Information and stories about economy.

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How HUSK and RGF Are Fighting Poverty

HUSK and RGFIn many parts of the world, access to sustainable energy and agricultural innovation is essential for economic growth and poverty alleviation. Women-led initiatives such as the Raising Gabdho Foundation (RGF) in Uganda and HUSK Ventures in Cambodia demonstrate that innovative solutions can drive economic empowerment and environmental sustainability. These organizations lead women-led sustainable development, transforming local communities and proving that grassroots innovations can make a global impact.

RGF

Sarah Basemera founded RGF with a modest $3,000 grant and an ambitious goal: to address Uganda’s reliance on charcoal while creating employment opportunities. Uganda’s high dependence on charcoal for cooking and heating—used by more than 85% of households—posed an environmental and economic challenge. In response, RGF developed biomass briquettes as an alternative energy source, ultimately shaping the foundation into a thriving social enterprise.

RGF’s success is built on a women-led sustainable development model, utilizing a retail strategy that centers on women vendors. Instead of dealing with hundreds of small-scale buyers, RGF streamlined its sales through market agents, all women. This model has not only increased efficiency but has also empowered female entrepreneurs within local marketplaces.

Today, RGF produces four different types of briquettes, operates a factory and has implemented a digital sales platform. While adopting digital transactions remains slow, its app, Zeed Energy, has started gaining traction. By promoting online payments, RGF breaks traditional barriers and encourages financial inclusion.

Households using Zeed Energy solutions have seen a 40% reduction in energy costs, improved business productivity by 60% and reported a 30% increase in disposable income. RGF’s innovations in clean energy and business operations demonstrate the power of women-led sustainable development in driving economic progress.

HUSK Ventures

While RGF is making strides in Uganda, HUSK Ventures, co-founded by Heloise Buckland and Carol Rius, is reshaping sustainable agriculture in Cambodia through biochar technology. Grounded in the conviction that businesses can be powerful drivers of social and environmental change, Buckland and Rius established HUSK to combat soil degradation and improve farmer livelihoods.

HUSK’s method is highly scientific and deeply rooted in traditional agricultural practices. Agriculture experts, engineers and specialists in regenerative agriculture are among the organization’s diverse workforce and they collaborate to create sustainable, long-term solutions for small-scale farmers. Understanding that climate vulnerability and soil degradation pose serious risks to food security, HUSK incorporates a low-cost, high-impact technique to restore farms while reducing carbon emissions.

Biochar, a soil supplement that improves fertility, holds onto water and captures carbon, is at the core of this innovation. HUSK modernizes this centuries-old method by repurposing rice husks—a common agricultural byproduct—into biochar, carbon-based fertilizers and biopesticides using a practical, smokeless process called pyrolysis. This reduces the impact of climate instability by lowering waste and emissions while trapping carbon in the soil for hundreds of years. The organization’s innovative work has resulted in the first biochar plant installed inside a rice mill, marking a significant advancement in sustainable agriculture.

Through their work, Buckland and Rius are proving that women-led enterprises can drive meaningful transformation in both agricultural and environmental spheres. Their model offers a blueprint for balancing economic growth with ecological responsibility, reinforcing the vital role of women-led innovation in shaping a more sustainable future.

The Impact of Women-Led Sustainable Development

Both RGF and HUSK Ventures highlight the potential of women-led enterprises to drive social and environmental change. Their business models prioritize community engagement, sustainability and economic empowerment. The success of these initiatives demonstrates the importance of investing in female entrepreneurs tackling some of the world’s most pressing challenges.

The journey of these organizations serves as a testament to the resilience and ingenuity of women entrepreneurs in the fight against poverty. With continued investment and support, women-led sustainable development initiatives like RGF and HUSK Ventures will continue transforming economies, empowering communities and contributing to a more sustainable world.

– Linnéa Matlack

Linnéa is based in Boston, MA, USA and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pexels

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EU Grants €1.9 billion to Revitalize Moldova’s Economy

Revitalize Moldova's EconomyThe Republic of Moldova is a country in Eastern Europe, bordering Romania and Ukraine. The country found difficulties in maintaining a stable economy in the following decades, and despite a recent upturn in economic growth, Moldova still faces widespread poverty.

The Reform and Growth Facility

The Reform and Growth Facility for the Republic of Moldova is an economic initiative first proposed by the European Commission in 2024. This year, the European Union and the government of Moldova reached political agreements on the restrictions to the Reform Agenda, officially establishing it as the financial basis for the Country’s current Growth Plan. The European Commission is funding the plan with  €1.9 billion in financial aid from 2025 to 2027. The money will be allocated twice a year on the request of The Republic of Moldova’s parliament after the European Council confirms that all conditions of the initiative have been fulfilled.

The Economy of Moldova

Moldova is one of the poorest nations in Europe, according to the BBC. Although the Republic’s GDP has steadily increased over the past two decades, poverty and unemployment remain commonplace, especially in rural areas. For example, 13.3% of Moldovans fall below the poverty line, and nearly 25% of people between the ages of 15 and 34 do not work or attend school or apprenticeships.

Furthermore, the country’s economic structure has a multitude of underlying obstacles. For instance, it is agriculturally reliant, the BBC reports and does not produce much in the way of energy, importing a majority of its gas, oil and coal. Other structural limitations include government deficiencies, a lack of competition in the marketplace, and unequal business opportunities, all of which, according to the European Council President Ursula von der Leyen, the Reform and Growth Facility for Moldova will attempt to reform and revitalize Moldova’s economy.

The Intended Outcome

The Reform and Growth Facility for Moldova intends to provide financial support, elevate the country’s economy and bring Moldova a step closer to membership in the Europen Union. The first objective, expanding monetary assistance, will include implementing broadband internet to rural regions, as well as providing financial backing to 25,000 Moldovan businesses, according to EU4Digital.

The program also plans to contribute significant socioeconomic and structural reforms with a focus on infrastructure, the government’s role in the economy and social capital. Ursula von der Leyen put it best when she stated, “We invest in jobs, growth, services and infrastructure – from new hospitals in Balti and Cahul to the road from the capital to Odesa,” EU4Digital reports.

The Growth Facility will prioritize building sustainable energy production within Moldova by constructing a new electricity powerline that connects to the EU electricity grid, and as a result, by 2026, the country could no longer rely on energy imports. Foundationally, the Reform Plan will advocate for democracy and anti-corruption within the Moldovian government and will provide support on restructuring the economy to an open market system hinged on fair competition.

The Reform will also integrate Moldova into the European Union’s Single Market. This alone could lead to the Republic’s assimilation into global supply-chains, allowing for increased mobility of products, trade opportunities and involvement in the Digital Marketplace.

A Lesson for Foreign Aid

Since Moldova’s independence, the Reform has been the largest European Union support package, according to the European Commission. Moreover, access to the European Union’s single market has been the prominent economic growth factor for all previously included countries. It is certainly apparent though, what foreign aid can do to revitalize Moldova’s economy and reduce poverty in the country.

– Amelia Dutch Player

Amelia is based in Savannah, GA, USA and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Cambodia’s GFT Sector Sees Wage Increase

cambodia's gftSince the 1990s Cambodia’s exports from the garment, footwear and travel (GFT) sector has grown significantly. Keeping labor costs low and the intensive nature of the industry have fueled the growth of this industry, as well as the signing of international trade agreements and presence of good investment conditions.

Cambodia’s GFT

In 2017, Cambodia became the world’s ninth largest producer of apparel and this accounted for 1.5% of worlds export value. In 2022, the GFT industry accounted for 56.1% of Cambodia’s total export of $22.48 billion, according to Textile Today.

Cambodia’s exported products had a 14.9% increase from 2021-2022 alone. The GFT (Garment, Footwear and Travel) sector was also crucial for Cambodia’s economy during the pandemic. “The sector accounted for 11% of the economy and contributed to half of Cambodia’s real GDP growth,” although the country was not operating at full capacity, the GFT sector was still functioning relatively well.

The garment worker industry consists of 1,188 factories and employs around 750,000 workers, most of whom are women. Around 76% of the female population work in the GFT sector which serves to stand as the backbone of the Cambodian economy.

Despite being one of the main drivers of the Cambodian economy, the GFT sector faces challenges when it comes to long-term sustainability, the sector is currently reliant on preferential market access granted by the U.S. and the EU which makes it susceptible to the withdrawal of the trade agreements.

New Plan

In September 2024, Cambodia increased the minimum wage in the GFT sector to $208 per month, an increase of $4. The plan has received both negative criticism and praise but ultimately lies in favor of the workers which is a step in the right direction. The decision follows discussions by the National Council for Minimum Wage, which initially proposed the wage be set at $206, however, Prime Minister Hun Manet, raised the figure an additional $2, in an ongoing effort to improve worker living standards.

In addition to the minimum wage increase, workers will also receive benefits like a $10 monthly bonus for regular work attendance and an extra $7 to aid with transport and rent. These benefits will help workers manage their daily living expenses alongside their base wages.

Cambodia, like many other countries, faces pressure to make sure that workers receive compensation without undermining the competitive nature of the GFT manufacturing sector. This approach by the government aims to ensure a balance between the workers’ needs and the industry’s sustainability.

Reception of the New Plan

Labor groups have acknowledged the rise in wages, however, have also addressed that the increase may not fully address the cost of living in many urban areas, where many workers reside. Industry leaders have also raised questions and concerns about the impact on production costs as the GFT sector remains competitive, both economically and production-wise, according to the Cambodia Investment Review.

Kim Chansamnang, a representative of the union stated that the workers are “satisfied with the increase”, however, he also urged the landlords not to raise rent prices and added that “the minimum wage has not risen significantly,” Khmer Times reports.

According to Prime Minister Manet, the government focuses on improving the living standards of the people, he also stated that he would “urge relevant ministries and authorities to monitor and implement measures to reduce worker costs”

Sin Sovan, of the Russey Keo district, said that she accepts the new figures but also appeals to markets and landlords to not increase prices of food. She also acknowledged that this was the government’s intervention and appeal to prevent raised rents and to keep food prices stable, according to Khmer Times.

The Future of Cambodia’s GFT

The recent minimum wage increase in Cambodia’s GFT sector marks another step in the right direction for the workers. It holds a significant place in the government’s plan to improve the livelihoods of workers in general, particularly those in the GFT (garment, footwear and travel) sectors. The raise provides relief to the workers, however, some concerns remain regarding the cost of living. Employers must now navigate survival in the competitive nature of the market alongside higher labor costs.

Cambodia continues to develop its economy and so a balance between worker satisfaction and business sustainability. The government, employers and workers must continue to work together and hold discussions to ensure that future wage policies are fair for all. Additional measures such as social protection and improved worker training could also complement the wage increase and contribute to long-term economic stability for the country.

– Ayat Aslam

Ayat is based in London, UK and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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The Cost of the F-35 Program vs. the Cost of Ending World Hunger

The Cost of The F-35Ending world hunger is closer than people often imagine. Sometimes it is easy to lose sight of how much money is necessary to reach this goal. People may think that so much is already being spent without there being much more room for progress. When this happens, it is helpful to have a comparison between things that Americans already spend a lot on like the military, and aid organizations whose funding is much less.

The emphasis of performing these comparisons is not necessarily to highlight the fact that less should be spent on important things like national defense, but rather that if similar amounts were to be spent on dire issues like world hunger, the effect of that spending would be tremendous. To narrow things down, this article will examine the cost of the F-35, the U.S. Defense Department’s newest fighter jet. The article will compare the F-35s cost to the spending of the World Food Program (WFP), based on its 2023 annual performance report.

The Cost of The F-35

For almost two decades now, since its first test flight in 2006, the F-35 fighter jet has been the example of what the most modern technologies look like in an aircraft. It boasts impressive radar technologies that allow it to easily locate enemy aircraft before it can be located, giving pilots a tactical advantage. The F-35 is also a force multiplier, collecting large amounts of information at once, while translating it to other aircraft including those using other aircraft systems.

Among 16 other nations planning to use the F-35 fighter jet, the U.S. has already purchased just more than 600 F-35s and plans to purchase approximately 2,000 more in the future. In its entire lifecycle, the cost of the F-35 fighter jet has totaled $1.6 trillion due in large part to its sustainment costs which have increased 44% in the past five years. As costs continue to increase, the response to meet the Defense Department’s affordability target has been to decrease the amount of airtime spent, while also trying to make the aircraft less expensive to fly.

In efforts to reach affordability targets, several initiatives undertaken have been somewhat successful in reducing costs by $85 billion due to improved reliability of aircraft parts. Despite this, there is still a growing backlog of repairs that have reduced the jet’s availability. These repairs and increased concerns about spending are what led the U.S. Navy to reduce their projected flying hours by 45%, and the U.S. Air Force to reduce their projected flying hours by 19%, according to Diana Maurer. Improvements are still necessary in aircraft sustainability to ensure that the military has proper equipment while remaining affordable for U.S. citizens.

WFP Spending

According to the data from the annual performance report of 2023 for the WFP, the organization spent a total of $10 billion on providing aid – $8.3 billion of that $10 billion was aid received for that year, while the remaining approximately $2 billion came from unspent funds of the previous year. This aid mostly consists of meeting people’s urgent food and nutritional needs, with the remainder spent mostly on improving health and education in target countries.

At a time when critical aid was increasingly necessary due to conflict, natural disasters and the lingering effects of the Coronavirus outbreak, the WFP reached approximately 152 million people. It accomplished this despite not reaching its initial funding goal by more than 60%, the largest gap in the WFP’s history, according to the 2023 report. Since its funding was significantly less than the previous years and even more so than the estimates of a needs-based approach, this $10 billion funding went almost exclusively to reaching people in crisis areas. These are areas where the threats of starvation and malnutrition are imminent such as in the countries of Afghanistan, Yemen and Ethiopia.

Using the previously mentioned numbers, the WFP critically supported one person for every $66,000 spent. While that is not a small amount of money, it is also important to note that many of these aid recipients received aid continually through food assistance programs, which continue to have a lasting effect. For example, every day in 2023, WFP distributed 14.5 billion food rations which averaged $50 a year for every beneficiary, according to the 2023 report. Oftentimes these food rations are the only thing keeping families from starvation, making the distribution of such aid essential.

The Cost of Ending World Hunger

Now seeing the cost of the F-35 fighter jet and the expenditures of the WFP, it is easier to understand what a large impact spending on world hunger can have. If just as much of the $1.6 trillion spent on the F-35 were to be spent on one year of the WFP’s annual expenditures, the outreach would expand by approximately 160 times to what it was in 2023. This means that instead of reaching 152 million people, a total amount of people summing more than everyone on earth could receive the same number of benefits that year. That would include more than 2 trillion food rations distributed, with still billions of dollars left to spend on the health and educational programs that The WFP’s funding also goes towards.

While the WFP receiving $1.6 trillion is quite a difference from what their annual funding typically looks like, it highlights that humanity is not that far away from solving world hunger. Picturing the WFP receiving funding that matches the cost of the F-35 fighter jet reminds us of how impactful and effective aid organizations truly are.

– Hunter Gomersall

Hunter is based in Santa Barbara, CA, USA and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Women Entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia: Economic Empowerment

Women Entrepreneurs in Saudi ArabiaWomen play a crucial role in global economic growth. According to research from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), reducing gender disparities in labor markets could boost gross domestic product (GDP) in developing and emerging economies by nearly 8%.

If the gender gap were closed entirely, the impact would be even more significant, potentially raising GDP in these nations by an average of 23%. Empowering women economically fosters greater income equality and diversification, contributing to more inclusive and sustainable growth. Overall, closing the gender gap could add $7 trillion to the global economy.

Gender Disparity and Poverty in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has made significant strides in gender equality, but disparities remain, particularly in economic participation. While the country has seen significant progress in recent years, women still face challenges accessing capital, business networks and certain industries. One in every 10 women globally is living in extreme poverty and economic barriers in Saudi Arabia have historically contributed to gendered income disparities.

Despite these challenges, Saudi Arabia’s recent economic reforms have drastically improved opportunities for women in the workforce and entrepreneurship. “Between 2017 and 2021, the Saudi female labor force participation rate doubled from 17.4% to 35.6%,” surpassing the Vision 2030 target of 30%. These numbers indicate a shift in economic priorities, but further policy support is needed to ensure long-term sustainability and equal access to financial resources.

Legal Reforms

Over the past decade, Saudi Arabia has implemented key legal reforms that have removed barriers for women in business. The World Bank’s Women Business and the Law 2024 report states that Saudi Arabia now scores a perfect 100 in laws affecting women’s decisions to work, pay equity, business ownership and pensions. These reforms include:

  • Lifting restrictions on women starting and running businesses without male guardianship.
  • Granting women the right to drive in 2018, increasing mobility and access to business opportunities.
  • Anti-discrimination laws to ensure equal pay and employment opportunities.
  • Government-led programs supporting women entrepreneurs through funding and mentorship initiatives.

These legal changes have fostered an environment where female-led businesses can thrive, further accelerating Saudi Arabia’s economic diversification goals.

Women Entrepreneurs Leading Economic Transformation

As a result of these reforms, Saudi women are increasingly shaping the country’s startup ecosystem. According to the 2021-2022 Women’s Report for Saudi Arabia by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 95% of Saudi women consider entrepreneurship a good career choice, 93% see viable opportunities for new businesses and 90% believe it is easy to start a business.

One standout entrepreneur is Mounira Jamjoom, cofounder of Aanaab, an online professional development platform for teachers across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Aanaab collaborates with local and global institutions to offer short courses, qualifications and licensing programs that assist educators and strengthen the education sector.

Another trailblazer, Bayan Linjawi, launched Blossom, Saudi Arabia’s female-focused accelerator, which supports women-led startups in securing funding and scaling their businesses. Today, initiatives like Monsha’at, Saudi Arabia’s Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) authority, promote female entrepreneurship by providing grants, training and business development support.

A Future Driven by Women Entrepreneurs

The rise of women entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia signals a transformative shift in the country’s economic landscape. With legal reforms, social acceptance and government-backed initiatives, the path for women in business is auspicious. However, sustained efforts are required to ensure that all women, including those in rural areas and lower income brackets, have the same opportunities.

As Saudi Arabia progresses toward its Vision 2030 goals, empowering women entrepreneurs will be crucial in driving economic diversification and long-term prosperity. The momentum is strong, but the journey toward full gender equality in business is far from over. By continuing to invest in policies that support female-led enterprises, Saudi Arabia can set a global example of economic inclusion and sustainable growth.

– Linnéa Matlack

Linnéa is based in Boston, MA, USA and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Renewable Energy in Eritrea: The Effects of Solar Power

Renewable Energy in EritreaAccess to electricity is a fundamental driver of economic growth and poverty reduction. Without it, businesses cannot run, schools cannot provide quality education and healthcare facilities struggle to operate effectively. In Eritrea, where nearly half of the population lives in poverty, access to electricity remains a significant challenge. Only 53% of the population has access to electricity, 76% in urban areas and only 10% in rural regions. This limited access hinders economic opportunities; however, a recent push toward renewable energy, particularly solar power, offers hope for a brighter future. As Eritrea experiences steady GDP growth and declining poverty rates, renewable energy in Eritrea has the potential to accelerate this progress by expanding electricity access sustainably and cost-effectively.

The Role of Electricity in Economic Development

The World Bank identifies inclusive economic growth as the most effective means of reducing poverty. However, sustainable development is impossible without adequate, reliable and competitively priced modern energy. In Eritrea, where heavy reliance on imported oil has historically shaped the energy sector, the transition to renewable energy is not just about environmental sustainability–it is an economic necessity. By reducing dependence on expensive and volatile fossil fuel imports, Eritrea may be able to stabilize its economy and allocate resources more efficiently. 

Solar Power: A Sustainable Solution

Eritrea is investing in renewable solutions to address this energy gap, including constructing a 30 MW Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant in Dekemhare funded by the African Development Bank. The plant will create both short-term and long-term jobs, but its secondary benefits are transformative. Increasing national energy capacity from 35 MW to 65 MW–closer to the 70 MW peak demand–will reduce power shortages and load shedding, ensuring more consistent access to electricity. This additional power is crucial for small businesses, agricultural operations and educational institutions. More stable energy access means businesses can extend working hours, farmers can use solar-powered irrigation systems, and schools can introduce digital learning tools.

Addressing Agricultural Challenges

Agriculture is the backbone of Eritrea’s economy, with more than 75% of the population relying on it for their livelihoods. However, limited electricity access restricts agricultural practices such as irrigation. Conventional pumps for irrigation require diesel, but low domestic oil production, decreased imports and high fuel prices have made it increasingly difficult for farmers to maintain operations. With a peak energy demand of 70 MW and only 35 MW of operational capacity, power shortages further exacerbate poverty and food insecurity. The introduction of solar power can significantly improve irrigation systems across the country and enhance overall agricultural productivity. By investing in renewable energy, Eritrea can strengthen food security while simultaneously driving economic growth.

A Path Forward

The transition to renewable energy is not just about meeting electricity demand–it is about transforming lives. With Eritrea’s GDP projected to reach $10.1 billion by 2043 and extreme poverty expected to decline to 13%, Eritrea stands at a pivotal moment where renewable energy can accelerate progress. By reducing reliance on fossil fuels and expanding electricity access, the country can unlock new economic opportunities, improve living standards and pave the way for sustainable development. 

As the push toward renewable energy in Eritrea continues, the benefits will extend far beyond electricity. They will reshape communities, empower businesses and create a more prosperous future for all.

– Linnéa Matlack

Linnéa is based in Boston, MA, USA and focuses on Good News, and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pixabay

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endPoverty Creating Job Opportunities in Bangladesh

Job Opportunities in Bangladesh endPoverty is a charity that strives to alleviate poverty through resources and support related to entrepreneurship, enabling sustainable growth and creating job opportunities around the world and in Bangladesh. This foundation focuses on economic development rather than relief programs as they believe that the power of business opportunity can become a means of alleviating poverty, via the creation of stable income streams and job opportunities in Bangladesh.

Lack of Employment for Women in Bangladesh

Despite steady economic growth in recent years, a stark contrast between rates of male and female employment remains prevalent in Bangladesh. Women are significantly more likely to experience unemployment than men, with rates of labour participation at around 80% for men, and 37% for women.

Prejudice permeates much of Bangladeshi culture, which in turn influences how many women enter work. UNDP estimates that approximately 90% of the population hold a distorted view of women, according to the Light Castle Partners. This bias includes beliefs that suggest women should marry young and therefore rely financially on their husbands and become primary caregivers, rather than completing education and pursuing a career. For women who are employed, misogyny is common as male colleagues may hold a bias against their female peers, which can result in exclusion and a lack of progression opportunities.

Women may also not receive the same access to opportunities as men due to a lack of networks and available information. Many jobs are posted through informal networks that women do not often have access to, again because of prejudice and lack of social mobility which also means many women do not have phones or the internet. Similarly, as women are often stuck in the home they receive less information about potential jobs than their male counterparts, making finding work more difficult which impedes their ability to attain employment, further increasing the gender employment gap.

The 3C Model

endPoverty utilizes the 3C Model to assist small businesses in creating both viable and maintainable growth opportunities, spearheading positive economic progress.

The first C – capital – ensures that small businesses can access low-cost, malleable capital that allows for innovation and economic advancements.

The second C – coaching – offers small businesses support in the form of personalised coaching sessions that tackle the individual needs and skills of the business, intending to spark further economic development.

The third C – community – situates like-mindedness and people at the forefront of business development by prioritising a faith-based community where people can meet other local entrepreneurs.

The Harvest Project: Job Opportunities in Bangladesh

The Harvest Project is one of endPoverty’s campaigns, aimed at tackling poverty through business and job opportunities. Based in Bangladesh, the Harvest Project works with local female entrepreneurs and offers them the support and guidance needed to be leaders in their communities.

This project follows a holistic approach, meaning that it works with micro-entrepreneurs who are seeking help to kickstart a business and provide for their families. Through this initiative, endPoverty aims to create a community for vulnerable women who are seeking financial relief to improve their family’s quality of life, as well as to safeguard one another in cases of domestic abuse.

endPoverty has provided support to many women in Bangladesh, for example, Romesa, who is from Ramnagar in Bangladesh. Before she discovered endPoverty, Romesa had been experiencing financial worries for three years due to her husband’s poor health and inability to work. She then came across a microentrepreneur in her community, named Minara, who taught Romesa administrative and technical skills that allowed her to create an income for herself. Romesa now continues to share her knowledge and the work of endPoverty, as the skills learned from Minara allowed her to create a better life for herself and her family.

Alleviating Poverty

endPoverty’s Harvest Project contributes to the alleviation of poverty by offering sequential training and a support network that, when combined, comprise a web of microenterprises that enable vulnerable women to support themselves and their families and ultimately improve their quality of life.

– Ella Dorman

Ella is based in Worcestershire, UK and focuses on Business and New Markets for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Everything You Need to Know About Poverty in Chile 

Poverty in ChileChile is located on the west side of South America and is an area rich in natural resources and minerals, like copper. These resources make up a large part of the Chilean economy, making the country a relatively wealthy one – however, the wealth is not equally distributed, leaving many people living in poverty. ‘Poverty’ equates to different things in different countries; poverty in Chile includes people who struggle to afford enough food for survival and people who have to spend the majority of their income on food.

Economic Inequality and Poverty in Chile

Of all the world’s most industrialized countries, Chile has one of the highest levels of economic inequality. The wealth inequality has often been so extreme that in 2006, for example, the richest 20% of the population was earning 10 times more than the poorest 20%, leaving a large divide between people living comfortably and people living in poverty.

As so much of the country’s wealth comes from the copper industry, the economic growth does not benefit everyone, as people in rural or marginalized areas lack access to high-paying mining jobs or industrial resources. Without these roles, many citizens end up struggling to deal with the rising cost of living, and cannot easily break out of the poverty cycle.

Inequalities in Education and Work

Children face the impacts of gender and economic inequality as soon as they start school. People in different education systems have noticed that teachers in Chile often encourage boys to focus on math and science, while girls do not often access these topics. This leads to the underrepresentation of Chilean women in STEM subjects and professional roles.

The quality of a child’s education also depends on whether their family can afford a private education, creating another economic divide. This means children from richer families are much more likely to get a better education, better grades and a better job in the future than their peers with a lower socioeconomic status. Additionally, children in rural areas without internet access miss out on a lot of key learning – this was a big issue during COVID-19 lockdowns when all learning occurred online, leaving a lot of children unable to access the lessons they needed.

Student-led peaceful protests are a huge factor in changing the education systems in Chile: in 2019, high school students convinced the government to give discounts on public transport to school, and university students achieved free tuition for almost half the country. Many teachers and other workers in the education sector are also battling to give students better opportunities and more equality in their learning.

Infrastructure

Poor infrastructure in rural areas is a major issue in reducing poverty in Chile. While most urban areas are well equipped, there are many rural areas that struggle to access clean water, reliable electricity, internet connection and good health care. These areas are therefore separated from the modern economy, and the citizens have to travel longer distances and pay more money for any kind of medical help. This disproportionately affects poorer families who are struggling with the cost of living and a lack of resources.

 Improved transport infrastructure could have a big impact, by removing geographic barriers to economic activities. When travel is easier, businesses grow and more resources become available to people all over the country. As it stands, a lot of rural areas have challenges accessing these resources and end up in a poverty cycle. 

Progress Addressing Poverty in Chile

Over recent years, wages have been increasing and poverty has been decreasing, with GDP growth at 2.5% in 2024. The economic conditions of Chile are steadily improving, with help from organizations like the World Bank Group (WBG), which has supported the country’s development for more than 75 years with loans, insurance and technology. For example, the WBG is currently working on a project providing universal health care to Chileans, improving the efficiency of reliable medical care for the whole country. Families in rural areas often struggle to access hospitals and have to travel long distances only to receive very basic support. This project aims to relieve this issue and help more than half of Chile’s population by 2027.

However, poverty in Chile is still prevalent. The Chilean President, Gabriel Boric, stated, “We have reduced income poverty and multidimensional poverty to historic levels…but there are still so many people living in poverty. This is good news, but it is not news to celebrate, because the poor have to come first.” The government, as well as other global organizations, are still constantly and actively fighting to improve conditions for everyone suffering from poverty in Chile and begin to close the gap between the richest and poorest parts of the country.

– Maisy Brown

Maisy is based in Leeds, UK and focuses on Technology and Celebs for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Migration to Brazil and Its Effects on the Economy

Migration to BrazilFrom 1870 to 1930, between two to three million immigrants resettled in Brazil. In the early days of migration to Brazil, most settlers were Europeans. However, toward the latter ’30s, Brazil saw a massive influx of Middle Eastern and Asian immigrants settle in various parts of the country. Due to the multiple types of settlers, Brazil has become known for its rich and diverse culture, which has spread across the country. With this, Brazil’s economy greatly benefited in the mid-2010s, seeing sizable economic growth. With fewer migrants coming in the 2020s, Brazil’s economy has dipped.

Economic Benefits

Immigration to Brazil has led to many economic benefits across the financial landscape. According to the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), when Brazil sees an increase in immigration, it could see up to a 35% increase in total imports. The IADB concluded through a specialized study that an increase in the Haitian population led to a 6% increase in exports to Haiti.

Brazil has also been the relocation destination of more than 100,000 Venezuelan refugees. Through a government initiative, the country relocated them to the border of Roraima, where they received access to proper housing, food and jobs. A 2021 follow-up survey of 2,000 Venezuelans found they took advantage of education and housing opportunities during their relocation, with eight in 10 adults securing employment or starting businesses.

Migrant Challenges

While migration to Brazil has brought people from all over the world, many struggle not with reaching the country but building a sustainable life once they arrive. Due to inadequate asylum procedures and limited proficiency in Portuguese, many migrants face challenges in their early days in Brazil.

Recognizing the inequality of opportunity for migrants in the Brazilian workforce, foreign agencies such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) have looked to create initiatives in Brazil to immerse migrants into formal work.

Brazilians of Lebanese Descent

Home to the world’s largest Lebanese diaspora, Brazil is estimated to have between seven and 10 million people of descent, according to Brazil’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Migration from the Middle East, primarily Lebanon, began in 1870, deeply integrating Lebanese culture into Brazilian society. In August 2016, Michel Temer became Brazil’s first president of Lebanese ancestry. While many Lebanese migrants faced the same challenges and discrimination as today’s newcomers, at one point, 10% of the Brazilian Congress had Lebanese origins.

A Bright Future

Although migration to Brazil has been at a plateau in recent years, the previous and continued migration allows for the potential of a bright future for migrants and natives alike. Economic growth, along with migrants’ rights reform, opens the door for more migrants to enter Brazil. Despite challenges at the beginning of migrants’ journeys in Brazil, the work of government initiatives and foreign agencies gives hope for a bright future in Brazil.

– Naseem Rahman

Naseem is based in Staten Island, NY, USA and focuses on Business and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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A Short Guide to Higher Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Higher Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), also referred to as the ‘Heart Shaped Country,’ is known for its natural beauty, diverse culture and kind-hearted people. However, its higher education system continues to face challenges due to the country’s complex political and economic history.

As of 2023, 45% of students who complete secondary education in Bosnia and Herzegovina enroll into tertiary education institutions. However, a decrease in enrollment has been a consistent trend over the past decade, with the current number of students being about 35,000 fewer than 10 years ago. This decrease is primarily due to young people leaving the country in order to seek out a better future, correlating with the fact that BIH had the second largest diaspora in 2020 as well as other issues that will be explored within this article. Here is information about the current issues with higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Fragmented Education System

Following the war in the 1900s, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (fBIH), Republika Srpska (RS) and the Brčko District divided BIH into separate regions. There are also 10 cantons within fBIH, each with its own Ministry of Education, that independently implements its own curriculum. Because of this, there is a very decentralized higher education system in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including languages like Cyrillic and Latin, and history like Serbian history in RS and and Bosniak-Croat history in fBIH.

Foreign Countries Not Recognizing Diplomas

European nations often do not recognize degrees in BIH, which makes it difficult for students to secure jobs or continue postgraduate studies worldwide. One of the reasons for this is that many universities in BIH include the word ‘international’ in their names, but they lack international accreditation, hence students are urged to conduct research before embarking upon higher educational journeys in BIH. The problem of the fragmented education system undermines Bosnian diplomas because it raises doubts whether they meet uniform quality standards. 

There are also weak quality assurance mechanisms. According to Eurydice, the accreditation process begins when Higher Education Institutions (HEI) prepare a self-evaluation report and submit it to the relevant authority. Then, an expert panel visits the site and conducts an assessment. The authority grants accreditation based on the panel’s recommendation and lists the HEI in the National Registry, which the Agency for Development of Higher Education and Quality Assurance manages. Unfortunately, due to the fragmented system, corrupt political involvement and capacity issues, these guidelines are not fully met, therefore raising questions about the validity of Bosnian diplomas. 

Limited Funding

Higher education institutions receive financing through different budgets depending on the region. In RS, the entity budget, which the Ministry of Education and Culture RS manages, funds higher education. Meanwhile, in fBIH, there are cantonal budgets that cantonal ministries of culture manage which fund higher education. There is no state- level funding for higher education, resulting in 13 separate budgets across the country. Furthermore, there is a lack of strategic planning of how to spend the budget, alongside no accountability – funds therefore do not need to be allocated effectively and higher education institutions are not legally required to justify their spending.

Another issue with higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina along the lines of finance is the effect that poverty has on those who wish to pursue university studies. According to Study Abroad Aide, tuition fees in BIH can range from as little as 440 BAM (approx. £200 or $250) to 18,400 BAM (approx. £9,200 or $11,360). While this is significantly cheaper than tuition fees in the U.K. or the U.S., for citizens living there, this can unfortunately be an unrealistic amount. For example, almost a third of children between the ages of 5 and 15 in BIH are at risk of poverty due to the inadequate implementation of the 2015-2018 Action Plan for Children.

Furthermore, the COVID- 19 crisis had a detrimental impact on poverty levels in BIH. It was estimated that poverty would rise from 11.8% to as high as 14.6% from 2019 to 2020. These factors affect higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina in that students may simply not be able to afford tuition fees, preventing them from following the path of university and higher education. Here are some progressions that higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina has made.

Financial Support

While most students are required to attend university on a self financed basis, The Ministry of Education and Culture in RS and the cantonal ministries of education in FBiH provide scholarships for those who meet the qualifications. This does not take into account students’ background or social status, allowing anyone to qualify, given that they pass the entry exam. Furthermore, BIH also offers fully-funded scholarships to international students to excellent universities, such as the University of Banja Luka and the University of Sarajevo, if students are able to demonstrate excellent academic achievement and financial needs.

Not only does this open up opportunities for students to explore the rich history and indulge in the flavorful culture of, but it also tackles the issue of ‘brain drain.’ ‘Brain drain’ describes young talent leaving BIH due to the futile future they will have if they remain. Welcoming more international students allows talented young people to find opportunities within Bosnia, hence tackling the problem of brain drain.

The Bologna Process

The Bologna Process is a European higher education reform initiative aimed at creating a cohesive and compatible system of higher education across Europe, which BIH has been a member of since 2003. Because the Bologna Process aims to create an education system within Europe that everyone adheres to, this means that it will increase the validity that Bosnian degrees have across Europe. It has specifically introduced the three-cycle degree structure and established quality assurance mechanisms, but any positive outcomes of the Bologna Project have been overshadowed by how the students affected feel about it.

A study conducted with 81 students from the English Literature and Language departments in the universities of Tuzla and Banja Luka claimed that the students did not perceive it that way. About 40% of students claimed that they believed the Bologna Process was “forcing them to study constantly” with 62% of students saying they felt it was incomplete or misapplied. This can unfortunately be deemed as true due to the underfunding of higher education. The simplest things, such as old classrooms and outdated technology, can prevent higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bologna Project from reaching their full potential. 

Recommended Changes

While there has been no news of significant changes that the Bosnian government is bringing about to higher education, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation has presented recommended action. These include:

  • Ensuring a fully functional system for the accreditation of higher education institutions throughout the country, which lies with the responsibilities of education authorities and academia. This should be an immediate priority.
  • Ensuring justified funding for education, including establishing a needs-based coefficient for pupils with disabilities. This should be a medium-term priority.
  • Reforming initial teacher education needs, in line with developed qualification and occupational standards and developing a Vocational Education and Training Strategy that addresses the needs of the labor market. This should be a long term priority, which lies with the responsibilities of APOSO and the education authorities, national education specialists and NGOs and teachers and parents’ organizations.

To summarize, decentralized education, limited funding and unrecognized diplomas are the main causes of the pitfalls in higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, there has been progress with the implementation of scholarships and elements of the Bologna Project, although there is still a way to go to further improve access to higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

– Emina Bolic

Emina is based in England, UK and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr