Information and news about disease category

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WHO Approves Mpox Diagnostic Test

mpox diagnostic testThe mpox epidemic is spreading globally, with case numbers rising and new countries reporting the illness. As of August 2024, more than 100,000 confirmed cases of mpox (an illness caused by the monkeypox virus) have been reported in more than 120 countries. Furthermore, current figures indicate that there have been 600 deaths this year in Africa alone.

Lack of testing is a large factor in mpox transmission. For example, 63% of suspected cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo this year were not tested. Testing is vital in virus detection and prevention. Indeed, without a diagnosis, patients do not receive treatment and risk spreading mpox to those around them. Prevention tactics have to be implemented if mpox is to be prevented.

WHO’s Response

In response to the mpox outbreak, the World Health Organization (WHO) approved the first in vitro diagnostic test for mpox in August 2024. Developed by Abbott Molecular, the Alinity m MPXV assay utilizes DNA analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. The test detects the monkeypox virus from human skin lesion specimens in real-time. This groundbreaking test is set to revolutionize the fight against mpox. Indeed, this advance in testing will enhance diagnostic capabilities and facilitate timely responses to outbreaks.

The diagnostic test is currently under Emergency Use Listing (EUL), a procedure that evaluates the safety and efficacy of treatments, including in vitro diagnostics, to assist WHO Member States in making informed decisions about acquiring emergency health equipment. Being designated as an EUL will enhance the global availability of the mpox test, ensuring that more countries can access this vital diagnostic tool in their fight against the outbreak.

Diagnosis plays a crucial role in virus prevention. This fast-working, real-time test will significantly enhance the diagnostic capabilities for monkeypox virus treatment. The Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT) method enables the identification of individuals who require intervention. This test allows mpox cases to be accurately identified, monitored and controlled, thereby improving overall public health responses to the outbreak.

A Significant Milestone in the Fight Against Mpox

Dr. Yukiko, WHO Assistant Director-General for Access to Medicines and Health Products, stated: “This first mpox diagnostic test listed under the EUL procedure represents a significant milestone in expanding testing availability in affected countries.” It indicates a significant advancement in the mpox fight, providing high-quality medical equipment for those that need it. This progression in preventing the monkeypox virus will protect those with mpox and those at risk of contracting it.

Final Remark

This step marks just the beginning of the effort to combat mpox. However, there are ongoing discussions with other in vitro diagnostic manufacturers that aim to expand the range of diagnostic options. By increasing availability, these efforts will ensure that treatment and prevention are accessible to those in need, ultimately enhancing the global response to the outbreak.

– Megan Hall

Megan is based in Suffolk, UK and focuses on Global Health and Celebs for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Variant Poliovirus Outbreaks and Vaccination rates in Yemen

vaccination rates in YemenYemen, a West Asian country with a population of 40 million, has seen a troubling decline in polio immunization rates. While Yemen was polio-free before 2020, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), national polio immunization coverage dropped from 58% in 2022 to 43% in 2023. This decrease reflects the fragility of Yemen’s health system amid ongoing social, political and security crises. Over the past three years, health officials have reported 273 cases of variant poliovirus outbreaks, a situation exacerbated by the humanitarian crisis and falling vaccination rates in Yemen.

Global Health in Yemen

According to USAID, 19.7 million people in Yemen do not have access to basic health services. In Yemen, only 52% of health facilities are fully functional and most of these lack equipment, essential medicines and specialist physicians—a slight improvement from 2014, when only 46% of health facilities were partially functional. The mortality rate for children under 5 stands at 41.3 deaths per 1,000 births. The deteriorating state of the health care system has facilitated the re-emergence of preventable diseases like polio. UNICEF and WHO are actively collaborating with the country’s health systems to improve these conditions. Furthermore, more than 17 million people in Yemen struggle with food insecurity and 4.5 million are internally displaced due to ongoing violence, economic crises and recurring outbreaks of disease exacerbated by climate events, contributing to the near collapse of the country’s health care infrastructure.

UNICEF Vaccinations 

UNICEF announced a second round of oral polio vaccines for 1.3 million children under the age of 5 from July 15 to July 17, 2024, following a successful first round in Feb. that reached 1.2 million children. In collaboration with WHO and Yemen’s Ministry of Public Health and Population, the organization also distributed vitamin A supplements to boost children’s natural immunity against diseases. The immunization campaign targets 12 southern governorates and 120 districts, with approximately 9,000 health workers trained for house-to-house vaccination. This effort is a response to a polio outbreak that left 257 children paralyzed.

Health Initiatives

Peter Hawkins, the UNICEF representative to Yemen, stated that eradication of diseases is achievable if every child receives vaccinations against poliovirus and other preventable diseases. In collaboration with various partners and organizations, UNICEF is pushing forward the Big Catch-up initiative, aiming to restore and accelerate routine vaccines and immunization services missed during COVID-19. Additionally, health partners and authorities have initiated the Health Emergency Expansion Resource (HEER) initiative to extend integrated primary health care services, including vaccinations, to address polio and measles outbreaks.

Looking Ahead

Collaborative efforts by global health organizations are essential to restoring Yemen’s health care system and halting the spread of preventable diseases. Recent campaigns and health initiatives demonstrate a concerted push to increase vaccination rates in Yemen and enhance primary care access for millions. As these initiatives progress, they offer renewed hope for improving the resilience of Yemen’s health care infrastructure and protecting vulnerable populations, especially young children, from further outbreaks.

– Indira Smith

Indira is based in Manchester, UK and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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HIV Prevention Drug Lenacapavir to Reach 120 Countries

HIV Prevention Drug to Reach 120 CountriesAt the end of 2023, approximately 39.9 million people worldwide were living with HIV. An estimated 0.6% of adults aged 15 to 49 years globally are living with the virus. However, the impact of the epidemic varies significantly among countries and regions. Gilead’s new, affordable, twice-yearly lenacapavir (LEN) injection effectively prevents HIV, especially in women. On Oct. 2, 2024, the company announced licensing agreements to offer the drug at lower costs in 120 “high-incidence, low-income” countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) described this development as a significant advancement in combating the life-threatening disease, which affects roughly half its victims as women, predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa.

HIV Prevention Drug Lenacapavir

Lenacapavir is a long-acting injectable that provides pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to reduce the risk of contracting HIV. Earlier this year, a study in South Africa and Uganda revealed the drug’s high efficacy in preventing HIV among HIV-negative girls and women. Furthermore, another trial involving men in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Thailand and the United States (U.S.) demonstrated nearly complete protection. Indeed, in the lenacapavir group tested, among women, there were no new cases of HIV infection and the trials revealed no significant safety concerns.

Pressure on Gilead from World Leaders

Following the publication of these findings, Gilead faced pressure from the People’s Medicines Alliance along with a group of 300 world leaders, celebrities, scientists and activists to make the drug available in middle- and low-income countries simultaneously as people in wealthier nations. Among the signatories were actors Gillian Anderson, Stephen Fry, Sharon Stone and Alan Cumming; former heads of state; and Francoise Barré-Sinoussi, a Nobel-winning scientist. In a letter addressed to the Gilead CEO Daniel O’Day, they pushed the company to open the license up to poorer nations immediately. Furthermore, they expressed their hope that the “groundbreaking” development could make “radically positive change for people facing stigma.”

HIV in Low-Income Countries

Gilead is prioritizing the registration of LEN in the 18 countries with the highest HIV incidence rates, in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. These high rates stem from inadequate domestic and international funding, with natural disasters and regional conflicts complicating governments’ HIV response efforts. HIV prevalence is higher in specific population groups, including men who have sex with men, which fuels stigma around the disease. However, global efforts to increase treatment accessibility have yielded substantial progress over the past two decades. Currently, 29.8 million of the 39 million people living with HIV are receiving treatment. Indeed, this is a significant increase from 7.7 million in 2010.

Looking Ahead

In response to these promising findings, the WHO has announced it is actively developing guidelines in collaboration with experts and global partners to ensure an affordable supply and equal access to the drug. New pharmaceutical developments are emerging rapidly. HIV prevention drug lenacapavir presents a hopeful method of combating the disease in high-risk countries.

– Hannah Dunford

Hannah is based in Edinburgh, Scotland and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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IPTp Treatment: Reducing Malaria in Pregnant Women in Mali

IPTp Treatment: Reducing Malaria in Pregnant Women in MaliMalaria is an infamous disease resulting in around 249 million malaria cases worldwide, 94% of those being from Africa as a whole. The symptoms range from fatigue to yellowing skin to abnormal bleeding and can prove fatal if untreated. In Mali, where the population totals 22.6 million, malaria presents a significant health risk, spread primarily by mosquitoes. In 2022 alone, 7.9 million cases were reported, a record high for Mali. Pregnant women in Mali, specifically, have an increased risk of long-term effects if they get Malaria. The National Library of Medicine reported that catching this disease when pregnant can lead to “outcomes including stillbirth, early neonatal death, preterm delivery and low birth weight,” being the leading cause of death among mothers and their babies – both in utero and after birth.

The IPTp Pill

After observing the adverse effects of malaria on pregnant women, health professionals developed a specific treatment for this group, hoping to reduce malaria rates in Mali. Known as Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnant Women (IPTp), this treatment involves taking three pills during each trimester of pregnancy. IPTp has gained popularity for its convenience and affordability compared to other malaria prevention measures. A notable advantage is its minimal side effects, with most only occurring after the first dose.

IPTp Distribution

Once manufactured, various organizations distribute the IPTp treatment directly to Malians, focusing on pregnant women, young mothers and children aged 1-5. The United States (U.S.) President’s Malaria Initiative for Mali (PMI), dedicated solely to combating malaria in this demographic, was established in 2005. Its goal is to reduce malaria incidence by providing health care measures, including IPTp. Mali has stood out among Sub-Saharan African countries due to its high malaria mortality rates. Although PMI has increased the distribution of IPTp, Mali remains a priority because of political instability and insecurity, which hinder health service provision. To address this, PMI ensures a steady supply of IPTp pills to the 13 Malian towns most affected by malaria.

IPTp Awareness

A crucial role in implementing IPTp treatment for malaria in Mali is raising awareness about the pill’s effectiveness. The BMC Malaria Journal recently published a study suggesting that more pregnant women would choose IPTp if provided with a brief factsheet outlining malaria’s potential impacts on their health and that of their child, along with protection strategies. This finding highlights a lack of malaria knowledge among the Malian population, which negatively affects IPTp usage. Consequently, many organizations focused on eradicating malaria in Mali include educational components in their efforts. Groups like Save the Children and CNRS have conducted sessions for Malian teachers on malaria prevention and treatment, including IPTp. While not all classes exclusively comprise pregnant women, the dissemination of this information across various age groups in Mali supports advocacy efforts for IPTp pills.

Looking Ahead

Malaria remains a significant threat in Mali, particularly for pregnant women, with millions of cases reported in recent years. The IPTp has proven effective in reducing malaria-related health risks for both mothers and their children. Organizations such as the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative have prioritized distributing IPTp and raising awareness about its benefits. Efforts by groups like Save the Children and CNRS have also expanded education on malaria prevention, helping more women access life-saving treatments. Although challenges persist, continued focus on awareness and treatment distribution offers hope for reducing the impact of malaria on vulnerable populations.

– Nadia Haeryfar

Nadia is based in Ashford, CT, USA and focuses on Technology and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Improving Access to Health Care for Marginalized Groups in Nigeria

Marginalized Groups in Nigeria
Nigeria, despite its significant economic potential, faces severe health care challenges, particularly in marginalized communities. About 40% of Nigerians live in poverty, limiting their access to quality health care services. Addressing these disparities is critical to improving access to health care for marginalized groups in Nigeria.

Barriers to Health care Access

  1. Insufficient Primary Health Centers (PHCs): In rural communities where disease burden is high, many primary health centers (PHCs) are either non-functional or under-equipped. This is a significant barrier, as PHCs are the main access points for health care in rural areas. The absence of functioning PHCs means that patients either go without care or must travel long distances, often to urban areas, to receive treatment.
  2. Out-of-Pocket Payments: Around 90% of Nigerians pay for health care services out of pocket, placing an enormous financial burden on poor families. This creates a cycle where poverty exacerbates poor health, and poor health leads to further poverty. According to the International Journal of Health and Management, catastrophic health expenditures have driven many households deeper into poverty. Only about 3% of Nigeria’s population has health insurance, and most of this coverage is employer-provided, leaving low-income earners and rural populations particularly vulnerable.
  3. Corruption and Mismanagement: Corrupt practices, which drain resources meant for public health facilities, worsen the inefficiency of Nigeria’s health care system. Funds intended for PHCs and other health services are often misappropriated, resulting in dilapidated facilities and a lack of essential medications and staff.

Here are some strategies for improving health care access.

Mobile Health Clinics

Bringing health care directly to communities is one effective solution to overcome physical barriers. Mobile health clinics and telemedicine services allow health care providers to reach remote or rural populations, reducing the need for travel and ensuring that patients receive care without excessive costs. For example, in states like Kaduna and Lagos, the government, in partnership with non-governmental organizations, has deployed mobile health units to provide essential health services such as maternal care, vaccinations and treatment for common diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. These clinics travel to remote areas, reaching populations that lack access to functioning PHCs.

This directly tackles the issue of insufficient primary health centers and ensures health care is more accessible, improving access to health care for marginalized groups in Nigeria. Mobile clinics have proven effective in bridging the gap in healthcare delivery by providing both preventive and curative services to Nigeria’s rural and underserved populations.

Insufficient Primary Health Centers

To tackle the lack of functioning PHCs, Nigeria must prioritize their revitalization. Strengthening these facilities can significantly improve access to health care for rural populations as they are the first point of contact for most vulnerable populations. 

The Basic Health care Provision Fund (BHCPF), a key initiative under the 2014 National Health Act, aims to ensure every Nigerian has access to a minimum package of health care services, particularly at the primary care level. 

However, inconsistent funding and state-level delays in implementation have limited its effectiveness. Ensuring that states contribute their share of the funds and improving oversight are essential to making the BHCPF work.

Expanding Micro Health Insurance

To reduce the reliance on out-of-pocket payments, micro health insurance has emerged as a solution tailored to the needs of low-income populations.

Providers like WellaHealth offer affordable packages that cover common illnesses such as malaria and typhoid, with access to doctors through telemedicine. These insurance models are particularly promising for rural and underserved communities, offering a pathway to affordable health care without the risk of financial ruin. They are part of the key to improving access to health care for marginalized groups in Nigeria. 

Addressing Corruption

Tackling corruption in the health care system is critical. Strengthening governance, improving transparency in the disbursement of health care funds, and increasing community oversight are necessary steps to ensure that resources intended for health care reach the people who need them most.

Improving access to health care for marginalized groups in Nigeria requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses the key barriers of insufficient primary health centers, out-of-pocket payments and systemic corruption. Strengthening primary health facilities, expanding micro health insurance, deploying mobile health clinics, and enhancing governance are critical steps toward ensuring equitable healthcare access. By prioritizing these strategies and ensuring proper implementation, significant progress can be made towards improving access to healthcare for marginalized groups in Nigeria. 

– Edzhe Miteva

Edzhe is based in London, UK and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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5 Effects of Water Pollution in Pakistan

5 Effects of Water Pollution in PakistanCurrently, more than 21 million Pakistanis face a water sanitation crisis affecting the entire country. Major cities like Karachi and Lahore struggle to provide access to clean and safe drinking water. The situation is even more dire in rural villages that lack modern systems and adequate health care. The Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources predicts that by 2025, the country will face extreme water shortages. Large-scale industrialization has contaminated many essential water sources, benefiting the economy but causing unchecked environmental damage. The pollution introduces high levels of chemical and biological toxins into the water. Understanding the top five effects of water pollution in Pakistan could help quantify the challenges faced by the population.

5 Effects of Water Pollution in Pakistan

  1. Waterborne Diseases. The outdated water distribution network in Pakistan, located near many industrial plants and sewage systems, introduces numerous toxins into the drinking water. Bacteria such as E-coli and Salmonella, when ingested, can be detrimental to health, leading to diseases such as typhoid, intestinal worms and cryptosporidium infections, which account for more than 40% of communicable diseases in Pakistan. Widespread poverty exacerbates the effects of these diseases, as many Pakistanis cannot afford the necessary medications.
  2. Infant Mortality.  The infant mortality rate in Pakistan is among the highest in developing nations, with water pollution playing a significant role due to the vulnerability of infants to harmful bacteria and fecal matter. According to UNICEF, only 35.8% of the Pakistani population has access to clean drinking water. Exposure to toxic bacteria during pregnancy and early childhood can lead to birth defects and early onset of severe diseases, both of which significantly increase the risk of infant mortality, especially given the limited access to medical care for many families.
  3. Agricultural Damage. Man-made agricultural fertilizers are a significant source of water pollution, which poses severe challenges to Pakistan’s agricultural sector. Given the country’s predominantly dry and hot climate, manufactured water sources are crucial for the survival of many farms. Additionally, small family-owned farms in numerous villages depend entirely on agricultural profits for their livelihood. The broader population also relies heavily on this produce for sustenance. Contaminated water, which harms more than it helps the plants, forces farmers to use scarce freshwater supplies. This situation creates substantial economic and social impacts due to the limited availability of clean water.
  4. Contaminated Food Products. Contaminated food products often result from crops irrigated with impure water. Livestock exposure to polluted water, contamination in marine waters and the use of pesticides and fertilizers further toxify essential resources. Without access to healthy, clean food for consumption and sale, many populations face starvation and life-threatening diseases.
  5. Decreased Biodiversity. Water pollution destroys numerous habitats, including lakes, rivers and ponds. Pollution renders them unable to support aquatic life due to chemical contamination and nutrient depletion. This disrupts food chains as smaller, less chemically resistant organisms die off, impacting species that rely on them for sustenance. Additionally, eutrophication, spurred by excessive nitrogen and phosphorus, triggers algae blooms that further degrade marine ecosystems by limiting sunlight and reducing energy available to aquatic species.

The Paani Project

The Paani Project, headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, is actively enhancing water quality in Pakistan. Founded by four Pakistani Americans seeking to address the water crisis, the nonprofit has developed more than 20,000 water systems since its inception. Additional projects include deepwater wells, solar wells and reverse osmosis plants. As of June 2024, Paani collaborates closely with local partners to identify the most suitable water solutions for each rural community, maximizing the impact of donations. The organization emphasizes transparency, providing donors with approximately 30 photos of the construction process, a video of the completed water system and a comprehensive water quality report.

Looking Ahead

Pakistan’s water crisis poses significant challenges, from waterborne diseases to agricultural damage, impacting millions of lives. Efforts by organizations like the Paani Project offer hope. Their tailored water solutions work to improve access and quality across the country. With a focus on addressing the immediate needs of affected communities, these ongoing initiatives contribute to mitigating the long-term effects of water pollution and ensuring a more sustainable future for Pakistan.

– Sophia Kharal

Sophia is based in San Jose, CA, USA and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pexels

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Mpox in India: Understanding the Outbreak and Response

Mpox in India: Understanding the Outbreak and Response India has confirmed its first case of a deadlier mpox strain, the clade Ib variant, in Kerala. Previously contained in the Democratic Republic of Congo, this strain is now spreading globally, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a global health emergency. Authorities detected the case in a 38-year-old man who had recently traveled from Dubai and have identified 29 contacts for self-quarantine.

The Spread of Mpox in India

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double-stranded DNA virus from the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family. A global outbreak of the clade IIb strain occurred between 2022 and 2023. As of now, the mpox outbreak in India has primarily affected urban areas, especially New Delhi. Although the number of cases has not reached critical levels, there is concern about potential widespread transmission in densely populated regions. Public health officials are closely monitoring the situation, tracking cases and ensuring containment measures are in place.

India’s Public Health Response

India’s public health response to the mpox outbreak has been swift and coordinated. The central government has urged all states and Union territories to identify facilities and train personnel to manage both suspected and confirmed mpox cases. Union Health Secretary Apurva Chandra has emphasized the importance of timely sample testing, isolating cases and conducting genome sequencing through the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to determine the virus clade.

States have received instructions to boost public health preparedness at state and district levels, establish isolation facilities and enforce strict infection control measures. Public awareness campaigns are underway to educate communities about the disease, its transmission and the importance of early reporting. Additionally, diagnostic capabilities are robust, with 36 labs supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and three commercial PCR kits approved by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) to facilitate testing. These ongoing efforts aim to control the spread of mpox and protect public health.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has intensified India’s response and preparedness for the mpox outbreak following the World Health Organization’s (WHO) declaration of the disease as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Guidance from WHO has significantly shaped India’s response to mpox, providing best practices from other countries and offering frameworks to manage the disease within a broader public health context.

Looking Ahead

India has responded swiftly and proactively to the mpox outbreak, demonstrating a strong commitment to controlling the virus’s spread. Coordinated efforts at both national and state levels have enhanced diagnostic capabilities, established isolation facilities and promoted public awareness.

– Aneela Agha

Aneela is based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Aid in Kenya: Reducing Malaria and Breaking the Cycle of Poverty

UK Aid in Kenya: Reducing Malaria and Breaking the Cycle of Poverty Kenya, a country on the rise in East Africa, has seen significant economic growth over the past decade, driven by political and economic reforms. Yet, despite these advances, two-thirds of its population still lives in poverty. This staggering level of poverty continues to hold back many communities, limiting access to basic services like health care, education and housing. The battle against malaria remains one of the greatest health challenges these communities face. This disease not only claims lives but also keeps many families trapped in the poverty cycle. United Kingdom (U.K.) Aid in Kenya, through the Global Fund, is helping to address this challenge, reducing the burden of malaria and, in turn, alleviating poverty.

Malaria and Poverty

Malaria is a leading cause of illness and death in Kenya, particularly in rural areas, where access to health care services is limited. Beyond the health toll, malaria places a significant economic burden on families. Frequent bouts of illness reduce household income, as adults are unable to work and children miss school. In communities where families live on less than $2.15 a day, these disruptions reinforce the poverty cycle. Health care costs, such as treatments and hospital visits, often result in further financial strain. However, U.K. Aid Kenya and local NGOs supported by the Global Fund are working to bring malaria under control.

With targeted interventions such as distributing insecticide-treated bed nets and providing access to treatment, malaria transmission can be significantly reduced. By lowering malaria prevalence, communities can improve productivity, reduce health care costs and increase educational opportunities—key factors in breaking the cycle of poverty.

UK Aid in Kenya: Supporting the Global Fund

Global Fund to Fight AIDS is one of the key international efforts in the fight against Tuberculosis and Malaria. The U.K. is one of the largest contributors to the Global Fund, having pledged £1 billion for 2024 to 2026, aimed at combating these diseases globally. In Kenya, the U.K.’s contributions play a crucial role in reducing malaria cases and breaking the cycle of poverty that often accompanies this disease. Through the Global Fund, U.K. aid supports local NGOs such as Amref Health Africa and Population Services Kenya (PS Kenya), which are pivotal in implementing malaria prevention programs.

These organizations distribute millions of insecticide-treated bed nets, provide life-saving treatments and lead educational campaigns to prevent the spread of malaria. With U.K. aid, these efforts have been scaled up in malaria-endemic areas of Kenya, improving both health and economic outcomes for affected communities.

Success Stories

  • Amref Health Africa. Amref Health Africa, one of the largest health development organizations in Kenya, has been at the forefront of fighting malaria in rural areas. Supported by U.K. Aid through the Global Fund, Amref has made significant strides in malaria prevention and treatment. Amref has trained more than 1,591 Community Health Extension Workers (CHEWs) and 8,500 Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) across 10 malaria-endemic counties, enhancing early diagnosis and treatment of malaria at the household level. In Nandi and Kericho counties, an additional 165 CHEWs and 815 CHVs were trained specifically to improve malaria prevention among pregnant women. These interventions have contributed to significant improvements in malaria management and reduced the disease burden in high-risk areas​. 
  • Population Services Kenya (PS Kenya). PS Kenya, supported by U.K. Aid through the Global Fund, has played a critical role in providing life-saving malaria treatments, particularly in Busia County, a malaria-endemic region in western Kenya. Through community case management, PS Kenya has tested more than 401,000 suspected malaria cases and treated more than 319,700 people with effective treatments such as artemether-lumefantrine in the past year. With 51% of cases managed at the community level by trained Community Health Promoters (CHPs), this intervention has significantly improved access to timely treatment. By focusing on vulnerable populations and enhancing community-based health systems, PS Kenya’s efforts are helping to alleviate the financial strain on families and reduce the incidence of malaria, which in turn contributes to breaking the cycle of poverty in affected regions​.

Looking Forward

The U.K.’s aid support through the Global Fund has had a measurable impact on reducing malaria in Kenya. By funding local NGOs like Amref Health Africa and Population Services Kenya, U.K. aid is helping to reduce malaria transmission, lower health care costs and improve productivity in vulnerable communities. From 2010 to 2020, the prevalence of malaria in Kenya decreased by 49% nationwide, demonstrating the effectiveness and utmost importance of these interventions. Crucially, these health programs are addressing one of the root causes of poverty by reducing the economic strain caused by frequent illness and enabling families to invest in education and productivity. As Kenya continues to grow economically, eliminating malaria could be key to ensuring that all its citizens can thrive and share in the country’s prosperity.

– Safa Musa

Safa is based in London, UK and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Poliovirus Outbreak in Gaza

poliovirus outbreak in gazaAfter 25 years, children in Gaza are experiencing a poliovirus outbreak. Health officials have stated that there are links between the virus in Egypt and the poliovirus outbreak in Gaza, which is currently experiencing an outbreak in the middle of the war. The United Nations and local health officials launched a vaccination campaign in September 2024, hoping to reach as many children as possible. “The World Health Organization (WHO) has said Israel agreed to limited pauses in the fighting to facilitate the campaign,” AP News reports.

Background

Polio’s infection spreads quickly and painfully, especially in contaminated situations and conditions. It transmits from person to person, especially in contaminated water. Due to the war in Gaza, the water supply has been tainted with and contaminated with excrement. The Israeli army devastated the water supply and the wastewater disposal networks throughout the entirety of the Palestinian territory, according to Al Jazeera. This causes the wastewater to reach hundreds to thousands of civilian homes, forcing them to move to safer and healthier conditions.

“According to the Government Media Office in Gaza, the Israeli army has also stopped transferring the waste away from civilian areas by imposing control over waste dumps and targeting municipality workers, machinery and mechanisms in place to manage waste,” said Al Jazeera.

Cases of Polio in Gaza

Gaza reported one case of the polio virus in September 2024. The case is of a 10-month-old little boy, who is now paralyzed in both his legs, according to AP News. One confirmed case of polio leads to a few more suspected cases of polio, which leads to an outbreak of poliovirus in Gaza. According to Dr Majdi Duhair, scientifically speaking, one confirmed case of polio is an outbreak. One case of the polio virus can lead to at least 200 more infected people with no symptoms, NPR reports.

“Authorities plan to vaccinate children in central Gaza until Wednesday before moving on to the more devastated northern and southern parts of the strip,” AP News reports.

The Poliovirus Campaign

The poliovirus affects children under the age of 5 and affects the unvaccinated. Since the discovery of the poliovirus in July 2024, the campaign fighting the poliovirus outbreak in Gaza has received support from WHO, UNICEF, UNRWA and the Ministry of Health in Gaza. The campaign has about 2,700 health workers moving to different parts of Gaza throughout September. The first round of polio vaccinations began at the end of August and only covered a few children. According to Al Jazeera, the campaign aims to give oral polio vaccine drops to 640,000 children under 10.

“But we know from our experience in so many places that we have to implement at least two large-scale vaccination campaigns with the novel oral polio vaccine type two that achieves high levels of coverage to stop transmission,” said Hamid Jafari from CSIS.

Outbreak During a War

On August 16, 2024, U.N. Secretary-General Guterres called for a seven-day cease-fire. The cease-fire was to allow the campaign to safely move around Gaza during the poliovirus outbreak, looking for families with children under 10 years old to administer the oral vaccine. According to NPR, reaching all the families in Gaza is difficult. The war has moved people out of their homes, making them move to find a safe haven every hour. The campaign’s goal is to reach 90% of the children in Gaza. Since the territory is extensive and vulnerable, the campaign has more than 200 teams going around the entire territory to eradicate the disease.

“We go from shelter to shelter and tent to tent. People are literally everywhere. In the middle of the street, you have people living by the beach. So the idea is to reach every child wherever they are,” said Juliette Touma for NPR.

Conclusion

The poliovirus outbreak in Gaza is a result of the conditions Gaza is under because of the war. The ceasefire allowed for 558,963 children under 10 to receive oral drops of the vaccine. The goal of the 12-day campaign was to reach 640,000 children, but that was difficult since families were scattered all over Gaza on the streets, in tents, shelters, etc. because of the war. But each day health officials are reaching more families with their teams and area planning. According to Dr Richard Peeperkorn from the WHO, the campaign is a symbol or a show of the possibilities of peace in the world if given a chance to act.

– Ashley Diaz

Ashley is based in Homestead, FL, USA and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Battling Diseases in El Salvador

Diseases in El Salvador
El Salvador is a country in the west of Central America. The country is the smallest and most densely populated of the seven Central American countries. Countries with dense populations tend to have more problems with disease. The dense population, among other factors, has led to the rise of diseases in El Salvador.

The Impact of Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes tend to spread diseases in El Salvador, similar to many Central and South American countries. This is partly due to the hot climate. The CDC has warned against several diseases that mosquitos pass when traveling to El Salvador. One of these diseases is Zika. For most, Zika is a minor inconvenience. Some of the symptoms include fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes and muscle pain. Although uncommon, it is possible for zika to cause Guillain-Barre syndrome, which causes one’s immune system to attack their nerve cells. The people most at risk with Zika are pregnant women. Zika can cause serious birth defects in the child and other pregnancy problems.

Although mosquitoes are dangerous, they are not the only insects that can cause problems. Leishmaniasis is spread from the bite of a sand fly. Sand flies are present in many areas, including Central America. There are three forms of the disease. The first is cutaneous, which causes skin sores, the second is mucosal, which causes sores in the nose, mouth and throat and visceral, which impacts internal organs. The first two forms can lead to lifelong disability if left untreated. Meanwhile, the last one has a 90% mortality rate without treatment, making it one of the most dangerous diseases in El Salvador.

Leptospirosis

Bug bites and other diseased animals are a very common vector for disease, but far from the only ones. Leptospirosis is spread through urine, body fluids and contaminated water. Leptospirosis is not as common in Latin America as the other diseases, but El Salvador still has 4.65 cases per 100,000 people. Some symptoms include high temperature, headache, body aches and pains, stomach ache, diarrhea and yellowing of the skin. The survival rate depends on the severity of the disease, but in severe cases, the mortality rate is around 40%. Unfortunately, El Salvador has some of the most polluted water in Latin America. Some causes for the issue are considered poor waste management and overexploitation from companies. One can attribute both of these to the country’s poverty. The poverty rate in El Salvador is higher than the Latin American and Caribbean average.

Tuberculosis

Although one can take precautions to avoid bugs and contaminated water, prevention is more difficult when a disease is airborne. One example is tuberculosis. The disease is not  as common in El Salvador as it is in other countries, as there are 49 cases per 100,000 people. However, it is still on the watchlist for traveling to El Salvador. Some symptoms of tuberculosis are an extended cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, chills, fever and sweating at night. Tuberculosis can be fatal without treatment.

Bill S.288

Bill S.288 aims to refocus U.S. actions on prevention, address virulent drug-resistant TB strains and provide support for the best practices and technologies in TB diagnosis and treatment. The bill establishes new goals for U.S. efforts and employs prevention and treatment suggestions based on the latest scientific data while also increasing accountability and transparency. The last action on the bill was that it was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

Although fighting these diseases can be hard for governments it is not impossible. In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) certified El Salvador as malaria-free. This was the final result of a 50 year commitment by the government to fight Malaria, making them the first country in Central America to be malaria-free. This was accomplished through vector control, early detection, rapid treatment, community engagement and education, international funding and overall government commitment to the cause.  

The World Mosquito Program

Some organizations like the World Mosquito program are helping to fight diseases spread by mosquitos all over the world. In 2022, El Salvador’s Ministry of Public Health announced they would collaborate with the World Mosquito program for the Wolbachia project. The Wolbachia project is releasing non biting male mosquitos into areas with high disease rates. These mosquitoes hold a bacteria which prevents eggs they produce with females from hatching.

Looking Ahead

In conclusion, the dense population and tropical climate of El Salvador create a challenging environment for controlling the spread of various diseases. Mosquito-borne illnesses like Zika and Leishmaniasis, as well as rodent-transmitted diseases such as hantavirus, pose significant health risks. Additionally, diseases like leptospirosis and tuberculosis highlight the complexity of the health landscape. Despite these challenges, El Salvador’s achievement of being declared malaria-free by the WHO demonstrates that with sustained effort and effective public health strategies, progress is possible. Continued support from global organizations and comprehensive health initiatives are essential to further reduce the burden of infectious diseases and improve public health in El Salvador.

– Matthew Mendives

Matthew  is based in Colonia, NJ and focuses on Global Health and Celebs for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr