’s empowerment in Kurdistan is not only transforming communities but also shaping the future of the Middle East. Their achievements serve as a model for other regions striving for gender justice and social reform.

– Edzhe Miteva

Edzhe is based in London, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

,

How The Coup in Gabon Could Lead to Poverty Reduction

coup in gabonGabon, a coastal country in Central Africa, faces hardships as it struggles to fight poverty and maintain unity in a context of political turmoil. In 2023, there was a coup in Gabon that was widely supported by the people, largely due to corruption and inequality. The country grapples with high rates of poverty, as “35% of the people live below the poverty line earning less than $2 a day” and unemployment rates are just as high.

Background

The previous president of Gabon had been in power for about 14 years following a time when his father had been in power. Citizens of Gabon had doubts about the legitimacy of his presidency and the fairness of their elections, so living in poverty only created higher tensions and a stronger feeling of injustice.

Gabon is known to have an abundance of natural resources that give it “the second highest per-capita GDP in mainland sub-Saharan Africa,” according to the United States Institute of Peace (USIP). The coup in Gabon was spurred on by this knowledge, as impoverished people laid blame on their government and felt unrecognized by those in power. This is why the military’s intervention in the government has been supported by the people and is seen as an act of justice.

Based on the wealth of the country from its oil industry, Gabon has one of the region’s highest yearly incomes. This creates questions on how such a large proportion of the country lives in poverty. The reason is said to be corruption of the government through the fact that “most of the country’s oil wealth goes into the pockets of a small amount of people,” BBC reports. Blatant corruption and discrepancies between the wealthy and impoverished encouraged the coup in Gabon.

Could the Coup Reduce Poverty?

Following the coup in Gabon, there have been a multitude of initiatives aimed at strengthening the stability of the country and bettering the quality of life. The government has a goal to diversify the economy, improve infrastructure, reduce poverty and improve the stability of governance through its “Emerging Gabon 2025” plan.

It seems the new government is attempting to learn from the mistakes of the past administration by implementing a variety of initiatives to improve quality of life and maintain public opinion. It has gained validity from international institutions, like the EU, which attempts to support Gabon “to ensure transparency in the electoral process,” according to the European Commission. External approval from other countries and institutions will only strengthen the legitimacy of Gabon’s new government.

Social Policy

To lift the community, the new government following the coup in Gabon will instate a revised social policy. This policy includes ways to help marginalized and impoverished groups through social programs, income-generating activities and access to public services. With the installation of these new services and continued efforts to address the needs of the country, there are long-term, institutional changes being made to reduce the number of people in poverty.

The World Bank is currently beginning a partnership with Gabon to help them reach these goals. It is striving for lasting change by targeting specific sectors and want results specifically in “greater household resilience and job creation in the non-oil private sector.” Less government corruption, more job opportunities and investment in the public sector are efforts being made to reduce poverty and stop the generational cycle of disparity.

The Future

The coup in Gabon was caused by a multitude of factors, with the unaddressed issue of poverty being one of them. However, the new government has been supported by the people as it attempts to learn from those mistakes and institutionally improve the quality of life. Combined international and domestic efforts will hopefully lead to the reduction of poverty in Gabon.

– Sydney Morrow

Sydney is based in London, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Fragility and Rule of Law in South Korea

Fragility and Rule of Law in South KoreaSouth Korea, a nation often celebrated for its economic success and democratic progress, is now grappling with one of the most significant political crises in its recent history. The impeachment of President Yoon Suk Yeol in December 2024, following his controversial declaration of martial law, has exposed deep-rooted tensions in governance. As authorities attempt to arrest the impeached leader, the events highlight the fragility and rule of law in South Korea, raising questions about the resilience of its democratic institutions.

The Historical Shadow of Martial Law

Martial law has long been a contentious issue in South Korea. The infamous Gwangju Uprising of 1980, where military forces violently suppressed pro-democracy demonstrations, remains a painful reminder of the dangers of unchecked executive power. Indeed, this history amplifies public distrust of martial law declarations and underscores the need for transparent governance.

