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Norovirus in India Pushes New Public Health Plan

Norovirus Impact in India Pushes New Public Health PlanNorovirus, a highly contagious virus causing acute gastroenteritis, has seen a notable increase in India in recent years. This virus primarily affects the gastrointestinal system, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramps. In December 2024, the Indian government reported more than 1,000 cases of diarrhea-related diseases, coinciding with a global rise in gastrointestinal illnesses. Poor sanitation of food and water sources has significantly contributed to the spread of norovirus in India.

According to the Minnesota Department of Health, these symptoms can appear as early as 12 hours after exposure. Children under 5 and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. As pandemic-related restrictions have eased, increased person-to-person contact has led to higher transmission rates of various infectious diseases.

Norovirus Transmission and Prevention

Norovirus spreads through direct contact with an infected person, consuming contaminated food or water or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth. Unlike some other pathogens, norovirus is resistant to alcohol-based sanitizers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasize that proper handwashing with soap and water is more effective in preventing norovirus infection than using alcohol-based hand sanitizers. ​

Government Response: National Health Mission

In response to the rising burden of infectious diseases like norovirus, the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has launched initiatives to improve public health outcomes through the National Health Mission (NHM). The NHM outlines development strategies for improving sanitation, food and water safety and health infrastructure in both rural and urban areas. The mission uses a performance-based framework. States that meet health benchmarks receive increased funding, promoting both accountability and innovation. The 2018–2019 Health System Strengthening Conditionality Report details how these benchmarks are designed to reflect the diverse health needs of India’s states.

Guiding Indicators for Public Health Improvements

To monitor and encourage improvements in health outcomes, NITI Aayog, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and technical assistance from the World Bank, developed the State Health Index. This index assesses states and union territories based on health outcomes, governance and key inputs or processes. The index aims to nudge states toward transformative action in the health sector. ​The NHM uses various key indicators to evaluate state-level progress:

  • Incremental performance based on the NITI Aayog Health Index

  • Operationalization of health and wellness centers

  • Implementation of human resource information systems

  • Grading of district hospitals

  • Mental health service expansion

  • Screening of individuals aged 30 and older for noncommunicable diseases

  • Performance ratings of urban and rural primary health centers

These indicators aim to identify specific needs across states and tailor support accordingly. The goal is to encourage cooperation while allowing state governments to focus on the communities ’ most urgent health issues.

Looking Ahead

India’s public health efforts are being shaped by both long-term planning and immediate challenges. The recent increase in norovirus cases has highlighted existing gaps in sanitation and preventive care. Government-led initiatives such as the National Health Mission offer targeted approaches to address these ongoing issues while promoting systemic improvement. Continued implementation of state-specific strategies may help reduce disease incidence and improve health outcomes in vulnerable populations.

– Jonathan Joseph

Jonathan is based in Milwaukee, WI, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Women’s Police Stations Combat Gender-Based Violence in India 

Women’s Police Stations Combat Gender-Based Violence in India In India, approximately 120 women live in extreme poverty for every 100 men and 30% of women experience domestic violence. Yet, many never report these incidents due to fear, stigma and a lack of trust in law enforcement. Deeply entrenched gender hierarchies have led to widespread gender-based violence (GBV), where women often endure skepticism and prejudice when they try to tell their stories. When seeking help from male-dominated police stations, Indian women frequently face additional challenges. Men account for 90% of the Indian police force, making it difficult for women to feel safe or understood when reporting violence. Despite government efforts to increase female representation in law enforcement, progress has been slow, leaving many women without a supportive system to rely on.

Women’s Police Stations

Women’s police stations, staffed exclusively by women, provide a safer and more supportive environment for victims of gender-based violence. These stations focus on helping victims rather than solely pursuing the arrest of perpetrators. Officers connect women with domestic violence helplines, provide counseling and help them escape abusive situations. The first women’s police station, the Vanitha Police Station, was established in Kerala, India, in 1973. The success of this model led to the rapid adoption of similar stations across India, with 745 now operating, primarily in urban centers. These stations offer women a space where they can seek help without fear or intimidation. Female officers handle cases of domestic violence and sexual abuse, but they also address other gender-specific issues, giving victims a sense of empowerment and agency.

India’s women-only police stations have inspired similar models worldwide. Brazil established its first women’s police station in São Paulo and countries across Latin America and Africa have since adopted the model to combat systemic discrimination and gender-based violence.

Increasing Reporting and Legislative Impact

Women’s police stations in India have led to a 29% increase in domestic violence reporting. When women see themselves reflected in law enforcement, they are more likely to come forward and seek help. Increased reporting provides governments with more accurate data, which can lead to stronger legislation to protect women. By addressing the root causes of gender inequality, these stations contribute to breaking the cycle of violence and poverty.

Women who are more likely to experience domestic violence are often the same individuals living in extreme poverty. Rural women face higher risks of gender-based violence compared to those in urban areas. Women’s police stations not only offer support but also provide valuable information about the challenges these women face, which can shape policy changes that uplift vulnerable communities. Although the Indian government has attempted to address gender disparities in poverty, women-only police stations add urgency to legislative efforts aimed at ending these inequalities.

Global Impact on Crime Reduction

The success of women’s police stations extends beyond India’s borders. In Brazil, female homicide rates among women aged 18 to 24 dropped by 50% and the overall rate decreased by 17% following the establishment of these stations. Female personnel deterred crimes against women by creating an environment where victims felt safer reporting violence. India’s decision to pioneer this model has had a far-reaching influence, ensuring greater safety for women across the globe.

Women’s police stations offer more than law enforcement. They create a space where women can reclaim their agency, find support and pursue justice without fear. These stations address gender-based violence while contributing to broader efforts to break cycles of poverty and inequality.

Looking Ahead

Women’s police stations in India have demonstrated remarkable success, but their continued impact depends on sustained funding and expanded outreach. Increasing the number of these stations, particularly in rural areas, could ensure that more women have access to safe and supportive environments. Scaling these ongoing efforts can potentially reduce GBV and also contribute to dismantling structural inequalities that perpetuate poverty and violence. By strengthening and expanding this initiative, India has the potential to empower millions of women to live safely and independently, free from the constraints of violence.

– Divya Beeram

Divya is based in San Antonio, Texas, USA and focuses on Technology and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Aranmula Kannadi: Sustaining Livelihoods in Kerala

Aranmula KannadiThe ancient art of making handmade metal mirrors, known as Aranmula Kannadi, passed down through families, is more than just a tradition in the small state of Kerala, located in the southern part of India. This traditional livelihood expresses the power of Indigenous knowledge in sustaining livelihood and preserving cultural heritage. 

The Unique Craft of Aranmula Kannadi

Aranmula Kannadi is distinct from ordinary glass mirrors. Unlike conventional mirrors that reflect images off a glass surface backed by a silver coating, Aranmula Kannadi is made entirely of a special metal alloy that reflects directly from its polished surface. The secret behind its unique composition is closely guarded by a few artisan families in Aranmula, a village in Kerala, ensuring that the knowledge remains within their lineage.

Making these mirrors requires a precise combination of metals, an elaborate hand-polishing process and meticulous craftsmanship, making each piece a true work of art. Hence, the original Aranmula Kannadi can only be legally made in this location due to its geographical indications certification.

Sustaining Livelihood Through Indigenous Knowledge

For generations, the skilled artisans of Aranmula have dedicated themselves to perfecting this traditional craft. Making these mirrors is labor-intensive, requiring high precision and expertise. The mud is carefully prepared, the metal alloy is melted and cast and the surface is manually polished for several days to achieve the desired reflective quality.

Each piece is a labor of love, requiring patience, skill and a deep understanding of metallurgy. However, in an era dominated by mass production and digital advancements, the survival of such indigenous crafts faces significant challenges. The artisans of Aranmula Kannadi rely on traditional techniques that machines cannot replicate, making the production process slow and limited in scale. Despite these constraints, their commitment to preserving the craft remains unwavering.

The livelihood of these artisans depends heavily on the demand for their products. Efforts to promote Aranmula Kannadi as a luxury heritage product have helped sustain the community. Government initiatives, cultural exhibitions and collaborations with heritage organizations have played a crucial role in ensuring that the craft continues to thrive. Furthermore, the artisans have started adapting to modern marketing strategies, leveraging e-commerce platforms and social media to reach a global audience.

Economic and Social Impact on Local Communities

The livelihood of many families in Aranmula depends on this craft. The intricate process of mirror-making provides employment opportunities for local artisans, metalworkers and traders, forming an essential part of the region’s economic framework. However, the survival of this craft is often challenged by modern manufacturing techniques and mass-produced imitations.

Despite these hurdles, the dedication of traditional artisans ensures that authentic Aranmula Kannadi continues to thrive. The craft is also deeply tied to the social fabric of Aranmula, as it fosters a sense of identity and community pride. Many artisans see their work as more than just a means of income. It is an inherited responsibility to preserve the cultural heritage of their ancestors. The mirror holds religious and spiritual significance in Kerala’s temple rituals, wedding ceremonies and traditional festivals, reinforcing its value beyond a mere artifact.

Challenges and the Way Forward

Despite Aranmula Kannadi’s recognition, the artisans face multiple challenges, including the high cost of raw materials, competition from counterfeit products and a decline in the number of skilled artisans willing to take up the trade. Younger generations often hesitate to continue the legacy due to the economic uncertainties associated with traditional craftsmanship.

Awareness campaigns that highlight the uniqueness of Aranmula Kannadi can also help combat counterfeit products and ensure that customers recognize the value of authentic handmade mirrors. Sustainable tourism initiatives promoting heritage crafts can also create new opportunities for artisans. Craft villages, workshops and experiential tourism centered around the making of Aranmula Kannadi could attract enthusiasts and collectors worldwide, further boosting the local economy.

Conclusion

The story of Aranmula Kannadi is one of resilience and dedication, reflecting the strength of indigenous knowledge and its role in sustaining livelihoods. As globalization and modernization continue to shape industries, safeguarding traditional crafts that hold cultural and historical significance has become increasingly important. By supporting artisans, raising awareness and fostering innovation while respecting tradition, we can ensure that the legacy of Aranmula Kannadi continues to shine for generations to come.

– Syam Kumar

Syam is based in Roorkee, India and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

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The Campaign to Eliminate Poverty in Uttar Pradesh

Poverty in Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India, with a population of more than 200 million people. The state, located in northern India, is also one of the most impoverished in the country. Poverty in Uttar Pradesh is widespread, with more than 17% of the state categorized as “multidimensionally poor,” the fourth highest rate in the country. Recently, however, Uttar Pradesh has made significant strides in poverty reduction. Over the past nine years, it has seen the largest number of people lifted out of poverty in any state in India. The state has recently emphasized the need to reduce poverty with the launch of its ambitious “Zero Poverty” Campaign.

The Zero Poverty Campaign

The government of Uttar Pradesh has launched the Zero Poverty Campaign to eliminate poverty throughout the state completely. The program seeks to ensure that all families can meet their basic needs. It provides low-income families with access to a wide variety of government resources. The program works at the village level, identifying the neediest families in each village who struggle to meet their basic needs. Families are identified for the program through a statewide survey, whose accuracy will be backed up by local village committees. Priority is given to families who are homeless, reside in “kutcha” or temporary makeshift houses or rely on daily wages to survive.

These families will receive access to a wide range of government programs to support them and help lift them out of poverty, such as free education, free medical care, access to affordable housing and job training. The program also ensures that families have a reliable source of income and aims to raise their annual income to 125,000 Rupees or $1,440. The government aims to support impoverished families through various programs, providing immediate assistance to help lift them out of poverty and reintegrate them into society.

Implementation

The campaign is initially being rolled out in certain select districts within the state. The government plans to expand the program throughout the state, given its effectiveness. The program’s success will be monitored via a database. It will track the recipients’ upward mobility and quality of life improvements. The government can assess the program’s effectiveness and implement necessary changes by collecting data on recipient outcomes. If successful, the Zero Poverty Campaign could guide poverty reduction efforts nationwide.

Looking Forward

While Uttar Pradesh has made significant strides in alleviating poverty in recent years, significant challenges remain. However, Uttar Pradesh’s Zero Poverty Campaign demonstrates the government’s dedication to addressing widespread poverty. If successful, the campaign can potentially lift millions of people out of poverty and transform how the Indian government addresses poverty. With continued government efforts and funding, Uttar Pradesh can accomplish its goal of eliminating poverty in the state.

– Matthew Wornom

Matthew is based in Yorktown, VA, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Fighting Type 2 Diabetes in India

India’s Fight Against Type 2 Diabetes CrisisAccording to the Lancet, global diabetes rates among adults have doubled since 1990, rising from 7% to 14% in 2022. The most significant increase occurred in middle- and low-income countries. Notably, the study found that 60% of people with Type 2 diabetes lived in just six countries, with India accounting for the largest share at 212 million adults. As India’s economy and population have expanded rapidly over the past 35 years, so has the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, particularly among the nation’s poorest communities.

Demographic Changes

Since 1990, India’s economy and population have surged, making it one of the world’s fastest-growing nations. The country’s economy has grown tenfold, increasing from $320 billion to $3.57 trillion. Meanwhile, its population has nearly doubled, rising from approximately 870 million to 1.42 billion.

The country has also experienced a significant rise in urbanization since 1990, with 519 million urban residents. While these demographic changes suggest economic progress, rapid population growth and urbanization have placed a strain on infrastructure and public services. Without sufficient investments in health care and education, these shifts can potentially widen inequalities, including access to health care. The increasing rates of Type 2 diabetes in India illustrate this challenge.

Since 1990, the number of people in India living with diabetes or classified as pre-diabetic has risen to 237 million as of 2023. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body fails to use insulin effectively to regulate blood sugar levels. If not diagnosed early or treated properly, complications can include heart and kidney disease, as well as foot and leg amputations.

Challenges in Diabetes Care Across India

Studies reveal that urbanization in India leads to higher consumption of energy-dense foods and reduced physical activity, increasing obesity rates and the risk of Type 2 diabetes and other cardiometabolic conditions. Low awareness of diabetes among India’s adult population underscores the need for better health monitoring and education. Treatment and control rates remain low, particularly in rural areas and among low-income populations, due to barriers to health care access and high treatment costs. Although low-cost glycemic medications are available, many individuals cannot afford them.

With too few trained diabetes educators in India, physicians bear the burden of patient education. Variations in diabetes education standards among universities lead to inconsistent patient education. The absence of national certification requirements and low-quality diabetes training at some universities hinder efforts to regulate diabetes care and education programs.

Disparities in diabetes funding across Indian state governments likely stem from varying awareness levels and the economic burden of diabetes care. Some states allocate significantly more resources to diabetes management than others, highlighting the need for a more standardized national approach. Without sufficient investment in awareness campaigns, medical training and affordable treatment options, diabetes will continue to pose a growing public health challenge in India.

A Hybrid Approach

Since 2010, the Indian government has introduced several measures aimed at increasing diabetes awareness through both physical and technological initiatives. These programs seek to reach as many people as possible, especially in underserved areas.

  • National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke (NPCDCS) – 2010. Launched in 2010, NPCDCS was designed to curb the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases, which had become more prevalent than communicable diseases. The program focuses on prevention, early screening and disease management while improving access to treatment—particularly for low-income populations.
  • mDiabetes Initiative – 2011. Developed by Arogya World in collaboration with Nokia, this mobile health initiative delivers text messages on diabetes management in 12 languages. It has reached 130 million people. A follow-up study found that 51.9% of participants underwent diabetes screening and 67.3% monitored their glucose levels. The Indian Ministry of Health later adopted the program, recognizing its success in raising awareness.
  • Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centers – 2018. These centers provide comprehensive health care services, including screenings for Type 2 diabetes. The initiative has significantly improved health care infrastructure, with 150,000 wellness centers now operational.
  • E-Sanjeevani Telemedicine Service – 2020. Launched by India’s Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, E-Sanjeevani is a telemedicine platform that has facilitated more than 100 million virtual consultations since 2023. The service has played a vital role in bridging the gap between health care providers and patients, particularly for those in poverty who may struggle to access in-person consultations.

Looking Ahead

India’s rapid economic growth has coincided with a surge in Type 2 diabetes, particularly among low-income communities facing limited health care access and education. While urbanization and dietary shifts have contributed to rising cases, the government has implemented multiple initiatives to address the crisis. Programs such as the NPCDCS, mDiabetes, E-Sanjeevani and Ayushman Bharat have improved awareness, screening and access to treatment, especially in rural and underserved areas. However, continued investment in public health care, education and preventive measures could be essential to curb the growing burden of diabetes and ensure equitable health outcomes across all socioeconomic groups.

– Oliver Hedges

Oliver is based in Lancaster, UK and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Electric Vehicles in India: Driving Affordability and Sustainability

Electric Vehicles in India: Driving Affordability and SustainabilityElectric vehicles are transforming transportation in India, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fuel-powered vehicles. With India ranking as the third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide globally, the shift toward cleaner transportation is crucial. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the rollout of electric vehicles is set to avoid the need for nearly 6 million barrels of oil per day by 2030. The electric vehicle industry in India experienced an 80% increase in sales between 2010 and 2023, reflecting the growing adoption. Most freight transportation relies on diesel-powered trucks, making electrification a key strategy to reduce carbon emissions while lowering fuel expenses for millions.

Government and Public Adoption of Electric Vehicles

The use of electric vehicles in India continues to rise, with reports showing that more than 2 million electric vehicles were in use by 2023. A primary reason for this increase is the rising cost of petrol. In April 2020, petrol prices in Indian cities averaged 70 rupees per liter, reaching nearly 110 rupees per liter at their peak in 2022. As fuel prices continue to fluctuate, many citizens are turning to electric vehicles to save money on transportation costs. In an interview with AP News, an electric rickshaw driver highlighted the financial benefits of the switch. He reported that charging his electric rickshaw costs 60 rupees, compared to 300 rupees for petrol to cover the same 80-kilometer distance. Given these cost savings, many others are making the transition to electric vehicles.

Supportive Policies for Electric Vehicle Adoption

The Indian government has introduced financial incentives and policies to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles. In September 2024, officials approved a 109 billion rupee ($1.3 billion) incentive package to promote the use of two- and three-wheeled electric vehicles, as well as electric trucks and ambulances. Reducing pollution from diesel-powered trucks remains a primary focus of this policy, as they are among the largest contributors to poor air quality in India. To address this, the government has introduced additional incentives for scrapping old diesel trucks in favor of electric alternatives. By 2030, India aims to have 70% of its commercial vehicles running on electricity, significantly reducing emissions while making transportation more affordable for businesses and individuals.

Charitable Initiatives and Market Growth Projections

The shift to electric vehicles has created opportunities for low-income communities. The Shishu Mandir charity has been donating electric vehicles to individuals in need, allowing them to establish sustainable livelihoods through ride-hailing services. A transgender woman who had previously relied on street begging for survival after being disowned by her family received an electric vehicle donation from Shishu Mandir. The initiative provided her with a safer and more stable income while also contributing to environmental sustainability.

While Shishu Mandir has donated 17 electric vehicles so far, efforts are ongoing to expand the program, providing licenses and driving lessons to those in poverty. These initiatives demonstrate how electric vehicle adoption serves as both a climate solution and a tool for economic empowerment.

Organizations such as the India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF) are also playing a pivotal role in expanding India’s electric vehicle market. Through investments, policy support and government lobbying, IBEF estimates that India could become the largest electric vehicle market in the world by 2030. The organization advocates for subsidies, improved charging infrastructure and lower production costs to make electric vehicles more accessible.

Looking Ahead

India’s transportation sector is undergoing a major transformation as the adoption of electric vehicles continues to accelerate. Beyond lowering emissions and reducing fuel costs, this shift is creating new economic opportunities for marginalized groups and demonstrating the broader social benefits of sustainable mobility. With government policies, private investments and charitable initiatives driving change, millions more people could gain access to affordable, clean transportation. The rise of electric vehicles in India not only signals progress toward a greener future but also highlights the power of technology and policy in improving livelihoods.

– Lizzie Mazzola

Lizzie is based in Raleigh, NC, USA and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Repurposed EV Batteries: A New Solution to Poverty in India

Poverty in IndiaThe current population of India makes up almost 18% of the world’s total population. Consequently, India’s poverty rates significantly influence global poverty rates. Between the years 2011-2019, India has made substantial strides to reduce its poverty rates. Indeed, urban poverty has been reduced from 14.2% to 6.3%. Furthermore, in rural areas, the decline was from 26.3% to 11.6%.

This news deserves to be heralded as hundreds of millions of people have risen out of poverty. However, there is still much work to do, particularly in rural areas. Estimating rural poverty using 2019 poverty rates and 2020 data shows that about 105 million people in rural India still subsist on less than $2.15 a day.

Rural Poverty in India

Rural poverty in India contributes to high crime rates, low educational attainment, limited job opportunities and poor prospects for escaping poverty. It also restricts access to quality health care, leading to issues such as malnutrition and high infant mortality rates. According to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India will be a “developed” nation by 2047 after leading the green revolution and excelling in technology, which will ultimately boost the country’s economy. A thriving economy is one thing, but this goal requires proper consideration of the poorest people in rural India. Therefore, more needs to be done to lift rural areas out of poverty in India.

Repurposing EV Batteries

An example of alleviating poverty in India involves repurposing old electric vehicle (EV) batteries to improve manual work efficiency. According to AP News, Nunam, an energy storage company, provided six women in Kenchanahalli with a repurposed EV battery. Previously, they relied on an unstable electrical grid for their tailoring tasks. The women resorted to hand stitching during outages, which often made it impossible to complete orders on time.

AP News reports that these women’s lives have dramatically transformed in the four years since this effective energy source was provided because they are now able to work fewer hours and receive a more consistent wage. Additionally, by reusing these batteries, millions of tonnes of waste that this cleaner-than-fossil-fuels energy source would have produced are avoided.

India has set the ambitious goal of producing 500 gigawatts of clean energy by 2030. The aim is to make the country a global hub for the manufacturing of renewable energy sources like solar. However, it has been reported that India could produce an estimated 340 kilotons of solar power-related waste by 2030.

Upscaling Nunam operations can utilize EV batteries that are no longer suitable for storing solar power into batteries that enhance efficiency in labor-intensive jobs, thereby helping to reduce poverty in rural India. This company’s primary business is reengineering these batteries to give rural Indian towns backup power. Recently, Nunam has experienced an enormous spike in orders, yet there remains a vast untapped potential.

Future Outlook

On a national scale, this effort has significant economic and environmental potential. It can assist in strengthening the economy by lowering dependency on imports such as lithium. Upscaling these processes will create new jobs in the reengineering of these batteries. This type of activity can advance education in rural areas by requiring local technicians with higher levels of expertise. Expanding these initiatives at the regional level will also empower small businesses, like the women in Kenchanahalli, thereby improving living conditions in these rural communities.

Furthermore, since India is at the forefront of green energy, this project could help propel it into a “developed country status.” This can be accomplished by not only prevailing in the global clean energy manufacturing market but also having a well-thought-out recycling strategy that empowers the most impoverished communities from the bottom up. This dual solution that promotes clean energy and empowers India’s poor has vast potential to bridge the gap between urban and rural poverty rates by tackling poverty at its roots.

– William Pickering

William is based in Nottingham, UK and focuses on Technology and Solutions for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Initiatives that Empower Girls’ Education in India

Girls’ Education in India
Only one in three girls in India complete secondary school. High-quality girls’ education is crucial in equipping girls with the right skills for equal job opportunities to boys and in escaping generational poverty. When women can earn money, they are also able to contribute back to their community. Although poverty rates in 2023 have fallen to around 5%, inequality has risen in India. Gender disparities including in literacy and education have resulted in poverty rates for women to be 21%, compared to 15% for men. Therefore, these initiatives focused on girls’ education in India have been significant in reducing poverty and improving India’s overall economy.

Nearly one in four girls in India are in a marriage or union before their 18th birthday, primarily due to their families’ financial struggles and deep-rooted social norms. Early and child marriages are highly prevalent in Indian societies, disproportionately impacting girls and their education as their priorities change to domestic duties. A lack of feminine hygiene systems in schools and parent’s awareness about the importance of girl’s education, also challenge girls’ education in India. After voicing these concerns, initiatives have been implemented to begin to overcome these challenges and empower girls’ education in India.

UNICEF and Gender Equality

UNICEF India’s 2018-2022 initiative aims to improve India’s overall gender equality. Many girls in particular drop out of school early because of marriage. Consequently, adult literacy in India is lower among women than men. UNICEF’s initiatives have been productive on a national and district level, having supported large government programs in reducing child marriage and Panchayats in becoming “child marriage free.”

For example, by making it easier to report a child’s marriage to the authorities and promoting girls’ education rather than marriage. It is more likely for girls to stay in education when they postpone marriage beyond the legal age, which results in a more educated and empowered population. Women’s literacy levels are also important for their health and their ability to access help in case of domestic abuse.

UNICEF advocates for a more gender-responsive approach to the curriculum. This includes changing the language and images in textbooks to not perpetuate gender stereotypes and encouraging more women to pursue STEM subjects. Facilitating girls’ and boys’ clubs- those who are out of school and most vulnerable can safely continue their learning. UNICEF also encourages girls to participate in sports and activities such as photography.

The WASH program improved schools’ infrastructure and girls’ access to menstrual hygiene management. For example, under law, it is now mandatory for schools to provide well-equipped, separate gendered bathrooms.

Government Schemes

Launched in 2015, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) aims to address gender inequality by educating locals about the importance of investing in girl’s education. By openly challenging the social norm of girls’ education, it makes social policies that tackle gender inequality more effective. For example, introducing families to girls’ scholarships at university. Through the program, local data about girls’ education could also be analyzed, including which areas girls were most vulnerable to dropping out of school and identifying where extra support is needed to bridge India’s gender educational gap.

Looking Ahead

Although the gender gap in India’s education remains, its government and UNICEF initiatives have been foundational in India’s progress toward greater quality and access to girls’ education. Continuing to highlight and celebrate the benefits of empowering girls’ education could lead to greater social policy changes that reduce gender inequality as well as overall poverty in India.

– Liling Zhang

Liling is based in Manchester, UK and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pixabay

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Kerala: Leading Education Reform In India

Education Reform In IndiaKerala, situated in the linguistic-cultural region of South India, ranks as the ninth-largest economy in India, with an annual gross state product of ₹9.78 lakh crore between 2020 and 2021. The state’s economic growth is fueled by sectors such as tourism, health care and education. Furthermore, Kerala stands out as a leader in accessible and equitable education across India, with a model that emphasizes literacy, gender parity, technology, quality and inclusivity. This approach effectively addresses disparities and broadens educational opportunities for marginalized groups. The following list highlights six areas where Kerala has achieved significant academic progress.

6 Ways Kerala Leads India in Education Reform

  1. High Literacy Rates and Universal Primary Education. Kerala’s literacy rate reached 93.91% in the 2011 census. This notable increase is attributed to early reforms and primary education mandates established by local kingdoms before Indian independence. Historians report that social movements in the early 20th century helped lay the foundation for Kerala’s educational success. This created a culture that values literacy. Currently, the emphasis on literacy allows many people in the state to pursue better opportunities and break cycles of poverty.
  2. Gender Parity in Education. Kerala’s Gender Parity Index (GPI) is among the highest in India, standing at 1.44 for general enrolment and increasing to 1.80 and 1.41 for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, respectively, according to Education for All in India. Kerala’s policies supporting gender equity in education ensure that girls, including those from marginalized groups, have equitable access to schooling. Analysts suggest that this focus on gender balance empowers girls, enabling them to access higher education and professional opportunities.
  3. Technology Integration in Schools. Since its inception in 2001, the Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education (KITE) initiative has incorporated technology across all public schools in India. By 2018, KITE had equipped more than 4,500 schools with digital resources. Additionally, it has trained more than 80,000 teachers in AI and digital skills, according to The Hindu. This initiative ensures that students, especially those in underserved rural areas, gain access to essential digital skills. These skills prepare them for a competitive global economy.
  4. Recognition in Educational Quality. Kerala ranked highest in NITI Aayog’s School Education Quality Index for 2019, achieving a score of 76.6%. Education experts point to Kerala’s quality-focused policies as instrumental in improving educational standards across income groups. These policies ensure students receive a well-rounded education that prepares them for academic and professional success.
  5. Inclusive Education Programmes. Kerala has prioritized inclusive education with programs like Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan and the State Initiative on Disabilities. These programs provide barrier-free learning environments and specialized training for educators working with children with disabilities. Indeed, educational researchers note that these inclusive efforts help bridge gaps for students who may face physical or cognitive challenges, offering them the support needed to succeed.
  6. Expanding Impact Beyond Kerala. Kerala’s influence in education reform extends beyond its borders, with organizations founded by Kerala natives taking steps to improve education in other parts of India. An example is Our India Foundation, established in 2014 by a group from Calicut, Kerala. The foundation operates Our India International School (OIIS), which began with just 28 students and has now expanded to serve 662 students from kindergarten through Grade IX. Based on the success of OIIS in Kerala, the foundation has extended its mission to underserved areas outside Kerala, bringing educational resources and opportunities to communities in need. This expansion reflects Kerala’s broader commitment to educational equity across India.

Moving Forward

Kerala’s education system demonstrates how targeted policies can potentially create a significant impact, building a foundation of literacy, inclusivity and opportunity for all students. Furthermore, by focusing on solutions like technology integration, gender parity and inclusive practices, Kerala sets an example for how education reforms can drive positive change across diverse communities in India. This commitment to equitable education continues to transform lives and offer new pathways to success for future generations.

– Fiza Meeraj

Fiza is based in London, UKm and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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How the Global Fund Is Addressing TB in India

Tuberculosis in IndiaThe Global Fund is a nonprofit organization founded in 2002. Since then, it has provided treatment to people with HIV, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria around the world. As of the Summer of 2024, the Fund has invested almost $10 billion in TB prevention and treatment for patients worldwide.

The Global Fund has integrated numerous services into primary health care systems that use innovative technologies, such as mobile health solutions, to improve patient tracking and adherence to treatment. Health professionals will use vans with technology like X-rays and diagnosis kits to provide free health treatments in the most remote locations. The Fund has vastly increased community access to medicines, testing and protective equipment like mosquito nets.

The Global Fund and India’s Close Collaboration

The Global Fund utilizes various strategies to combat TB in India, which reported 1.96 million cases or one-third of TB cases globally in 2021. The Fund has worked closely with the Indian government since 2006 and multiple local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to implement effective TB screening, treatment and prevention programs. The government of India, especially Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has shown immense support for the initiative to end TB in India by next year.

Success in Perspective

In 2012, the Indian government implemented a law requiring all diagnosed cases of TB to be reported to public health officials. This policy has successfully reduced the number of unreported cases plaguing the country. One untreated case can spread the disease to 15-20 people in a year. Due to the highly infectious nature of TB, it is crucial to catch cases as early as possible.

Furthermore, through its close collaboration with the Global Fund, India has transitioned from having the highest tuberculosis population to becoming an innovative supporter of global health. In 2019, India hosted the organization’s Sixth Replenishment Preparatory Meeting. Today, thanks to the efforts of the Global Fund, India can support other global health care organizations by serving as a primary source of low-cost pharmaceuticals.

JEET

The Joint Effort to Eliminate TB (JEET), a nonprofit organization, partners with the Global Fund and NGOs in India to improve access to diagnoses and treatments across all communities. JEET works closely with community health professionals and hospitals to promote sustainable solutions that will continue to benefit the population in the future. Indeed, by collaborating with various NGOs, including TB Alert India and the NGO TB Consortium India (NTC), the organization can reach the most at-risk populations and manage cases and outbreaks efficiently.

India is among the countries with the highest number of private health care providers. Between 2018 and 2020, JEET expanded the Patient-Provider Support Agency model in more than 100 districts across nine high-TB-risk states. This model ensures widespread access to TB treatment and patient support in the most vulnerable communities.

Impact of the Global Fund on Poverty

In 2023, the Global Fund provided treatment to more than 2.4 million people in India, improving life expectancy in low-income communities. As of 2022, the Fund has reduced TB-related deaths by 36% since beginning its work in various countries. Ultimately, TB has a profound impact on poverty levels and economic productivity in India, highlighting how successful TB control can lead to healthier communities, reduced health care costs and enhanced economic opportunities for affected populations.

Impacted individuals struggle on different levels throughout day-to-day life, making access to treatment life-changing for families reliant on working income. Furthermore, reducing the impact of TB on health care systems leaves more time, staff and funding to address other health issues in low-income communities.

– Lauren Sellman

Lauren is based in Rochester Hills, MI, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr