Archive for category: Global Poverty

Key articles and information on global poverty.

, ,

The Impact of Poverty in the Maldives

Poverty in the MaldivesThe Maldives, a South Asian country, has managed to elevate itself from a middle-income status despite facing significant geographical challenges. In the past five years, the economy has experienced an average growth rate of 4.5% per year, which is a considerable improvement mainly due to the booming tourism industry. The transport, communication and construction sectors have also contributed to this growth. The Maldives heavily relies on tourism to grow its per capita income. However, this industry is quite risky. Therefore, to maintain its growth and overcome the challenges of poverty, the country needs to have a more balanced economy. As of 2019, about 20,000 people or 5.4% of the population in Maldives, lived below the national poverty line, according to the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

Although the Maldives has one of the lowest poverty rates in South Asia, concerns remain regarding the vast differences in per capita income, literacy rates, access to health and education services, levels of industrialization and relatively high-income inequality. Separately, as a small island developing state, the effects of changing weather patterns and the risk to the tourism sector can also be a big concern if not addressed.

The Impact of the 2004 Tsunami

The impact of the 2004 tsunami was devastating. The financial damage was estimated to be around $470 million, which accounted for 44% of the country’s GDP in 2004. This estimate, however, does not include the environmental costs, such as the loss of topsoil and land that was washed away into the sea. The tourism industry was severely affected, with a 34% shrinkage and the economy as a whole shrank by 8.7%.

Despite the impacts of the tsunami and global financial crisis, the Maldives government reduced poverty by implementing the regional development policy. This helped distribute the social and economic infrastructure equally and resulted in the country bringing national poverty to 15% in 2010 from 21% in 2003. 

UNICEF’s Impact in the Maldives

The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) collaborated with the National Bureau of Statistics and Oxford University to create the country’s first Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), helping the government identify vulnerable children and provide assistance. Additionally, it developed a child-focused MPI to identify issues in education, health and future living standards for children in the Maldives.

To increase children’s access to education, UNICEF has also partnered with other organizations to “educate local island councils, parents, school staff and members of other institutions to promote disabled children’s right to education.” Furthermore, the organization supports the Maldives government to research other challenges affecting children in the nation. This is in addition to providing evidence-based solutions to some issues, such as child marriage, among young people in the Maldives.

– Mayra Sahu
Photo: Flickr

, ,

US Aid to Colombia: Navigating the Complexities of Internal Conflict

US Aid to ColombiaTo understand the complexity of U.S. foreign aid to Colombia, it is necessary to examine the current state of the country’s internal conflict. U.S. aid to Colombia has historically focused on combating the drug trade in Buenaventura, as evidenced by initiatives like Plan Colombia. The relationship between poverty, illicit markets and paramilitary groups in Colombia complicates the lives of individuals living in impoverished areas, often forcing them to turn to coca farming and drug trafficking as a means of survival.

“I was raised in Medellín,” said Luis Arango, who did social research in Buenaventura with the University of Antioquia, in an interview with The Borgen Project. “Medellín in the 1980s was the most violent city in the world, so I can understand how drug trafficking links with minorities living in poverty areas. They become part of the business, not because they want to, but because it is one of the only possibilities of making money.”

Considering the role of the drug trade in the country’s internal conflict, recent U.S. foreign aid to Colombia has centered largely around prohibition – for better or for worse. Here is a summary of the role of the drug trade in Colombia’s internal conflict and how it relates to U.S. aid and its prospects.

Internal Conflict in Colombia

A nuanced relationship between the illicit drug trade, paramilitary groups and poverty punctuates the country’s internal conflict. To begin, Colombia is the world’s largest cocaine producer and the port of Buenaventura handles 60% of its imports and exports – from coffee to gold to drugs.

Buenaventura’s port generates $1.8 billion annually in customs tax revenue, but the surrounding regions see little of it. For many, the only viable way to earn a living wage is by working in drug trafficking, as the area has experienced significant poverty. For example, 80% of Buenaventura’s population lived below the nation’s poverty line in 2003, compared to 39.3% nationally. There is also rural dependency on cocoa farming for survival. Outside the port city, in the Andes Mountains, cheap labor continues. In 2021, the UNODC reported that coca cultivation reached a historical high, and 52% of farming is located in special management zones where it threatens preservation of biological and cultural diversity.

Further, numerous armed groups, including the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), fund themselves on illegal economies such as drug trafficking.

History of US Aid to Colombia

The U.S. has provided aid to Colombia since 1822, when the country gained independence from Spain. In recent years, U.S. aid has focused on promoting peace in the country, the U.S. Department of State reports. According to the U.S. Embassy in Colombia, “Since 2016, the United States has provided more than one billion dollars in direct and indirect support to Colombia’s peace implementation – the largest contribution of any international actor.”

To promote peace, foreign aid to Colombia has focused on combating points of internal conflict such as paramilitary groups and the illicit drug markets that fuel them. According to the U.S. Department of State, “The U.S. government supports Colombian peace efforts by working in conflict-affected rural areas of Colombia where violence, drug trafficking, limited state presence and the absence of licit economic opportunities historically converge.”

In 2000, the U.S. initiated Plan Colombia, allocating $10 billion for cartel combat through crop eradication. Initial aerial fumigation was halted due to carcinogenic concerns by the World Health Organization (WHO). Presently, Washington and Bogotá fund eradication by hand. The National Police aims to eradicate 20,000 hectares in 2023, 60% less than the unmet 2022 objective. Previous plans to dismantle the drug trade have not been as effective as anticipated.

Current Updates and Prospects

International partners have initiated projects to improve the socioeconomic position of farmers. The Colombian Government, UNODC and international partners began a project that aims to increase income for farmers by supporting their sale of legal products such as coffee, honey, coconuts and beans to make them more competitive in domestic and international markets.

The World Bank also ratified its support for Colombia through a $750 million financing of the Program for the Development of Equitable and Sustainable Policies. This was “in recognition of the country’s efforts to overcome the injustices and exclusion that have generated high levels of inequality and to advance the peace process in the country,” according to a 2023 press release from the World Bank.

Luis Arango considers more alternative approaches to prohibition, with a focus on alleviating poverty in Buenaventura through legalization and regulation, youth art initiatives and new financial incentives for farmers. “It will be interesting to see if there’s some kind of support for the people who are trying to have another answer,” Arango says. Meanwhile, the notable shift in focus on increasing income for farmers of Buenaventura presents a promising example of a sustainable resolution to drug-related poverty in Colombia.

–  Sheridan Smith

Sheridan is based in New York, NY, USA and focuses on Business and New Markets for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Fighting Diseases in Ukraine

Diseases in UkraineOn June 6, 2023, extensive flooding destroyed the Kakhovka Dam in Ukraine, leaving millions of people without running water and exposing them to deadly infectious diseases. Conflict in eastern Ukraine has resulted in more than 20 incidents of damage to water infrastructure in the region alone, exposing the population to deadly infectious diseases like cholera, diarrhea and skin infections. The Kakhovka reservoir was a major provider of water for farmers and residents. 

Major cities across Ukraine are experiencing a severe water shortage, resulting in unsanitary living conditions and increased prevalence of diseases. The contaminated water supply has led to the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid, which have become widespread. Additionally, due to poor living conditions, rodent-borne diseases like leptospirosis and tularaemia have affected the population.

Environmental Damage

The impact of water damage on the environment has been another leading cause of Ukraine’s health crisis. David Santillo, a scientist at the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom (U.K.), spoke with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about water contamination. Santillo told BBC that raw sewage and untreated wastewater released into the soil can expose people to hazardous substances and pollutants. “There’s always potential for more of that contamination to end up being more widely distributed,” said Santillo.

The conflict in Ukraine has caused significant damage to the agriculture sector, leading to a lasting impact on the country’s economy. This has resulted in an increase in the poverty rate, which rose from 5.5% to 24.1% in 2022. A survey conducted in January 2022 revealed that more than 52.8% of people reported a deterioration in their family’s financial situation since the beginning of the conflict. Furthermore, more than 70% of the Ukrainian population has experienced a loss of income.

Humanitarian Aid and Response

Because of the intensity of the conflict, providing humanitarian aid and support to Ukraine has been highly challenging. However, organizations like the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) have tried to address the impact of war on the population’s health. UNICEF, with support from Citi, an American multinational investment bank, has been working to bring better health to every Ukrainian child.

Similarly, since the start of the conflict, humanitarian organizations led by UNICEF have assisted thousands of Ukrainian citizens. One of these organizations is the Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH). WASH has helped to repair infrastructure and provide power to water pumps to provide the population with safe access to clean water.

Efforts to vaccinate against diseases affecting Ukraine have also received support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union (EU). Thanks to funding from the EU, mobile health care units in the form of buses have been deployed across the country to reach vulnerable groups, including the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions. The buses are prepared to administer vaccines against the following diseases: COVID-19, measles, hepatitis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, tetanus and diphtheria.

In September 2023, WHO declared that a polio outbreak that had initially begun in 2021 had been officially eradicated in September 2023. However, cases of measles have been increasing since early 2022. Nonetheless, WHO will continue doing everything possible to deliver emergency needs and medical supplies to the Ukrainian population.

Dr. Jarno Habicht, a WHO representative in Ukraine, is one of many medical professionals stressing the importance of continuing Ukraine’s immunization program. “We have to move fast and work together. I can’t repeat enough what we know is efficient, proven and safe to prevent such public health emergencies: vaccination, vaccination, vaccination,” said Habicht.

– Jacob Buckner
Photo: Flickr

, ,

Tonga Empowers Gender Equality in Leadership

Gender Equality in LeadershipTongan women are severely underrepresented in political leadership positions, both at local and national levels. This is a reminder of the gender disparities that persist in society and a reflection of deep-seated social norms that perpetuate the idea that women are less suited for leadership than men. However, through initiatives like the Balance of Power and Tonga Youth Leaders, Tonga is empowering gender equality in leadership, breaking down barriers, challenging traditional views and promoting women’s participation in political decision-making.

Barriers to Tonga’s Women in Political Leadership

While women’s leadership within the public sector and family and community life has had successive progress, political leadership progress is still limited. No more than two women have been elected to the national Parliament in a general election, which was in 2017. In the most recent election, in 2021, no women were elected. Women’s underrepresentation in political leadership is a result of barriers that are often rooted in cultural, social and institutional factors that perpetuate gender inequality and limit women’s opportunities to participate actively in political decision-making processes.

Some key barriers to Tonga’s women in political leadership include:

  • Cultural and social norms are deeply ingrained. These norms perpetuate the view that men are inherently better in leadership positions than women and that women don’t have the “right” skills and experience for political leadership roles that men do. Such norms can deter women from pursuing careers in leadership positions, as they may face societal pressures to conform to traditional gender roles.
  • Gender stereotypes can undermine women’s credibility as political leaders. Women who pursue careers in politics face scrutiny, discrimination and bias based on gender, with their qualifications, capabilities and decisions questioned or dismissed due to stereotypes about women’s competence in leadership roles.
  • A lack of media representation of women’s voices. Media plays a crucial role in shaping public perceptions, influencing opinions and circulating information about political candidates and issues. Underrepresentation in the media can reinforce gender stereotypes and traditional gender roles.
  • Institutional and legal frameworks can limit women’s political participation. Women do not have the same financial resources as men. The practice of voters expecting reciprocal gifts from candidates creates challenges for women, as they may have limited resources or face societal pressures that prevent them from meeting these demands. While bribery is illegal under Tongan electoral law, voters do not classify it as bribery and this makes it harder for women to compete effectively in elections.

The importance of gender equality in leadership is crucial as men and women often have differing needs and viewpoints, highlighting the significance of ensuring women are represented. With women constituting half of the population, it is pivotal that their interests are effectively addressed. A balanced participation of both men and women in decision-making is essential.

Balance of Power

Balance of Power is an Australian Government funded, locally-led approach to supporting women in political leadership. It is an initiative aimed at addressing gender disparities in political representation by shifting social norms and attitudes that impede women from being recognized as credible leaders. It focuses on promoting gender equality in leadership by empowering women to participate actively in political leadership roles.

The Balance of Power initiative employs adaptive management and politically informed approaches to drive change. Through training, mentorship and advocacy, the Balance of Power seeks to challenge social norms, traditional views and barriers that hinder women’s engagement in politics. The initiative executes this with media collaboration to increase women’s leadership visibility, strengthening the Women in Leadership Coalition, research and advocacy to address negative perceptions and regional engagement to change social norms.

Tonga Youth Leaders

Tonga Youth Leaders is a “youth-led organization that empowers and develops Tongan youth to become catalysts for positive change in their own communities.” The organization was set up in 2017 by Elizabeth Kite to give a voice to the Tongan youth and encourage their participation in community development through small projects and fostering leadership skills.

The Tonga Youth Leaders organized an initiative called Girls Takeover Parliament, which offers 26 young women and girls the chance to participate in a parliamentary setting, enabling them to express and share views on national issues. The Girls Takeover Parliament initiative helps young women and girls realise their potential, develop leadership skills and allow them the opportunity to pursue a career in politics.

About 90% of participants expressed their interest in pursuing a career in politics after they attended the Girls Takeover Parliament initiative. The initiative has had a significant impact on empowering young women and girls and raising awareness about youth engagement and gender equality in leadership.

Tonga’s commitment to empowering gender equality in leadership is evident through innovative initiatives like the Balance of Power and Tonga Youth Leaders. These initiatives not only challenge social norms and traditional views and break down barriers but also foster inclusivity and encourage youth engagement, as well as women’s active participation in decision-making roles. Through targeted programs, media collaborations and community engagement, Tonga is paving the way for a more equitable and representative political landscape.

– Isabella Green

Isabella is based in Aylesbury, UK and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Hank Green and Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hank Green and Hodgkin LymphomaHank Green, a science communicator, internet sensation, and advocate for authentic self-expression, recently underwent treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. He not only faced his diagnosis publicly but also used the opportunity to educate others about inequitable cancer care. Additionally, he designed some whimsical cancer-themed socks.

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma, a type of blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, often leads to swollen lymph nodes. According to the National Health Service (NHS), this disease mainly affects people older than 75 and those between 20 and 40 years old. It is relatively uncommon in the United Kingdom (U.K.), with more than 2,000 new cases each year. However, it is relatively easy to treat; 80% of those diagnosed survive for more than five years after diagnosis.

Early diagnosis is important for all types of cancer, as it means that the cancers are less developed, are more likely to respond to treatments and require patients to have fewer treatments overall.

Inequitable Cancer Care

Treatment for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is relatively inexpensive and accessible. However, these treatments are less available in countries with less robust health care systems. According to the American Cancer Society, “no screening rest has been shown to lower the risk of dying from [it].” This makes diagnosis challenging, as the most accurate method for detecting Hodgkin lymphoma is through a biopsy, which involves taking a tissue sample from a swollen lymph node and requires specialized care.

Cancer Socks

In response to his treatment and the global state of cancer care, Hank Green collaborated with Partners in Health (PIH) to design a set of interchangeable cancer socks. He directs 100% of the profits from this project toward making cancer care more equitable.

Mondeh Mansaray

Hank Green’s brother, John Green, visited Sierra Leone in 2019 as part of their joint work with PIH. During his visit, he encountered Mondeh, who had been incorrectly diagnosed with tuberculosis. The lack of diagnostic equipment in Sierra Leone — no MRI machines, CT scanners or even X-ray machines — prevented an accurate diagnosis. Four years later, a PIH doctor suspected Hodgkin lymphoma, enabling Mondeh to travel to the capital city for a biopsy. Despite the new diagnosis, Mondeh lacked access to the necessary IV chemotherapy in Sierra Leone and had to travel to Butaro Cancer Hospital in Rwanda for effective treatment.

Partners in Health

PIH financially supports families like Mondeh’s, making otherwise inaccessible treatments available. By strengthening health care systems and training community health workers—individuals passionate about improving their communities—PIH saves lives. Due to this organization, more than 3,000 people per year receive cancer care they would otherwise not access. This support is crucial because funding for cancer care globally does not align evenly with the cancer burden.

The organization does more than provide care; it integrates communities into the health care system’s development. For instance, at the Butaro Cancer Centre of Excellence, women held 30% of the construction jobs created in the local economy. Additionally, local stakeholders participated actively, assembling much of the furnishings on-site using locally sourced materials.

PIH operates in 11 countries, but its influence extends far beyond, as evidenced by Mondeh’s cancer treatment. The organization engages in on-the-ground treatment, advocacy and research, aiming to disseminate knowledge to practitioners worldwide.

Looking Forward

The collaborative efforts of influencers like Hank Green and organizations such as Partners in Health are pivotal in transforming the global landscape of cancer care. Their dedication to equity in health care continues to illuminate paths to improved access and treatment for all, regardless of geographic or economic barriers.

– Rachael Denton-Snape

Rachael is based in High Wycombe, UK and focuses on Global Health and Celebs for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

, ,

The Work of the FAO in Ethiopia

Supporting Ethiopia: The Work of the FAOEthiopia remains one of the poorest countries globally despite significant reductions in its poverty rates, from 44% in 2000 to 30% in 2011. However, the World Bank notes that Ethiopia’s economy has experienced some of the strongest growth rates in the region. With continued improvements planned by its government, Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Ethiopia supports these efforts.

Barriers to Economic Progress

To achieve lower-middle-income status by 2025, Ethiopia must overcome several challenges, according to the World Bank. These include recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, which has left high urban unemployment and an overall increase in poverty levels. Additionally, environmental and natural crises, such as locust invasions and adverse weather conditions, have driven food price inflation. The World Bank also notes that the 2022 drought, the worst in half a decade, has contributed to severe food insecurity affecting an estimated 20 million people as of 2023.

Furthermore, expansion of the labor market, reducing learning poverty which remains high at 90% and preventing the impact of further conflict within the nation are crucial to the continued growth of its economy. To encourage these circumstances, overseas aid is of vital importance and one such provider is the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (U.N.) or the ‘FAO’. 

The Country Programming Framework (CPF)

A subdivision of the FAO, the CPF has worked in Ethiopia providing the government with priority areas to focus on. The FAO’s website cites that the CPF was realized after a series of consultations with departments such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Resources, among others. Together, these departments devised a four-year plan to take effect between 2022 and 2025. The priority areas to be focussed on during the plan are as follows: 

  1. Innovation for sustainable agriculture production
  2. Nutrition for the most vulnerable and safe food for everyone
  3. Natural Resource management and agricultural production system
  4. Promotion of inclusive economic growth and reducing inequalities
  5. Addressing cross-sector issues

Sustainable Agricultural Practices

To address the first three priority areas, the CPF is promoting new agricultural methods to produce sustainable crops and encouraging the development of sustainable livestock and fishery approaches. In this way, it aims to create climate-resilient systems to strengthen and grow food security and improve overall nutrition. This includes continued research into how to utilize drylands and ensure better drought resilience. To address the fourth priority area, the CPF outlines its aim to provide support to households to develop alternative sources of income, such as eco-tourism and support small and medium-scale businesses such as milk, hides, skins and grain enterprises.

Success Stories from the FAO

The work of the FAO has had particular success in the agricultural sector of Ethiopia. Supporting programs such as fruit nurseries across the nation, its website highlights Aleje as a beneficiary of such initiatives. The nursery sought to increase local farmers’ stock by growing and distributing seedlings of highland fruit. The nursery received 20,844 Italian rootstocks and 24,160 grafted seedlings in total. Beyond this, the nursery also provides opportunities for local workers, with 437 farmers being trained on its practices like irrigation and sustainable planting methods. 

Priest Habte Yiheyis was one such farmer. After participating in training given by the nursery, he received seedlings of apricots, plums, almonds and apples. Habte has since begun to harvest the yield, generating 7,500 Ethiopian Birr. The FAO notes that this gave him the opportunity to “cover all necessary expenses such as school stationary and uniform for his children, health care and other needs of his family.” He has since passed on his training and knowledge to an additional 35 local farmers, demonstrating the positive impact of the FAO in his case.

Looking Ahead

Ethiopia’s strategic partnership with the FAO and ongoing efforts in sustainable agriculture and economic diversification offer a promising pathway to achieving its lower-middle-income status by 2025. These initiatives continue to empower local communities and lay the foundation for a resilient, inclusive economy.

– Kayleigh O’Brien

Kayleigh is based in Leeds, UK and focuses on Good News and Technology and Solutions for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

, , ,

5 Facts About Mental Wellness in Bulgaria

Mental Wellness in BulgariaBulgaria is a country known for its rich cultural heritage and picturesque landscapes. The population is roughly seven million and the nation is part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU). It is a hotspot country for historians and anthropologists alike, as it is one of the first European countries in existence. Bulgaria is dotted with mountains and dense with forests and it borders the sea, so there are several tourist attractions and opportunities for outdoor adventure. Here are five facts about mental wellness in Bulgaria.

5 Facts About Mental Wellness in Bulgaria

  1. Historically, Bulgaria has not prioritized the mental health of its citizens, with very few mental health facilities in existence before the ’50s. After the regime change in 1944, psychiatrists in Bulgaria began to advocate the “dispensary system,” which meant to integrate and normalize psychiatric intervention in the broader citizen sphere. This mentality was born at a time when psychiatrists began to see the direct influence of “social conditions” on the mental well-being of citizens. Thus, psychiatry and outpatient treatments were introduced more readily to accommodate mental wellness in Bulgaria.
  2. Social stigma is a significant barrier to addressing mental health in Bulgaria. Despite psychiatric efforts in the 20th century to incorporate psychiatric care into society, attitudes surrounding mental illness and disabilities in Bulgaria do not reflect these efforts. Seeking help can often target individuals and warrant social scrutiny – “Mentally ill are socially discriminated.” It is believed that the mentally ill themselves are guilty of their doom and they should not expect society to share the burden of disease with them.”
  3. Regardless of rampant social stigmas, mental illness is highly prevalent in Bulgaria. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), about 20% of children and adolescents experience mental health complications each year. Bulgarian youth are also ranked number one in Europe for unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as nicotine intake and drug/alcohol abuse.
    Though many doctors are not readily diagnosing mental health disorders in Bulgaria, it is estimated that nearly one in five Bulgarians experience depression to some degree: “People are told to just snap out of it and get on with their lives and are branded as sensitive and fragile.” Every year, nearly eight hundred Bulgarians succumb to suicide.
  4. Several factors contribute to poor mental health in Bulgaria, the foremost being the lack of assistance for those in need, as previously mentioned. The health care system in Bulgaria does not prioritize mental wellness, which is often seen as separate from physical well-being and not as immediate. Additionally, though substance abuse is usually a result of mental health disorders, it can also be an instigator of such ailments.
    “According to data from the Bulgarian Methadone Association and the Bulgarian Institute for Addictions, there are more than 300,000 drug addicts in Bulgaria.” Health care is also widely inaccessible, with almost half of all medical payments requiring “out-of-pocket” compensation. Finally, nearly 40% of the population is impoverished to some degree, which amplifies mental health struggles disproportionately.
  5. Luckily, steps are being taken to combat social stigmas around mental health disorders and provide resources to those affected. In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) implemented mental wellness interventions in Bulgaria. These interventions included providing mental health training to medical professionals, donating funds to support mental health services, creating programs to raise awareness and collaborating with policymakers to establish sustainable solutions. 

WHO’s initiative made a sizeable impact: “In 2018 and 2019, the suicide rate in Bulgaria decreased by 7% compared to the previous biennium.” Similarly, UNICEF is creating an app for young Bulgarians to provide information about mental struggles, personal care advice, links to mental health resources and more. It also strives to create a website that connects Bulgarian youths with mental health professionals.

Though efforts are being made to promote mental wellness in Bulgaria, more can be done to address the ongoing mental health crisis. Government intervention, as well as assistance from WHO, UNICEF and related organizations, is essential in steering the population to a more healthy and optimistic future. With the reduction of social stigmas, a decrease in barriers to health care and the integration of psychiatric care into everyday medicine, Bulgarians can begin to heal themselves holistically for years to come.

– Anna Williams

Anna is based in Burlington, VT, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Malaria in Cabo Verde

Cabo Verde Finally Eliminates MalariaIn January 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) certified Cabo Verde as malaria-free, making it the third African nation to achieve this status. The elimination of malaria in Cabo Verde resulted from government initiatives and local community engagement. This accomplishment serves as a model for other countries prone to malaria.

Cabo Verde’s Malaria Statistics

Malaria, a potentially fatal illness, caused approximately 608,000 deaths and 249 million cases worldwide in 2022. Africa bore the brunt, with 580,000 (95%) of these fatalities and 233 million (94%) of the diagnoses. Additionally, 80% of malaria deaths among children under the age of 5 occur in Africa.

Cabo Verde comprises 10 small islands located beyond the West African coast and has more than 500,000 inhabitants. The country nearly eradicated malaria on two separate occasions, but neither was sustained. The first attempt involved residents using indoor spray to kill mosquitoes, which ceased in 1969. Consequently, malaria cases resurfaced on Santiago Island in 1973, leading to a nationwide outbreak in 1977. The second attempt in 1978 also aimed to eliminate malaria, resulting in significant case reductions by 1983, except on the Boa Vista and Santiago Islands.

The New Approach

In 2007, the Cabo Verde government enhanced its efforts to eliminate malaria by revising its health care policies. These changes aimed to increase the diagnosis rate, ensure the quick and efficient delivery of medicine and improve the supervision and recording of all malaria cases. In 2017, Cabo Verde was on track to eliminate malaria when an outbreak of 423 cases occurred. This outbreak prompted a change in strategy, leading to the reintroduction and reinforcement of indoor spraying and insecticidal nets, especially in areas most affected by malaria. Due to its successful efforts, the WHO declared Cabo Verde malaria-free on Jan. 12, 2024.

The country achieved this status by recording no malaria transmissions for more than three consecutive years and demonstrating the capability to prevent the re-establishment of transmission. With this achievement, Cabo Verde joined ranks of Mauritius and Algeria in being malaria-free. It is also became the 43rd country worldwide to receive this certification.

The Effect Of Malaria Elimination On Poverty

Infected individuals often participate less in the workforce due to illness, potentially reducing their earnings and pushing them into poverty. Additionally, the risk of malaria can deter investors from putting money into affected countries. This trend suggests that achieving malaria-free status may lead to positive outcomes for Cabo Verde.

Tourism is vital to Cabo Verde’s economy; before the COVID-19 pandemic, it contributed 24% to Cabo Verde’s GDP, accounted for 10% of employment and attracted most of the foreign capital. Cabo Verde’s malaria-free status may encourage more tourists from non-malaria-infected countries to visit without fear of contracting the disease or adhering to strict health precautions. This influx could boost the country’s revenue and increase personal incomes, helping to break the cycle of poverty.

Looking Ahead

Cabo Verde’s achievement as a malaria-free nation sets a precedent for public health success in Africa. Its commitment to maintaining this status could inspire similar strategies across other malaria-prone regions, enhancing global health security and economic stability.

– James McAlinden

James is based in Rosehearty, Scotland and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

, ,

Urban Poverty in Nigeria: Addressing the Plight of the Poor

Urban Poverty in Nigeria: Approaches to Address the Plight of the PoorThe Federal Republic of Nigeria, located in West Africa between the Sahel and the Gulf of Guinea, is a multi-ethnic and culturally diverse federation with 36 autonomous states and the Federal Capital Territory. Despite the government’s goal to eliminate urban and rural poverty in Nigeria by 2030, rapid urbanization presents significant challenges. While urban centers often drive socio-economic development, many large cities in the country lack the necessary infrastructure and social services, exacerbating poverty among those who migrate to these areas.

Drivers of Urbanization and Its Impact

Several interrelated dynamics are driving large-scale and extensive urbanization in Nigeria. Unlike many Sub-Saharan African countries, Nigeria has undergone urbanization since pre-colonial times. This early urbanization, combined with erratic colonial development focused on mining and petrochemical projects, has created complex urban subsystems. These systems continue to hinder economic development and worsen poverty.

Demographic Pressures and Migration

Currently, the World Bank estimates that 53% of Nigeria’s 213 million people reside in urban areas, a figure expected to rise to 70% by 2050. Declining mortality rates and persistently high fertility rates are the primary drivers of this rapid urbanization, supplemented by rural-urban migration contributing to urban growth. Nigeria’s increasing population places demographic pressure on rural natural resources, prompting many to move to cities in search of higher incomes and new economic opportunities.

Environmental Challenges and Conflict-Driven Migration

Human-induced deforestation and climate change are significantly affecting agricultural productivity in rural areas, which has traditionally been the main economic activity for low-income and peasant farmers. Additionally, conflict and insurgency from recognized terrorist organizations such as Boko Haram and the Islamic State’s West African Province, particularly in northeast Nigeria, are forcing residents to relocate to urban areas, thereby contributing to urban population growth.

Urban Growth and Its Challenges

While most analysts focus on Lagos, Nigeria’s most populous city with an estimated 18 to 20 million residents, other cities like Ibadan, Kano and Abuja are also experiencing rapid population growth. Urbanization can stimulate local economic growth but also strain social services and infrastructure, particularly impacting the poor. The country’s reliance on oil and gas revenues makes its economy vulnerable to global price fluctuations and corruption, which hampers its ability to develop other revenue streams, enhance governance and invest in robust urban infrastructure and public services for the poor.

Poor urban planning policies, along with other factors, have led to increasing rates of urban poverty in Nigeria. The national multidimensional poverty rate stands at about 63%, with roughly 42% of urban residents living in poverty. These individuals face disproportionate challenges such as social exclusion, gender inequality, underemployment and limited access to education, housing and health services. They often live in urban slums, making them vulnerable to diseases, crime, environmental hazards and insecurities related to food, water and energy.

Government Initiatives and Collaborations

To address urban poverty in Nigeria, the national government has implemented numerous projects in conjunction with local grassroots organizations and international development institutions. While many previous projects failed to produce their intended results, recent initiatives appear more promising. 

In 2016, the Government of Nigeria implemented the National Social Safety Net Project (NSIP), which was complimented by a civil society-led implementation effort that is now known as the Enhancing Social Protection Policies in Nigeria Project (ESPPIN).

The NSIP was created to help low-income and vulnerable individuals in Nigeria gain access to financial transfers and basic services through an expanded social safety net in urban areas. This initiative led to the creation of a National Social Registry and has supported more than 3.2 million beneficiaries across the country, 49% of whom are women. Additionally, in partnership with the World Bank and various civil society organizations, the Government of Nigeria launched the Community and Social Development Project to provide impoverished and internally displaced people with improved infrastructure and basic services such as health care, food, water and housing in urban settings.

The Role of NGOs in Alleviating Urban Poverty

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and civil-society networks also serve as crucial agents of change in cities throughout Nigeria because they often operate relatively independently of bureaucratic constraints, enabling them to respond to the multifaceted needs of impoverished urban communities.

Global organizations such as Cities Alliance, the Justice and Empowerment Initiative and Slum Dwellers International have contributed to mitigating urban poverty in Nigeria. They have achieved this by profiling urban slums, preventing evictions, fostering partnerships for knowledge sharing and providing essential services like clean water, food, housing and health care. Similarly, local entities like the Ambience of Hope Exceptional Foundation and the AMAC Council play key roles in alleviating urban poverty. They use their local insights and establish inclusive networks to effectively meet the changing needs of the urban poor.

Looking Ahead

Nigeria’s multifaceted approach to urban poverty alleviation—incorporating government action, NGO support and international collaboration—promises significant progress. The ongoing initiatives lay a strong foundation for sustainable urban development and enhanced quality of life for its urban poor.

– Campbell Clarke

Campbell is based in New York City, NY, USA and focuses on Technology and Solutions for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

, ,

4 Aspects of Global Poverty That Lead to Cholera Outbreaks

Cholera OutbreaksCholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease causing severe diarrhea and dehydration and it can be fatal if left unchecked. With the onset of 2024, the persistence of cholera has become evident. In January alone, across 17 countries in four regions – Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Americas and South-East Asia – 40,900 cases and 775 deaths were reported. Here are five aspects of global poverty that contribute to cholera outbreaks:

Lack of Access to Sanitation and Clean Water

While there have been efforts to address inadequate sanitation through Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) interventions in the past, there are still challenges. On a positive note, previous studies have indicated that initiatives like extensive media outreach, engagement of community health workers and the provision of essential items such as water purification tablets, soap and oral rehydration solutions have demonstrated efficacy in encouraging behavioral shifts aimed at preventing cholera.

However, the effectiveness of WASH interventions varies across different regions and contexts, especially regarding recontamination. Despite efforts to disinfect water storage containers, a significant percentage of containers are becoming recontaminated at the household level. The distribution of household disinfection kits as an alternative presents the potential to diminish social stigma and empower households to uphold hygiene practices. Yet, additional evaluation is required to confirm their efficacy. Additionally, more research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of WASH interventions during cholera outbreaks and inform international policy and practice.

Unplanned Urbanization

Unplanned or unmanaged urbanization often refers to the rapid and unplanned growth of urban areas without adequate planning, infrastructure and governance. In the context of public health, the consequences of unplanned urbanization are profound, particularly concerning the spread and impact of infectious diseases like cholera.

It is important to note that cholera outbreaks primarily impact impoverished communities characterized by low socioeconomic status. Particularly vulnerable are individuals living in densely populated regions with restricted access to safe water and sanitation facilities – the overcrowding in these regions is exacerbated by unplanned urbanization.

Therefore, the lack of urban planning often results in disparities in access to health care services, exacerbating the burden of disease on already marginalized populations. Reducing unplanned mass urbanization would require a multifaceted approach that addresses both the underlying drivers of urbanization – including weak governance, unaffordable housing and a lack of investment in infrastructure – and the consequences of rapid and disorderly urban growth.

Food Insecurity

Currently, a negative correlation exists between national food security levels and annual incidences of cholera. In a cross-sectional survey investigating the relationship between food insecurity and cholera in rural Haitian households, it was found that moderate and severe household hunger were significantly associated with a history of cholera. Certain high-risk behaviors were identified as potential mediators of the association between food insecurity and cholera.

These behaviors include the consumption of food and beverages prepared outside the home, the use of antacids and the consumption of leftover non-reheated food items. Household food insecurity was positively associated with these high-risk behaviors, indicating a potential pathway through which food insecurity may increase the risk of cholera transmission.

Interventions targeting food insecurity may help reduce the prevalence of high-risk behaviors and subsequently lower the incidence of cholera in vulnerable populations. Future longitudinal and qualitative research can be done to investigate the relationship between food insecurity, high-risk behaviors and cholera risk further. By addressing and understanding underlying socioeconomic determinants such as food insecurity, public health initiatives can disrupt the transmission dynamics of cholera outbreaks and alleviate the burden of this preventable disease in resource-constrained settings.

Vaccine Shortages

More recently, there was a significant scarcity of Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCV) globally from January 2023 to January 2024, impacting the ongoing cholera response efforts. Within this timeframe, 14 countries urgently requested 76 million doses of OCV, yet only 38 million doses were accessible. The depletion of the OCV stockpile was exacerbated by Shantha Biotechnics’s exit from the market in 2023. 

This left the stockpile solely reliant on EuBiologics, a South Korean company, which faced challenges in meeting the unpredictable demand and low pricing associated with vaccine production. However, EuBiologics aimed to produce 35 million doses of the current vaccine and potentially 15 million more if the World Health Organization (WHO) prequalifies its new vaccine.

Despite the temporary shortage, there are prospects for increasing vaccine production in the coming years, with other manufacturers expected to enter the market. However, achieving the Global Task Force on Cholera Control’s target of reducing cases by 90% by 2030 requires sustained efforts, including long-term preventive vaccination programs and the previously mentioned improvements in WASH infrastructure.

Overall, the devastating impact of cholera outbreaks underscores the urgent need for collective action to address the underlying vulnerabilities and ensure access to essential health care services for affected populations.

– Avery Fuller
Photo: Flickr