President Yoon’s decision to impose martial law in early December 2024, citing vague national security threats by attributing them as “North Korea’s communist forces,” revived these fears. Citizens argued that the move lacked sufficient justification, prompting widespread protests.

These demonstrations mirrored the spirit of South Korea’s Candlelight Revolution in 2016, demonstrating the resilience of its civil society in demanding accountability and upholding democratic norms.

Protests: Lack of Evidence and Growing Distrust

The government’s failure to provide evidence justifying martial law further fueled public outrage. The lack of transparency led to accusations of authoritarian overreach, prompting citizens to take to the streets. Protesters and legal experts alike questioned whether the declaration adhered to constitutional principles, revealing the fragility and rule of law in South Korea, according to The Guardian.

These events emphasize the importance of strengthening democratic processes to ensure that emergency powers are not misused. Furthermore, transparency and accountability remain critical in rebuilding public trust in South Korea’s institutions.

Presidential Impeachment and Challenges in Arrest

President Yoon’s impeachment marked a turning point in this crisis. However, his subsequent refusal to cooperate with law enforcement has highlighted significant flaws in the country’s legal framework. On December 31, 2024, a South Korean court issued an arrest warrant for Yoon, citing his alleged abuse of power and unconstitutional actions. Yet, attempts to detain him have faced resistance.

The first arrest attempt on January 3, 2025, resulted in a standoff at Yoon’s residence, with presidential guards preventing investigators from entering. Authorities suspended their efforts, seeking a warrant extension as the original expired on January 6, 2025. A renewed warrant was issued on January 7, but Yoon has continued to evade arrest.

Yoon Suk Yeol has avoided arrest due to his security team’s resistance and the strong support of loyalists rallying outside his residence, BBC reports. Despite losing his powers, Yoon’s security detail blocked police attempts, citing loyalty. The political stalemate reflects broader legal uncertainties and deep divisions within South Korea.

Strengthening Rule of Law in South Korea

The political turmoil in South Korea has underscored the urgency of safeguarding democratic institutions and upholding the rule of law. During this critical period, organizations like People’s Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD), Transparency International Korea, and the Asia Democracy Network (ADN) have stepped up to address the crisis, advocating for accountability, reform, and the resilience of democracy.

The PSPD, an NGO that engages “in various democratic movements for participatory democracy and human rights,” hailed the impeachment of President Yoon Suk-yeol as a victory for the people. The organization emphasized that the National Assembly’s decision reflected public outrage over unconstitutional actions, including attempts to suspend democratic institutions. In their statement, PSPD called for President Yoon’s arrest and thorough investigation, declaring:

“Today’s passage of the impeachment motion is the result of the people’s firm determination to not recognize as the head of state someone who has thrown away the democracy and constitutional order they have worked so hard to achieve,” PSPD stated on its website.

Transparency International Korea

Transparency International Korea aims to “raise greater awareness in people, to eliminate the widespread corruption in the society, and to contribute in building a righteous society through anti-corruption activities.” It condemned Yoon’s declaration of martial law, labeling it unconstitutional and a grave assault on democracy. Its statement read: “Democracy is a system where diverse political groups coexist through negotiation and compromise. President Yoon’s rhetoric, labeling opposition as ‘anti-state forces,’ undermines the core values of a democratic society.

Furthermore, Transparency International Korea has called for Yoon’s resignation and impeachment to restore trust in South Korea’s democratic framework.

ADN aims to “promote and advance democratization and democratic governance at all levels of society through effective solidarity and cooperation among civil society organizations and democracy advocates in Asia.” It has expressed solidarity with South Korean citizens, applauding their dedication to defending democratic principles. ADN emphasized the broader significance of the crisis, stating: “This moment serves as a reminder of the collective responsibility to defend and nurture democracy across Asia and the world.”

Together, these organizations highlight the path forward: addressing systemic weaknesses, fostering accountability, and ensuring public trust in South Korea’s democratic processes.

Resilience Amid Crisis: A Hopeful Future

The fragility and rule of law in South Korea have been severely tested but also reinforced through civic action and institutional accountability. However, with President Yoon Suk-yeol now arrested and accountability measures underway, South Korea stands at a pivotal moment in its democratic history.

By supporting the efforts of organizations like PSPD, Transparency International Korea, and ADN, South Korea can turn this crisis into an opportunity for reform and progress. Indeed, this moment serves as a powerful reminder of the collective responsibility to protect democracy—not only in South Korea but across Asia.

Through resilience, collaboration and a commitment to justice, the nation can emerge stronger, reaffirming its place as a leader in democratic governance and the rule of law.

– Mmanoko Faith Molobetsi

Mmanoko is based in Pretoria ,South Africa and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

, ,

Fragility and Rule of Law in Syria

Fragility and Rule of Law in SyriaFor more than 54 years, the Assad regime ruled Syria with tight control, shaping its political and social landscape. With its recent downfall, rebel forces have filled the power vacuum, facing the immense challenge of rebuilding the country after decades of authoritarian rule and conflict.

Fall of the Regime

The fall of the Assad regime marked a pivotal moment in Syria’s history. Intense military operations, spearheaded by the leading rebel force, the Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, increased their influence on growing unrest and dissatisfaction with the regime. These efforts culminated in a series of strategic offensives, ultimately resulting in the takeover of Damascus in early December, 2024.

This victory was celebrated all over Syria but also exposed the fragility and rule of law. The collapse left a significant power vacuum, with various factions vying for control and struggling to establish governance in a deeply divided society.

Stabilization and Rule of Law

The integration of rebel forces into a unified defense ministry is a critical step toward addressing the fragility and rule of law in Syria. Rebel groups, including Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, the Syrian National Army backed by Türkiye and others, allied to create a cohesive defense ministry.

This move indicates a commitment to stability and governance, reducing internal conflicts among factions. While this unity signals progress, the country still faces challenges in establishing a robust framework for governance and the enforcement of laws, particularly in areas previously dominated by Assad loyalists.

Signs of Progress and Ongoing Challenges

Despite the ongoing fragility, there are glimpses of progress in Syria. For the first time after the fall of the Assad regime, Syria’s Christian community celebrated Christmas, symbolizing a shift toward religious freedom and tolerance. This moment marked a hopeful milestone for communities long suppressed under the regime’s rule.

Additionally, efforts to include women in governance are gaining momentum. Aisha al-Dibs, the newly appointed head of the Women’s Affairs Office, has emphasized the critical role of women from all provinces and ethnicities in rebuilding Syria. These developments demonstrate potential advancements in addressing the fragility and rule of law in Syria.

Toward Stability and Governance

The fragility and rule of law in Syria remain at the forefront of the country’s transition from decades of Assad rule. While the fall of the regime indicated the formation of a unified defense ministry marked significant milestones, Syria’s path to stability is fraught with challenges. Promising signs, however, include progress in fostering religious tolerance, increasing the inclusion of women in governance and unifying rebel factions.

Yet, much work remains to be done to establish a cohesive and inclusive government. As Syria rebuilds, addressing the fragility and ensuring the rule of law will be essential for achieving long-term peace and stability.

– Mmanoko Faith Molobetsi

Mmanoko is based in Pretoria, South Africa and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

The Fall of Assad’s Regime and Challenges Facing Syrians

The Fall of Assad’s RegimeIn the past decade, Syria has dealt with “one of the world’s largest humanitarian crises.” More than 5 million Syrian refugees live in the five countries neighboring Syria. Since 2011, Syria has been marred by civil war. The brutal dictator, Bashar Al-Assad, has led a tyrannical regime over the Syrian people. In response to protests following the Arab Spring, the government used “deadly force” against the peaceful demonstrators. This violence escalated into a bloody civil war.

Additionally, “more than 14 million Syrians have been forced to flee their homes in search of safety” since 2011. The United Nations (U.N.) also reports that about 70% of the country’s population needs humanitarian assistance, with 90% living below the poverty line. However, the fall of Assad’s regime has happened and many Syrians are thinking of returning home. Although the fall of Assad’s regime can be seen as a positive development, the future for Syria and its people remains unclear. Here are five obstacles for the Syrian people after Assad fell from power.

Destruction of Infrastructure

Although Assad is gone and Syrian refugees consider the possibility of going back, Syria’s infrastructure has been obliterated by the 13-year civil war. “Basic amenities like clean water, electricity and housing are difficult to find,” Vox reports. For people whose homes were not destroyed, some of them have other people living in them now and “many refugees lack documentation to prove they own their properties.” 

On top of that, the new government will unlikely be able to resolve “property disputes” as they are stretched so thin. The vast majority of the country’s population needs aid. The U.N. Refugee Agency reports that 90% of the population depends on humanitarian assistance. In addition, it is the beginning of winter. If refugees start returning now, they will need “shelter, food and water.” There are continuous obstacles for the Syrian people.

Economic Problems

Syria’s economy is in dismal condition and high inflation presents problems for people in Syria, as well as refugees considering returning. The Central Bank of Syria reports that inflation reached 122% in April 2024. In addition, schools have been destroyed, leaving many children without education. In tandem with that, few job opportunities exist for people to earn a reasonable living. Employment is yet another one of the obstacles for Syrian people. 

During Assad’s reign, countries like the U.S. put heavy sanctions on Syria, hurting the nation’s economy even further. However, the current “de facto leader of Syria, Ahmed al-Sharaa,” is asking for sanctions to be lifted; he asserts that Syria does not pose a threat to other parts of the world as it did under Assad’s regime. The sanctions are currently still in place.

Uncertain Future

Although many feel joy at the end of Assad’s tyrannical and oppressive regime, the future remains uncertain for Syria. Ahmed al-Sharaa is the leader of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), “the dominant group in the rebel alliance,” which defeated Assad. HTS is designated as a terrorist organization by the U.S., U.N. and others. Also, the group was formerly part of the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda. Many are skeptical about whether or not the new leadership will bring peace to Syria.

Many countries hosting Syrian refugees are eager to send them back. However, too many people returning at once could cause new problems, as the government is already dealing with great hardship. Obstacles for Syrian people in and outside of the nation are ever-present. In the north of Syria, Turkish-backed groups are fighting Kurdish-led groups, which might lead to further violence. Even more, many Syrians are doubting that HTS will bring a peaceful future, as they led an authoritarian rule in the northwest of the country. 

Humanitarian Aid

Syria Relief & Development (SRD) is a nonprofit organization that addresses Syria’s most urgent need for aid. It was founded in 2011 and intends to provide humanitarian relief and encourage sustainable development in Syria. Since 2011, SRD has been involved in more than 18 million humanitarian interventions in Syria. The organization continues to provide support in health care, education, disaster relief and much more. 

Final Thoughts

Syria’s future may be unclear, but there is no doubt that the fall of Assad’s regime has brought great joy to the Syrian people. Obstacles for Syrian people are still present and much aid is still needed. However, there seems to be a hope that Syria will be able to forge a newer and better future.

– Michael Messina

Michael is based in Newburyport, MA, US and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pexels

, ,

The UN’s Role in Restoring Human Rights in Syria

Restoring Human RightsOn December 8, 2024, rebel groups in Syria overthrew the government of former President Bashar al-Assad, forcing him to flee to Russia where the Kremlin granted him asylum. As of now, Syria is undergoing a political transition away from the rule of Assad and into a new government that many hope will restore human rights to the country and improve the livelihoods of Syrians after decades of poverty. On the global level, non-governmental organizations and multilateral organizations are working to help Syrians form a government based on international human rights norms. One of them is the United Nations (U.N.) which has been investigating human rights abuses by Syrian officials via its Commission of Inquiry on Syria (COI).

UN’s Critical in Restoring Human Rights to Syria

On December 12, 2024, the U.N.’s Commission of Inquiry on Syria stated that they have a list of up to 4,000 human rights abusers from the Syrian government since 2011 when the civil war started. The commission, which has been investigating and collecting testimonies remotely, now hopes to finally gain access to Syria to help hold accountable those who destabilized the country and exacerbated its poverty. On the other hand, Geir Pedersen, the U.N. Special Envoy to Syria, has called for lifting sanctions on Syria imposed by the U.S. and the EU so work can begin on rebuilding the country and providing necessary aid. That way the UN and even other international organizations, backed by countries around the world, can start restoring human rights back to Syria step by step.

UN’s Political and Humanitarian Aid Efforts in Syria

The U.N. is putting effort into restoring human rights to Syrian institutions and people by providing life-saving aid to the most vulnerable and helping the interim government politically transition properly. Cindy McCain, head of the World Food Program (WFP), has stated that the U.N. is working to deliver food to the approximately 3 million Syrians who are struggling with severe food insecurity.

Similarly, Pedersen recently met with the key political leaders in the interim government to emphasize the need for a government that is inclusive and represents Syrians of all religions and groups. Although the U.N.’s efforts in Syria so far have been critical, it can only succeed with the backing of its member states who are also lending a hand in the rebuilding of a post-Assad Syria.

The Role of Countries in Rebuilding Syria Post-Assad

Restoring human rights values to Syria requires more than the goodwill of the U.N. and its NGO partners. It also requires the vast resources and connections of countries regional and around the world. For example, the Arab League countries have pledged to support the new Syrian government to ensure that the rights of women and minorities are respected while Turkey has recently reopened its embassy in Syria.

On the other hand, U.S. sanctions on Russia could pressure the Kremlin to hand over Assad to Syria or the international criminal court to face trial over his human rights abuses. In other words, the U.N.’s efforts to help Syria build a more inclusive government and lift millions out of poverty require the assistance of countries with the governance structure on which a post-Assad Syria could model itself.

Revitalizing Human Rights Norms in Syria

The overthrow of the Assad regime in Syria marks a new beginning for Syrians who have struggled with poverty, food insecurity and instability caused by the government. It is also a new beginning for international human rights activists who never even dreamed that this day could come sooner than later. The UN’s current efforts in restoring human rights to Syrian institutions is an opportunity to remind countries around the world why human rights still matter in this global era of politics.

– Abdullah Dowaihy

Abdullah is based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

, ,

Global Health as a Political Priority

Global HealthGlobal health refers to the health of populations worldwide, emphasizing that health issues transcend national boundaries. Global health is bound to economic stability and international security while focusing on health equity for all. Addressing health disparities within nations, mainly focusing on low-income countries where access to health care can be challenging, is also an integral part of global health initiatives. Recent events like COVID-19 and Ebola outbreaks demonstrate that health care and robust health systems are vital for global resilience and growth. Developing proper health systems ensures that countries can prevent and respond to health crises and other humanitarian issues.

Why Is Global Health Care a Political Priority?

Global health is more than a humanitarian concern. It is a critical component of political stability, economic resilience and international security. The enforcement of the World Health Organisation (WHO), as well as frameworks and initiatives like the International Health Regulations (IHR) and the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), ensures that nations are capable of responding, mediating and detecting health threats efficiently.

Cooperative efforts between health nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), governments and law enforcement have proven successful in dealing with global breakouts like COVID-19. Simply put, global health care is a priority because:

  1. World health promotes international security.
  2. Strengthening health systems reduces disease burdens and increases work and economic disruptions.
  3. Health care is a powerful driver of innovation, therefore promoting new scientific advancements.
  4. Global health initiatives address moral responsibility and equality.

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPIE), launched in 1988, aimed to prevent any child worldwide from being paralyzed by poliovirus. As a result, polio has decreased by 99.9% globally. The GPIE is a public-private partnership led by six partners and national governments. According to GPIE, an estimated 20 million people today would have been paralyzed; now, the risk of contracting polio is extremely low. The GPIE continues addressing challenges like reaching children in conflict zones and vaccine hesitancy.

AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)

Since the PEPFAR initiative started in 2003, more than 25 million lives have been saved. Prior to 2003, an HIV diagnosis was considered a death sentence for many across the globe. PEPFAR works with partner countries to control and prevent the spread of AIDS and HIV. PEPFAR focuses on providing life-saving antiretroviral treatment (ART), prevention programs and support for individuals and communities affected by HIV/AIDS, particularly in low-resource settings.

GAVI, The Vaccine Alliance

Established in 2000, Gavi aimed to save lives, reduce poverty and protect the population from pandemics. This vaccine alliance has immunized more than 1.1 billion children in 78 countries. GAVI works with governments and organizations to reduce vaccine costs and ensure equitable distribution.

COVAX

COVAX was a multilateral effort co-led by GAVI, WHO, UNICEF and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) to develop the COVID-19 vaccine. Launched in 2020 in response to the pandemic, COVAX worked to manufacture and secure vaccines guaranteed for global use. Its mission was to ensure that all countries, regardless of economic status, can protect their population, especially the most vulnerable. By 2023, COVAX had delivered millions of vaccine doses to countries worldwide, reducing global health inequities and aiding in the fight against the global pandemic.

The Partnership for a Lead-Free Future

Launched by UNICEF and USAID, this initiative is dedicated to tackling lead exposure in low-income countries. According to USAID, more than half a billion children in the world have a percentage of lead in their blood. Key efforts include phasing out lead in products like paint, batteries and fuel while also raising awareness about lead hazards. Therefore, by 2040, the partnership has committed to creating a lead-free future for all the world’s children. This initiative aims to create a healthier and more sustainable future for all.

Global Alliance for Hunger and Poverty

Proposed by Brasil’s G20 presidency, this initiative is focused on reducing poverty and eliminating hunger worldwide. The alliance emphasizes sustainable agricultural practices, access to nutritious food and innovative financing mechanisms to support vulnerable populations. Through collaboration with IGOs and governments, the initiative aims to address global inequalities, create flourishing livelihoods and strengthen food security. The official launch of the Global Alliance was during the G20 Leaders Summit in November 2024 and has gained the support of more than 80 countries.

Conclusion

Making global health a political priority is necessary for creating a resilient, equitable and secure world. From the integration of health and security to international funding collaborations, governments can adopt strategies that integrate health with security, promoting prosperity and stability.

– Gufran Elhrari

Gufran is based in London, UK and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Poverty and Terrorism: How Economic Inequality Fuels Extremism

How Poverty Fuels TerrorismThe link between poverty and terrorism is complex, involving economic, political and social factors that drive individuals toward extremism. Economic hardship can create environments where extremist groups thrive, as they often exploit the vulnerability of impoverished communities to gain followers. When individuals lack access to stable employment, education and necessities, the appeal of joining extremist movements increases as these groups often promise income, food and social belonging. Understanding the connection between poverty and terrorism is crucial for crafting effective counterterrorism strategies that address root causes rather than just symptoms.

Economic Hardship as a Driver of Extremism

Studies indicate that poverty-stricken regions are more susceptible to terrorism due to the economic vulnerability of their populations. With limited job opportunities and scarce resources, extremist groups can lure impoverished individuals with promises of financial support and security. For instance, research from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) found that economic factors played a significant role in driving individuals to join extremist groups. Poverty and unemployment create a fertile environment for radicalization as individuals seek stability and hope in regions where governmental support is lacking.

Social Marginalization and Lack of Education

Poverty often coincides with a lack of educational opportunities, which further exacerbates vulnerability to extremist ideologies. Without access to education, individuals are more susceptible to radical propaganda, as they may lack the critical thinking skills to resist extremist narratives. Alongside this, poor education systems can create a failure to address poverty and unemployment. Addressing educational inequality can be a significant tool in reducing susceptibility and root causes of extremist recruitment.

Political Instability and Weak Institutions

Economic hardship is often intertwined with political instability, as poverty-stricken regions frequently lack robust institutions capable of maintaining law and order. In regions with weak governance, extremist groups can step in to provide services such as food distribution, security and basic health care, essentially becoming a de facto government. This creates a power vacuum that extremist groups exploit, using economic incentives to gain loyalty and recruit members. For instance, areas like the Sahel region in Africa have seen an increase in terrorism partly due to the inability of local governments to provide essential services.

Displacement and Refugee Crises

Poverty exacerbates displacement, which in turn fuels terrorism by creating large populations of vulnerable, dislocated individuals who may turn to extremism out of desperation. The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) reports that displaced populations face extreme economic hardship, often living in dire conditions with limited access to food, shelter and safety. Extremist groups, recognizing this desperation, target refugee camps and displaced communities to recruit new members with promises of stability and sustenance. Compared to only a decade ago, the number of refugees worldwide has more than tripled. Making it more important than ever to address the basic needs of displaced populations to reduce the risk of extremist recruitment.

Economic Development as a Tool Against Terrorism

Countering terrorism requires a multidimensional approach that includes addressing poverty through economic development programs. By investing in job creation, education and infrastructure, governments and international organizations can reduce the appeal of extremist groups. The United Nations advocates for initiatives that focus on youth employment and educational programs that offer alternatives to terrorism. In Africa and the Middle East, for example, initiatives that promote vocational training have helped safeguard youth against extremist ideologies by providing economic opportunities outside of radical groups.

Conclusion

The relationship between poverty and terrorism highlights the need for holistic counterterrorism strategies that address socioeconomic factors. Tackling poverty, improving educational access, strengthening governance and supporting displaced populations are all crucial steps in reducing the appeal of extremist ideologies. Furthermore, by addressing these underlying issues, the global community can work toward a future where economic stability undermines terrorism’s grip on vulnerable populations.

– Harriet Conway

Harriet is based in London, UK and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Fragility and Rule of Law in CAR

Fragility and Rule of Law in CARThe Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in sub-Saharan Africa and has a population of 6.1 million, ranking among the lowest on the human capital and development indices. Poverty in CAR is widespread, with nearly 70% of its population living in extreme poverty. Its history of conflict and political displacement has undermined economic growth for several reasons, such as reduced business investments. The country suffers from fragility. Its weak government has limited legitimacy and struggles to provide basic public services, including the rule of law. Fragility and the rule of law in CAR need addressing.

Politics, Violence and Economy

CAR has a long history of instability, state disintegration and political violence. It straddles the Sahel region, with a majority Muslim population, while savanna communities are mainly Christian. The conflict has regularly broken out between the Muslim ex-Seleka rebels and the Christian anti-balaka rebels. In 2013, Seleka rebels stormed the capital, Bangui and the country descended into a brutal civil war that continues in some parts of the country.

CAR suffers acutely from gender-based violence (GBV) against women and girls, recording 23.644 cases of GBV in 2022. Inadequate food and water resources, poor health care and weak housing infrastructure exacerbate tensions within households. These challenges, along with socio-cultural norms that are unfavorable to women, have led to sub-optimal survival strategies.

An unstable economy also influences fragility in CAR. Its government has failed to provide basic public goods, including water, food and health care. Poor education and job insecurity have stunted its growth. CAR has a rich endowment of natural resources but has not benefited due to mismanagement. According to the World Bank, the country has also suffered from flooding, fuel shortages and declining international timber trading. These challenges risk an already fragile economy.

Solutions

MINUSCA is a multidimensional United Nations peacekeeping operation set up by the Security Council in 2014. Its mission is to assist CAR in building national stability. It prioritizes the country’s security, rule of law, human rights and political crisis. MINUSCA provides military and police services from regions such as Rwanda to handle disarmament, demobilization and reintegration in CAR.

Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI) focuses on supporting victims of GBV in CAR. Women and girls gather in a welcoming home in Bangassou where they are encouraged to participate in activities such as knitting and patternmaking, providing them with psychosocial support.

Pelvia, an 18-year-old girl spoke about the positive effect COOPI has had on her life. She spoke about the skills she has learned and how they have provided her with an income to buy necessities that she would otherwise be unable to afford. Pelvia is also glad for the company and support of the other women and girls who have shared similar traumatic experiences, UNOCHA reports.

Economic Growth

CAR receives most of its financial aid from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In June 2024, the IMF approved an extended $25 million disbursement to continue the push for economic growth in CAR. The aid has been distributed to assist the economy and sustain priority spending on basic public services. The IMF forecasts that CAR’s economy will grow by 1.4% in 2024.

Looking Ahead

Fragility and rule of law in CAR are improving. The country has a long road to stability but there are positive forecasts for its future. 

The Economist Intelligence reports that the country’s economic activity will continue to rise over the next few years, with help from the IMF’s funded program. Whilst many areas of CAR are still overrun by rebel groups, the government, with assistance from Russian and Rwandan forces, has control over several major cities, including the capital. This allows for a more stabilized political structure and open rule of law in these areas.

– Millie Trussler

Millie is based in London, UK and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

New President Prepares to Combat Poverty in Mexico

Combat Poverty in MexicoOn Sunday, June 2, 2024, Claudia Shinebaum was elected Mexico’s new president. This marks a historical moment as she is the first female president of Mexico. The former mayor of Mexico City was the chosen successor of Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO). During AMLO’s term as president, he is credited with lifting more than 5 million Mexican citizens out of poverty. Promises of expanding social services and education reform and her work as Mexico City’s mayor leave many in the poverty-stricken nation hopeful that she will help to further combat poverty in Mexico.

Pending Pension Promises

Many of the initial items Shinebaum plans to address are continuations of projects AMLO has laid out. One of the biggest overhauls is the changes to Mexico’s pension program that started in 2020. A whole sweet of changes have been proposed and are in the process of implementation to make a pension available to more people and expand just how much goes into the fund.

The American Bar Association lays out the points of change, such as a decrease in the number of weekly contributions needed from 1,250 to 1,000 and an increase in the employers’ contribution by 8% with an increase in the government contribution. Additionally, these changes were laid out as gradual changes to be implemented by 2031; thus, it is expected that Shinebaum will oversee a majority of these rollouts during her term.

Investing in Education

Education reform has been an enduring issue in Mexico, with multiple proposed solutions with varying levels of efficacy. ALMO began his term by scraping his predecessors’ reforms, making way for his programs. He opened publicly funded universities to make higher education accessible to low-income students. Furthermore, this came alongside cuts to funding for higher education stemming from the policies of his predecessor.

He also lowered standardized testing requirements in an attempt to increase graduation rates. Reactions to these reforms have been mixed. Indeed, critics say that a strong focus on higher education has meant less focus on primary and secondary education. The Benito Juarez Welfare Scholarship seeks to provide aid to the families of students 15 and younger. The International Monetary Fund credits it as an important step toward addressing the plight of the 43.5% of Mexican citizens living in poverty. With this, citizens can expect Mexico’s new president to continue and expand on these social services throughout her term.

Final Note

According to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. has contributed $495 million to developmental projects in Mexico. However, this is just 0.03% of its gross domestic product (GDP). Given the close cultural, economic and geographic ties between the two nations, the U.S. may see it in its advantage to do more to help combat poverty in Mexico.

– Thane Zerbe

Thane is based in Wichita, KS, USA and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash