Archive for category: Electricity and Power

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Updates on SDG 9 in Colombia: Hydrogen, Jobs and Innovation

SDG 9 in ColombiaIn 2021, Colombia’s Ministry of Energy unveiled an ambitious plan to transition to clean energy by 2050 by replacing fossil fuels with a low-emission hydrogen solution. As of 2025, not only has Colombia remained consistent in its efforts, it is on track to becoming a regional leader in energy sustainability. This article lists some updates on SDG 9 in Colombia.

The 2015 Paris Agreement to reduce the rate of global warming spurred nations into modernizing their energy sources. Part of Colombia’s SDG 9, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, is a commitment to reducing emissions by 51% by 2030. This is a goal it plans to achieve by transitioning to hydrogen, which it could then potentially export internationally. 

Hydrogen, most commonly used in refining, fertilizers and other chemicals, also serves as a low-carbon alternative that could power small appliances and large vehicles alike. Global demand for hydrogen is likely to increase exponentially in the next two decades. Broad international interest, support and investment have the potential to create thousands of jobs to poverty-stricken regions like Cartagena, Colombia.

Close to 10 million people suffer from energy poverty in Colombia, mostly in rural areas like the Amazonía, Chocó and Orinoquía. While hydrogen is not yet an affordable alternative, mass production and naturally-occurring white hydrogen will make it a competitive alternative by 2030.

Progress for the People

The advancement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promises several benefits to Colombians, particularly the people of Cartagena, where the state-owned company Ecopetrol bases its operations.

  1. Job Creation: According to Colombia’s National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), 41.1% of Cartagena’s population lived in poverty in 2023. The rate of poverty in the region has been increasing since 2021. The city’s unemployment rate for the first semester of 2025 was 9.8%, which hovers above the national average of 8.6% during the same period. Colombia’s roadmap anticipates the creation of 7,000 to 15,000 new jobs. In 2024, Ecopetrol announced the hiring of 344 employees as it expanded its operations. The construction of a new processing plant, new pipelines, the necessity for trained professionals, engineers and more is expected to create further job opportunities for Colombians in the coming years.
  2. Education, Training and Research: The sectors in Cartagena that saw a decrease in new jobs included professional, scientific, technical and administrative roles. In 2023, Ecopetrol invested the equivalent of more than $10 million in career training for its workforce. Ecopetrol is also working with the Inter-American Development Bank, the national vocational education center SENA, several top universities, among others. In a joint effort, they plan to build the first Innovation and Technology Center in the Caribbean.
  3. Health: Hydrogen fuel cells emit only water vapor and warm air, reducing carcinogens and other pollutants in the air. Vehicles powered by hydrogen are quieter, limiting noise pollution.
  4. Investment Opportunities: Several companies, including ENGIE, Siemens Energy and Porsche Colombia have shown support for Colombia’s initiatives.

Updates on SDG 9 in Colombia

The Colombian government has already taken several steps to advance its SDG 9, which include industry, innovation and infrastructure. As of 2025, there are 36 projects in multiple phases of progress.

  1. Strategy: In 2022, Ecopetrol announced that its development of a pilot program would occur in three phases. First, it would focus on the expansion of hydrogen operations at an industrial scale. Second, it would focus on sea and air transport and the search of commercial opportunities across Europe and Asia. Third, it would promote mass use of hydrogen.
  2. Legislation: The Energy Transition Law, enacted in 2021, laid the foundation for the regulations needed for hydrogen development and offered tax incentives to attract projects. In 2024, Decree 1597 established guidelines and regulations for the development of the hydrogen sector.
  3. Discovery of white hydrogen: Colombia discovered white hydrogen in the Cordillera Oriental and Sinú-San Jacinto basins. White hydrogen can be extracted at a lower cost than other types of manufactured hydrogen.
  4. Blending: Promigas’ Cartagena Plant began operations in 2022. Promigas started green hydrogen production and subsequent injection into the natural gas grid. It is the second company in Latin America to utilize blending in its distribution systems.
  5. International investment: Viridi RE declared its intention to build a green hydrogen and methanol plant in La Guajira.
  6. Pipelines: Promigas has been approved for a two-way pipeline between Barranquilla and the Ballena gas field that is expected to begin operating in 2027. Additional planned pipelines include Mariquita-Gualanday, Jamundí-Valle del Cauca and Barrancabermeja-Ballena.
  7. Hydrogen bus: Ecopetrol is looking to build a hydrogen-powered bus capable of transporting 50 passengers to be used in Bogota’s public transit system.

Looking Ahead: SDG 9 in Colombia

Colombia has impressed the international community with its unshakeable commitment to produce and implement a low-carbon source of energy. Ecopetrol and several private investors are financing initiatives, building infrastructure and promoting scientific research.

The nation’s natural resources and strategic geographical location may prove advantageous in the race to become a major hydrogen exporter in the coming years. Moreover, the advancement of SDG 9 through the investment hydrogen industry contributes to the creation of more jobs, healthier communities, learning opportunities and overall poverty reduction for Colombians.

– Johanna Lorena Arredondo Gonzalez

Johanna is based in Pittsburgh, PA, USA and focuses on Technology and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Freepik

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Top 3 Causes of Energy Poverty in Cyprus

Energy Poverty in CyprusEnergy poverty in Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean, is at an all-time high. Energy poverty is when a household struggles to access reliable and affordable energy to fulfill daily needs such as heating, cooling, cooking and lighting.

More than 50% of the population in Cyprus experiences energy poverty. These are the top three reasons for energy poverty in Cyprus and ongoing solutions to bring affordable energy to the island.

Energy Isolation

Cyprus is the only country within the European Union (EU) that is not connected to energy networks. This isolation results in relying on imported fuel to power the country. Because importing fuel is expensive, the energy cost for consumers is high.

About 85% of Cyprus’s energy comes from imported oil and costs 35.7 PPS per 100 kilowatt-hours of electricity. Other countries in the EU pay as little as 14.33 PPS or 15.4 PPS.

Rising Costs of Living

Energy poverty in Cyprus is worsened by the high cost of living relative to the average monthly salary. More than half of Cypriots earn less than $2,214 per month, while apartment rental costs range from $821 to $1,994.

After covering expenses such as groceries, health insurance, car payments and student loan debt, little remains in household budgets for high electricity bills. Nearly 20% of Cypriots report being unable to afford to heat their homes.

Poorly Insulated Houses

Most homes and apartments are not properly insulated, creating difficulties in heating and cooling those spaces thoroughly. Electric bills are inevitably higher if homes cannot properly maintain a comfortable temperature without constant heater or air conditioning system interference.

Continuous use of heating or cooling systems also increases the wear and tear on those devices, leading to added repair costs. Health issues may arise for those who cannot afford to heat or cool their homes properly. Heat exhaustion, dehydration and even asthma attacks are possible.

Solutions to Energy Poverty in Cyprus

The Cypriot government is making progress toward solving energy poverty in Cyprus. It is also working to reduce the price of electricity through the Great Sea Interconnector and the Solar Energy for All Program. The Great Sea Interconnector is designed to electronically connect Cyprus, Greece and Israel to share power grids and access.

This plan would lower the price of electricity and reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels to meet energy needs. Electricity bills in Cyprus are expected to decrease significantly. Providing an accessible path to clean, renewable energy and eliminating Cyprus’s energy isolation will improve the quality of life for Cypriots.

The submarine electrical connection is anticipated to be one of the largest power transmission projects in the world. Cyprus will first be connected with Crete, a Greek island. After that connection is built, Israel will be linked in. The project is on track to be completed by the end of 2025.

The Solar Energy For All program assists with the funding necessary to install solar panels. With a budget of more than $35 million, the program will help 6,000 individuals afford the installation. Using solar panels will reduce reliance on imported oil, along with the price of electricity for users.

With both the Great Sea Interconnector and the Solar For All Project, the electrical costs for Cypriots will undoubtedly decrease soon. 

– Sydney Uhl

Sydney is based in Vancouver, WA, USA and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Pathway to Ending Poverty: Renewable Energy in Montenegro

renewable energy montenegroRenewable energy in Montenegro is gaining momentum with the passage of the Renewable Act, which took effect on August 31, 2024. This law aims to expand the use of solar, wind, hydropower and other clean energy sources, lower electricity costs for households and create new jobs in local communities.

EU-Backed Programs

In partnership with Montenegro’s government and Eco Fund and with support from the U.N. Development program, the European Union is funding an Energy Efficiency Incentive Program that focuses on improving renewable energy for not only the lives of day-to-day citizens, but also for the poverty across the country. With the program support, things such as window replacement, thermal insulation, solar panels and energy-efficient heating systems are receiving upgrades to improve not only living standards, but also boost air quality indoors and outdoors, which in turn is helping households cut costs and improve living standards.

More than 2,500 applicants have received approval this year and the number could rise in the next months to come.

Zero Upfront Solar Model

In the process of increasing renewable energy in Montenegro, what sets them apart is not just the number of panels, but the way households have been brought on board. The requirement for large upfront payments for solar systems would have excluded many families and vulnerable groups. Instead, the company EPCG installed photovoltaic systems, which households would repay the cost through monthly instalments alongside their existing electricity bills. Families will end up paying no more than before and, in some cases, less. With the program’s impact, families will be able to avoid energy poverty and stabilize expenses, while the country benefits from reduced emissions.

Montenegro’s Renewables Act

On August 31st, 2024, while bringing the country in line with European Union Energy rules, the government introduced the Renewable Act, aiming to promote the production and use of green energy while implementing the EU’s Energy Efficiency Directive. Under this act, renewable facilities may be able to qualify for either a feed-in-tariff or a market premium, with a transitional period before the latter is fully implemented.

Such products will include those generating power from solar, wind, hydropower of up to 10 megawatts from wastewater treatment plants and biogas. By supporting renewable projects, the law will help make renewable energy in Montenegro accessible to cheaper, locally produced electricity.

Over time, this can reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels, shielding families from global price spikes. New solar, wind and small hydro projects require installation, maintenance and technical expertise, which could create jobs that benefit local workers, especially in rural and undeveloped areas.

Takeaway

Renewable energy programs in Montenegro and the 2024 Renewable Act are helping households cut energy costs, reduce emissions and create jobs, while making green power accessible to families across the country.

– Joshua Pettis

Joshua is based in Houston, TX, USA and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Electricity in Bolivia is Lifting Rural Communities Out of Poverty

Electricity in BoliviaBolivia, a country with a poverty rate of 36.4% as of 2021, has been experiencing a difficult period regarding its poverty issues. One of the many ways Bolivia has been working to combat this issue is by providing electricity nationwide. In 2023, rural electrical coverage reached 85.1%, meanwhile urban coverage reached 99.3%.

The main goal for the Bolivian government is for the country to get 100% coverage by the end of 2025. Access to electricity benefits those living in poverty by providing a higher quality of life, creating jobs, better access to education and advances in health services.

Electricity Program for Living With Dignity

In 2008, Bolivia launched the Electricity Program for Living With Dignity (PEVD) initiative to expand nationwide access to electricity, focusing on the poorest communities. Rural areas faced the greatest challenges: electricity and food access rates lagged far behind urban centers. According to the WFP, 75% of Bolivian families lack regular access to food. The PEVD program has since made a significant impact in remote and rural regions.

According to the World Bank Group, Bolivia advanced this effort through a series of projects, including an expansion model for a “national decentralized service framework.” Between 2014 and 2019, the government implemented eight grid-extension subprojects with notable outcomes: 4,300 households were connected to the power grid, providing electricity to 20,200 people; 708 kilometers of distribution lines were installed; and training events benefited multiple institutions.

International partners such as the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) also provided financial support to fund these initiatives. In 2023, the IDB approved a $2 million grant to support the Bolivian program of increasing electricity access in rural areas.

Challenges Ahead

Key challenges remain for Bolivia’s electrification projects, including long-term sustainability and reaching areas still without power. The World Bank plans to train users on efficient and sustainable electricity use to address sustainability. While millions have already been invested in expanding the grid, difficult geography continues to limit access.

As a result, not all Bolivians are yet connected. However, the government aims for full national coverage by the end of the year. Bolivia is exploring renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to complement these efforts, particularly in rural areas where extending the grid remains economically and logistically difficult.

What’s Next?

The main goal for Bolivia is to expand electricity across the country so 100% of the population can access it. This effort helps a large portion of people living in poverty move out of it. Access to electricity brings better health care, technological advances, economic growth and improved education. Bolivia can serve as a blueprint for other developing nations facing similar challenges.

– Pablo Roque

Pablo is based in McAllen, TX, USA and focuses on Technology and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

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Bright Future: Renewable Energy in North Macedonia

Renewable Energy in North MacedoniaNorth Macedonia, a small landlocked country surrounded by Serbia, Greece and Albania, has often flown under the radar. It is a country that has struggled with poverty for years, with about 21.6% of people living in poverty. Energy poverty is a common struggle that Macedonian households face, with more than 33.1% of the population unable to keep their homes warm due to high energy expenses, low building energy efficiency and outdated heating systems. 

For many people struggling, energy bills can be a significant problem, as they risk getting disconnected from the grid due to non-payment, while others struggle with the polluted air from burning harmful substances for cheap heating. To reduce these bills, Macedonian households have started using other strategies such as minimizing the use of appliances, and while buying more efficient appliances is an option, this is often too expensive for low-income households.

As the country moves toward using more renewable energy, this is starting to improve, but there is still a long way to go. Switching to cleaner energy sources like solar and hydro power has helped make electricity more affordable and reliable, along with creating new job opportunities and helping with day-to-day life, particularly with farmers.

Renewable Energy in North Macedonia

Recently, North Macedonia has experienced a rise in their production of renewable energy by a significant 20.8%, compared to the previous year and the State Statistical Office reported that the renewable energy output for April had reached an impressive 119,821 MWh. The leading source of this green energy transition is hydropower, which accounts for nearly 82% of the total renewable energy generated. Wind power is also becoming significant as it generated 11,636 MWh in April 2025, which was a 5.4% increase from the year before. The Bogdanci farm is the first wind farm in Macedonia and is producing about 100 GWh, which is enough to fulfil the needs of 15,000 households. The construction of this wind farm has opened up a new chapter in energy strategy.

The country has also installed its first solar power plant within an irrigation system, with a 500 kW facility on the Streževo dam, which is the first of its kind in the Western Balkans. The project, supported by Spain through a EU Recovery and Resilience Facility grant, aims to boost sustainability in agriculture. These activities funded are divided into three phases of which the first one identifies locations for floating solar power plants. The second one develops a feasible project design and the third one oversees the preparation of project proposals. As a result, the agricultural sector becomes more independent and more sustainable.

Projects like solar-powered irrigation are cutting costs for farmers, helping them earn more and making it easier for people to stay in rural areas instead of moving to cities. Use of renewable energy in North Macedonia, particularly solar power, is paving the way for a sustainable future as it generated 8,062 MWh in April 2025, which was a 21.7% increase compared to the previous year.

Looking Ahead

Still, the transition has not been easy. Upfront costs for things like solar panels are still too high for many households. Up to 30% of people still struggle to heat their homes in the winter. And in some rural areas, the electricity grid is not strong enough to support solar and wind power. That is why better planning and more inclusive policies are needed to make sure no one is left out. 

Renewable energy in North Macedonia is already transforming the country, with locals stepping up to help steer their country on a sustainable path for the future, such as seen through the Bogdanci wind farm and their efforts to generate electricity. There are efforts from the government and collaboration internationally to allow for a brighter future for the country of North Macedonia. Progress is happening and while there is still a lot of work ahead, every small step forward matters.

– Amaira Katyal

Amaira is based in London, UK and focuses on Technology and Solutions, and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Financing Africa’s Green Transition: Global Climate Investment

Africa’s Green TransitionAfrica is at a critical juncture in its expansion, straddling the line between delivering rapid economic development and addressing adverse climatic conditions. The continent faces some of the highest levels of climate vulnerability, including persistent droughts and desertification, extreme flooding and coastal erosion.

However, Africa has enormous potential to lead in a global green transition, particularly given its abundant renewable energy resources, youth population and expanding clean technology market. Financing Africa’s green transition is imperative for environmental, economic and geopolitical reasons. 

Financing Africa’s Green Transition

Despite its potential, Africa has about 5% of global climate finance. Yet, the continent is home to 17% of the world’s population and is one of the most climate-vulnerable regions. Wealthy countries have pledged $100 billion annually in climate finance to developing countries through the Paris Agreement, but these commitments have consistently fallen short.

This means that for millions of people, a funding gap slows renewable energy deployment, prevents critical infrastructure projects and raises the cost of adaptation. Without urgent and scaled support financing, Africa risks being locked into a fossil-fuel-dependent future just as the world transitions to cleaner energy.

The economic rationale for Africa’s green transition is compelling. Expanding renewable infrastructure, solar, wind and hydro, would drive millions of jobs, increase energy access for more than 600 million people without electricity and stimulate industrial growth using clean energy.

Countries are already leading the way: Kenya, with more than 80% of its electricity from renewables; Morocco, home to one of the world’s largest concentrated solar plants; and South Africa, which is turning to wind and solar to diversify its coal-heavy grid. Together, these examples show the potential to meet domestic energy needs sustainably and position Africa as an exporter of renewable energy and hydrogen.

Why Global Climate Investment Can’t Wait

Financing Africa’s green transition is critical to achieving global climate objectives from an environmental perspective. The continent produces a small share of global emissions, approximately 4%, but its future emissions path will depend on the energy systems it deploys today.

Financing its transition to renewable technologies now has the potential to prevent a new increase in emissions, conserve biodiversity and preserve critical ecosystems, such as the Congo Basin rainforest, which is a global carbon sink.

From a geopolitical viewpoint, a green transition with sufficient finance would increase Africa’s global standing. Renewable sources would lessen overall dependence on imported fossil fuels. Energy security could be improved, too. African countries could also become influencers in the global clean technology sector.

However, for this to happen, strong international cooperation is essential. African governments, development banks, private investors and technology suppliers need to work together to mobilize the billions of dollars required for renewable energy. These funds are critical not only for infrastructure investment but also for climate adaptation and the growth of green industries.

Looking Ahead

The way forward requires innovative financing mechanisms. These include blended finance to de-risk private investments, sovereign green bonds and regional investment platforms to pool resources for cross-border projects. Development finance institutions can assist by guaranteeing loans, offering concessional rates and providing technical assistance in project design and implementation.

Africa’s green transition is already underway, but at a pace that is too slow to meet the Sustainable Development Goals or the Paris climate targets. With international support, the continent can unlock its renewable energy potential, drive economic growth and lead in clean energy innovation. The message is clear: the world cannot afford to leave Africa behind in the fight against the ongoing climate crisis.

– Sophia Scelza

Sophia is based in Lindenhurst, NY, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

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Renewable Energy in Armenia

Renewable Energy in ArmeniaRenewable energy in Armenia is transforming the nation’s energy landscape. The government is ramping up solar, hydro and wind power investments to reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels. After long dependence on natural gas and oil from neighboring Russia and Iran, Armenia is shifting toward clean energy. This is marked by large-scale solar developments that signal a rapid change in the nation’s energy output.

Armenia’s Energy Dependency and National Goals

For decades, Armenia’s energy supply relied heavily on imports, with natural gas accounting for more than 80% of the country’s fuel mix. This dependency left the nation vulnerable to fluctuating prices and geopolitical instability.

In response, the government has adopted ambitious renewable energy targets to generate 66% of electricity from clean sources by 2036. By 2030, solar energy alone is expected to make up 15% of total production, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and strengthening energy security.

Masrik-1: Armenia’s Landmark Solar Project

One of the most significant milestones in Armenia’s clean energy shift is the Masrik-1 solar power plant, the country’s largest renewable energy project. Located in the Gegharkunik region, the 55-megawatt facility produces around 128,000 megawatt-hours of electricity annually to power 21,600 homes.

Developed with support from the World Bank and the European Investment Bank, Masrik-1 also cuts carbon emissions by an estimated 40,000 metric tons yearly. As the first large-scale solar plant in Armenia, Masrik-1 demonstrates the country’s commitment to diversifying its energy mix and achieving long-term energy independence.

Diversifying Armenia’s Renewable Energy Mix

Beyond solar power, Armenia is working to develop a broader portfolio of renewable resources. Hydropower currently provides around 30% of the country’s electricity, making it the largest contributor to renewable energy.

A key component of this is the Vorotan Cascade, located in the country’s Syunik region, which currently contributes 13-15% toward Armenia’s total power generation. This development was purchased by a U.S company, ContourGlobal, in 2015 for $180 million. It later attracted another $70 million in investment to modernize the project further.

Wind energy remains limited, contributing less than 1% of total generation. However, Armenia’s theoretical wind potential is estimated at 450 megawatts, with projects such as Qarahach-1, a 20 megawatt development, already in planning. Indeed, the Lusakert Biogas Plant near Yerevan generates approximately seven gigawatt-hours annually, helping reduce emissions from livestock waste.

International Investment Driving Change

Armenia’s renewable energy expansion has been made possible by significant global partnerships. The European Investment Bank and the European Union (EU) have committed more than $35 million to energy efficiency initiatives, including modernizing public buildings in Yerevan. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Green Climate Fund have provided a $15 million loan to support green small and medium-sized enterprises.

Additionally, the World Bank is funding upgrades to Armenia’s power transmission grid, enabling integration of up to 1.1 gigawatts of renewable capacity by 2032. Private-sector investment is also growing, with firms like Amber Capital Armenia developing new solar plants in partnership with international lenders. Together, these efforts accelerate the country’s transition toward a cleaner, more resilient energy system.

A Sustainable Future for Armenia

Renewable energy in Armenia represents more than a technological shift; it reshapes the country’s economic and environmental future. With large-scale solar projects, expanding hydropower capacity and growing international investment, Armenia is moving closer to energy independence while reducing its carbon footprint.

Continued collaboration between government, industry and global partners will be vital to achieving the nation’s ambitious renewable energy goals and ensuring a sustainable path forward.

– George Horberry

George is based in York, Yorkshire, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Powering a Nation

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Powering a Nation Out of PovertyThe Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) was named to reflect Ethiopia’s ambitions for national renewal and economic growth. As Africa’s largest hydroelectric power plant, the expectation is to expand electricity access in a country where more than 60 million people lack power and millions more live in poverty. While the GERD often receives praise for its potential to alleviate poverty within Ethiopia, its potential to promote development across the entire Nile Basin does not get as much emphasis.

Building the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

In 2011, Ethiopia announced its plans to construct GERD on the Blue Nile. The $4.8 billion dam, funded primarily by the Ethiopian people through government-issued bonds, quickly became much more than just a standard infrastructure project. With a planned power capacity of 5,150 megawatts, GERD promised to lift countless Ethiopians out of darkness and poverty – and into a better future. 

Ethiopia is among the world’s poorest countries, with 67.14% of its population classified as multidimensionally poor. It also has one of the largest electricity access deficits. As of 2022, only 55% of Ethiopians had electricity, leaving millions in energy poverty on top of economic hardship. This reality is not only a symptom of widespread poverty but a perpetuator of it.

Without power, two-thirds of Ethiopian children struggle to study after dark. Women and girls spend hours gathering firewood and cooking over open stoves, losing time to pursue education or work. And patients are deprived of lifesaving equipment and treatment. For exactly these reasons, GERD, with its ability to double Ethiopia’s energy output, is a beacon of possibility. It offers a concrete path to power, education and development to a nation long denied all three.

Conflict on the Nile

Miles downstream, however, many fear that the dam guarantees the exact opposite. Egypt, a country that relies on the Nile for approximately 90% of its water needs, sees the prospect of reduced flow as a threat to its very survival. While Ethiopia frames the dam as an existential necessity, Egypt insists it is an existential threat. 

These dichotomous perspectives lie at the heart of the Nile dispute, a centuries-old debate over who has the right to own and control the river. Unfortunately, the Nile has often been a source of division instead of unity. Ethiopia, Egypt and the other riparian countries have struggled to find a compromise when it comes to water allocation. Yet the needs of the different parties may not be as incompatible as they appear. 

Collaboration Over Conflict

In a study published in Nature, water resources expert Mohammed Basheer of the University of Toronto and his team argue that collaboration could leave the Nile Basin as a whole better off. If managed efficiently, GERD can help Egypt meet its water needs during times of scarcity while generating hydroelectric power for Ethiopia when river flows are strong. 

The study’s modeling shows that the GERD can serve to meet the individual needs of different countries, rather than making those needs mutually exclusive. Just as it can generate hydropower to spur economic growth and development in Ethiopia, the dam can also reduce irrigation deficits in Egypt, boosting agriculture and production in other water-dependent industries. 

Fostering Unity Through Music

Basheer and his team make a clear case for cooperation, but they are not alone. Though their medium is very different, The Nile Project – a musical and educational initiative – reaches the same conclusion: harmony is key to a prosperous future. 

Founded to inspire collaboration, The Nile Project brings together musicians from various riparian countries. The artists blend their languages and cultures, creating a unique sound and reminding audiences both regionally and abroad of the value in working together. By promoting the Nile as a point of connection rather than division, the organization helps build the cultural foundation needed for shared economic benefit. 

Building a Shared Future

Resolving conflict and reaching a compromise is often challenging, but by choosing cooperation, Nile Basin countries could see positive results. Expert opinions suggest that GERD is unquestionably crucial to Ethiopia’s development and with the right approach, it could be a key tool in the fight against poverty across the entire region. 

– Caroline Clark

Caroline is based in Needham, MA, USA and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Unlocking the Future of Renewable Energy in Cuba

Renewable Energy in CubaThe island nation of Cuba, located in the Caribbean, is at a critical juncture in its energy development. Cuba has considerable renewable energy resources, including sunlight, wind and biomass. However, its energy grid relies heavily on imported fossil fuels, especially from Venezuela, making it vulnerable to price volatility, geopolitical changes and concerns over energy security.

Renewable energy in Cuba has the potential to be about more than just technology; it can offer economic independence, a climate-resilient future and sustainable development opportunities in a country where energy development has long been constrained by existing energy infrastructure and a lack of foreign investment options.

Renewable Energy in Cuba

Currently, renewable energy sources contribute to less than 5% of Cuba’s total electricity generation. This is incredibly low compared to the government’s target of 24% renewable energy generation by 2030. Cuba’s energy infrastructure remains outdated, inefficient and frequently experiences breakdowns. The result is regular blackouts and, in rural areas particularly, energy poverty complicating any efforts for economic activity and the modernization of living standards.

Notably, Cuba has significant untapped solar capacity, receiving an average of 5.4 kWh/m2 per day and significant capability in wind, biomass and small hydro. The potential for real transformation is incredible. However, the challenge is fostering the conditions to attract investment, skills, capabilities and partnerships to harness that potential.

For investors, Cuba’s renewable energy sector is a largely untapped multibillion-dollar market that could encourage local job development, reduce carbon emissions and modernize the energy grid. If successful, Cuba could gain some degree of economic sovereignty through a low-carbon energy project.

However, foreign investors face numerous complications and sometimes, impenetrable obstacles, including red tape, legal uncertainty and financing. Furthermore, U.S. sanctions present an additional layer of difficulty in exploring partnership possibilities, which, in many cases, innovative financing and creative partnerships can help to advance projects.

Public-Private Partnerships Gaining Traction

In light of these challenges, there are hopeful signs on the horizon. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are starting to emerge. These partnerships allow foreign firms to contribute equity and technology as partners with the Cuban state-owned enterprise. New financing options, including green bonds and blended finance models, may provide a pathway to mitigate the risks of investing in Cuba’s renewable energy market.

Cross-border projects, particularly with European countries and Latin American neighbors, demonstrated a potential for scaling renewable projects. For example, Spanish and Chinese firms have engaged in various levels of partnership with Cuba, committing to constructing solar parks and wind farms. These cross-border collaborations have revived the feasibility of industrial-scale renewable energy projects across the Cuban landscape.

What Cuba Needs for a Successful Energy Transition

Interviews with Cuban engineers and energy policy specialists suggest that Cuba’s transformation to renewable energy will depend on three factors. The first is regulatory reform, which could streamline the approval of renewable energy projects by dealing with the current layers of licensing and approval that can be cumbersome.

The second relates to financing mechanisms, which may require the government to establish ways to de-risk investments for foreign entities interested in participating in the energy transformation. Third is capacity building, which includes developing a local skilled workforce.

There are lessons that Cuba can learn from other emerging economies, such as Costa Rica’s remarkable transition to renewables to achieve 99% of its electricity from renewables and Uruguay’s successful public-private partnerships.

Socioeconomic Benefits of a Greener Grid

Cuba’s renewable energy implications extend beyond electricity. From a microeconomic perspective, a greener grid could mean lower household costs. This could have a ripple effect in reducing risk from air pollution-related health outcomes, creating thousands of new jobs in installation, maintenance and manufacturing.

From a macroeconomic perspective, decentralized power using solar and biomass could facilitate reliable access to power in rural regions. It could unlock local economic development through agricultural growth, small and micro-enterprises development and improve educational delivery.

In urban agglomerations like Havana and Santiago de Cuba, renewable-powered public transit, such as electric vehicles or other clean energy systems, offers a promising shift in urban mobility. Paired with new energy-efficient infrastructure designed to meet local environmental conditions, these developments could significantly transform both the economy and the environment in these regions.

Yet, any sustained progress will rely on long-term commitments and funding. Most of Cuba’s renewable energy projects are funded through one-off grants, pilot programs or developmental loans and lack funding to assist with continued operational costs. Cuba could struggle to reach its renewable energy commitments and aims without stable policy frameworks and continued periodic financial assistance from rich states and multilateral institutions.

Conclusion

Cuba’s renewable energy sector may be nascent, but the possibilities are considerable. Through the appropriate policy alterations, financial instruments and international arrangements, Cuba may become a model of clean energy development in the Caribbean. The opportunities remain largely unrealized, coolly waiting for much political, economic and technological convergence, potentially to reshape Cuba’s energy future.

– Sophia Scelza

Sophia is based in Lindenhurst, NY, USA and focuses on Business and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pxhere

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Increasing Access to Electricity in Ethiopia

Access to Electricity in EthiopiaThe continent of Africa has one of the lowest electricity access rates in the world, making life more difficult for millions of people. Africa is home to 19% of the world’s population, yet many—mostly in sub-Saharan Africa—are living without electricity. Those who do have access often rely on power sources that are unreliable and unsustainable. Electricity demand has continued to grow over time, especially in Ethiopia, but the World Bank has been making moves to change that.

The ELEAP Program

The Ethiopia Electrification Program (ELEAP) is under the leadership of the World Bank Group. Its main goal is to reach complete electrification in Ethiopia by the end of 2025 and to support the rollout of new electrification systems. The plan is to expand electricity through solar mini-grids, with some grid (65%) and some off-grid (35%) energy systems.

So far, the results have been positive. As of 2025, the program has made strong progress. From March 1, 2018, to June 4, 2024, 6.3 million people gained access to on-grid electricity sources. Solar energy is the most viable option for renewable energy and the most reliable source, as it has already been a major part of Ethiopia’s electrical landscape. The implementation of solar energy fits easily with the systems already in place, which allows them to work together effectively. Because of these systems, more than 19,000 public facilities have gained access to electricity, including health clinics and schools. Forecasts suggest that by 2026, 10 million more people in Ethiopia will have access to electricity.

The Burden of Limited Electricity Access

Ethiopia is one of the most populous countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with more than 100 million people. The country is experiencing rapid population growth, which has contributed to challenges such as food insecurity, environmental strain and low electricity access. Even though Ethiopia has substantial renewable energy resources, most of the population still relies on traditional biomass energy such as firewood and coal.

Even when households have access to power, financial constraints often prevent them from using it. Most electricity needs are for cooking, but the existing systems are not large-scale enough to provide the energy required for all Ethiopians to prepare their meals. As electricity reaches more areas, household chores have become easier since many families can now use electric stoves instead of fire-burning stoves, saving time and benefiting the environment. Solar-powered water pumps have also been introduced to provide clean water to rural communities. 

Before the introduction of new energy systems, women and children had to go outside and search for wood to use as fuel and poor households had to devote all their income to energy. With expanded access, energy is now reaching both large infrastructure projects and poor urban communities.

Looking Ahead

Access to electricity in Ethiopia has risen to 55.4% and continues to grow rapidly. ELEAP has made significant progress in electrifying the country within just a few years. The outlook for Ethiopia and ELEAP remains positive, with sustainable energy sources supporting growth and improving the lives of many.

– Bowie Aldrich

Bowie is based in North Syracuse, NY, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr