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Higher Education in Costa Rica

Higher Education in Costa RicaCosta Rica stands out as a leader in higher education in Central America, thanks to a rich cultural emphasis on learning and a series of forward-thinking policies established in the decades leading up to the 21st century. Costa Rica sends many of its students abroad to study and the country has an exceptionally high literacy rate. Higher education in Costa Rica is far above many other countries in Central America and is a benchmark for its neighbors.

Free Education

Compared to other South and Central American countries, Costa Rica has a relatively stable history. Costa Rica’s success with education dates back to the 19th century, when the newly formed government allowed children to go to school for free, regardless of sex, according to ReVista. This has led to more peaceful times in the country, giving the young generations more opportunities to pursue higher education and make positive contributions to society. 

Costa Rica has been setting the standard for higher education in Central America. The government of Costa Rica has the largest budget for education in the region, with 8% of its GDP being invested in education. The result is many students who are well versed in a wide variety of subjects, and a population with a 98% literacy rate. Many students from top private schools and places of higher education in Costa Rica end up studying abroad, giving young people many education opportunities, no matter their socio-economic background. Higher education in Costa Rica is a priority, as there are currently five public universities in the country.

This was virtually unheard of back then and had a positive effect on the population that has rippled into the 21st century. Later on, in 1949, Costa Rica became the first country to abolish its military. After this, the government directed funds from the military budget to health care and education, ReVista reports.

Higher Education Improvement Project

In the 2010s, Costa Rica wanted to further strengthen its higher education department by launching the Costa Rica Higher Education Improvement Project. The government distributed money equally to the four established public universities. The aim was to create more facilities, bring in better teachers, enhance the technology the students worked with and create an overall better life for the students. As a result, between 2014 and 2019, the total enrollment of undergraduate and postgraduate students increased by 22%. As well as this, exam scores went up and the universities built more facilities for their students to study in. 

Inequality

Despite this, Costa Rica still has issues with its education system. In rural areas, many classrooms have only one teacher for large classes, and many schools have to combine kids of different age groups, leading to bad results, according to ReVista. In rural areas, kids have fewer opportunities and cannot access the same amount of resources that urban students enjoy. As of 2023, 42% of adolescents did not have access to a laptop, and 13% did not have access to the internet.

The inequality in Costa Rica has worsened because of the pandemic. Poorer students could not attend school and this cost them years of education which, unfortunately, they will not be able to make up. The worsening economy caused many schools to either shut down or lose resources such as laptops, books or even running water, UNICEF Reports. In Costa Rica, a stagnant economy has caused schools to lower their standards.

Furthermore, the pandemic has seen a negative effect on students who graduate from high school and even primary school, and many of the students who fall out fail to come back to school. Another issue Costa Rica has seen from the pandemic is a decrease in funding for educational institutions. In 2017, the funding was at 8%, however, in February 2024, the funding was at just 5.2%, ReVista reports. The pandemic also resulted in the reduction of health care, social security and welfare programs. As a result, inequality and unemployment have risen in Costa Rica in the past four years since the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Future

In 2023, UNESCO, UNICEF and UNFPA aimed to launch the SDG fund programme aimed at increasing public spending in the education sector, according to UNICEF Country Office Annual Report 2023. The SDG fund helped to design an integrated national financing framework. So far, the SDG program helped build 4,500 education centers for children under 12 years old, while also providing free transportation to 172,792 students. Currently, there are 209 educational centers which implement STEM learning for children under 18.

UNICEF also launched programs to help train teachers in multimedia programs to enhance learning in the classrooms. These programs have continued in 2024, and UNICEF has been working closely with the Ministry of Education in Costa Rica, according to Country Office Annual Report 2023.

In Costa Rica, the effects of the pandemic and the wounded economy still affect young children and their educational development. However, programs launched by the United Nations are slowly helping Costa Rica improve its educational centers for the youth. The government of Costa Rica must continue working with the UN and other NGOs (non-governmental organizations) to fulfill the needs of its children.

– Colin Claffey

Colin is based in Chicago, IL, USA and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

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How Inequality and Mental Health Fuel Global Poverty

Inequality and Mental HealthInequality is not just an economic challenge; it’s deeply psychological, influencing how individuals perceive themselves, others and society. Disparities in living conditions and opportunities profoundly affect mental well-being, leading to cycles of marginalization that erode trust, weaken social cohesion and harm mental health. This acceptance of inequality can become entrenched in societal norms, making it harder to challenge. However, understanding these psychological dimensions also reveals avenues for political and social change, as shifting perceptions can fuel efforts to reduce these disparities.

Understanding Global Inequality

Global inequality is marked by the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities and power, leading to significant differences in living standards. This issue is not only global but also deeply rooted within nations where social stratification creates rigid hierarchies based on power, status and wealth. For instance, the bottom 50% of the global population controls just 2% of the world’s wealth, while the top 10% commands 76%. Although global inequality between countries has slightly decreased, internal disparities within nations have widened, revealing an alarming trend of growing inequality even as some global measures improve.

Psychological Dimensions of Inequality

  1. Perceptions and Their Impact: How people perceive inequality is crucial in understanding behavior and societal cohesion. Perceptions, shaped by relative or absolute measures, influence how individuals view their place in society and their potential for upward mobility. Misjudgments in these perceptions can obscure or exaggerate the true extent of inequality, affecting personal choices and reinforcing societal dynamics that perpetuate the status quo.
  2. Mental Health Consequences: tyle=”font-weight: 400;”>>The psychological toll of inequality is profound, particularly when it comes to mental health. Dr. Greig Inglis from the University of the West of Scotland, who has extensively researched poverty stigma and its mental health effects, explains, “The most commonly discussed form of poverty stigma is discrimination, where people living in poverty are treated unfairly because of their financial situation. However, there are other forms of stigma, such as the anxiety about how others might treat them in the future due to their financial difficulties.” Inglis further notes that “the evidence is clear that poverty stigma is detrimental to mental health, often leading to low self-esteem, depression and other signs of mental ill-health.”

This stigma often traps individuals in a cycle where mental illness and poverty exacerbate each other, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Mental health struggles can lead to exclusion from economic opportunities, further deepening poverty. Moreover, poor mental health is closely linked to other health problems, reducing productivity and economic stability. Addressing mental health in these populations is essential for breaking the cycle of poverty and inequality.

Mechanisms Perpetuating Poverty

  1. The Role of Perception and Self-Interest: People’s perceptions of inequality are shaped by their environment and personal interests, with social and media cues playing a significant role. These perceptions can lead to biased views that reinforce existing inequalities, as individuals support policies that align with their interests, often benefiting the wealthy at the expense of the poor.
  2. Income Disparities and Social Stratification: Income inequality is a major driver of poverty, creating entrenched cycles that are difficult to break. Social stratification further solidifies these disparities, limiting social mobility and trapping those born into poverty. Overcoming these barriers requires systemic change that addresses the root causes of inequality rather than just its symptoms.

Global Efforts to Tackle Inequality

The Business Commission to Tackle Inequality (BCTI) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have launched significant initiatives to address global inequality. BCTI’s 10-point action agenda focuses on embedding social performance and accountability into business practices. At the same time, the IMF has expanded its efforts to include fiscal redistribution, social spending and inclusive growth.

In response to COVID-19, the IMF doubled access to emergency financing, approving $116 billion for 85 countries, provided debt relief grants through the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust (CCRT) and collaborated on the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) for low-income countries. Additionally, the IMF allocated $650 billion in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) to bolster global economic stability during the crisis. These initiatives highlight the importance of addressing both the economic and psychological dimensions of inequality as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce global poverty.

Conclusion

Addressing mental health and emotional barriers that sustain inequality can create more just and equitable societies. While economic growth is necessary, it alone may be insufficient; changing perceptions and breaking down psychological barriers are vital for fostering sustainable development and global social equity.

– Sandeep Kaur

Sandeep is based in Manchester, UK and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pexels

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Organizations Fighting Inequality in the Philippines

fighting inequality in the Philippines Inequality is a key barrier to success for many residents of the Philippines. The International Fund of Agricultural Development (IFAD) cites a rural poverty rate of 36%. Furthermore, the World Bank cited the Philippines as sporting an income Gini coefficient of 42.3% in 2018, indicating some of the highest levels of inequality in East Asia. This article will address the efforts of NGOs like the Philippine Task Force for Indigenous Peoples, and Fundlife International, exploring the ways these organizations are fighting inequality in the Philippines.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), in addition to surveying the Philippines and identifying developmental hurdles for the nation, has also accomplished a great deal of work of its own in the nation. UNIDO’s new Global Quality and Standards Programme (GQSP) which has been in effect since 2022 is an example of its continued efforts in the nation.

Since 2022 alone, UNIDO spent $428,785 to encourage systematic trade development and strengthen quality infrastructure in the Philippines and countries like Costa Rica and Moldova, with a further $2,366,419 budget for the program, which will last until 2027. Aside from UNIDO’s efforts, however, there are many NGOs with operations based within the Philippines itself, with programs of their own that are fighting inequality in the Philippines by providing for the nation’s Indigenous community

Philippine Task Force for Indigenous Peoples

The Philippine Task Force for Indigenous Peoples (PTFIP) is an NGO primarily basing its operations in the Philippines, with support from Germany’s Protestant Development Service. Formed to advocate for the needs of the Philippine Indigenous Peoples, while spreading awareness and educating others on the knowledge and practices of these peoples, the PTFIP uses many methods to accomplish this goal.

The PTFIP’s work towards preserving the history of indigenous peoples has been recognized, with the organization earning the Heritage Education and Interpretation award of the Philippine Heritage Awards. Covering the stories of indigenous peoples is critical for combating inequality, spreading awareness of the struggles and advocating for the needs of the Philippines’ indigenous population allows not only the general population to know how they can pitch in and help but also political figures and company leaders so that they are aware of the goings on in these communities.

FundLife International

FundLife International is another NGO fighting inequality in the Philippines, founded on a simple mission statement – “no child should be denied ​quality education and equitable opportunities to reach their fullest potential.” Through many different approaches towards tackling this goal, it has shown utmost dedication towards fulfilling its mission statement, taking on the challenge of combating inequality in different sectors, including efforts focused on Education, Infrastructure, and Gender Equality.  In addition to these efforts, it also provides relief aid during natural disasters and organizes charity events within The Philippines to raise awareness and funding towards these causes.

Another key way it accomplishes its goal is through its empowerment initiative. In The Philippines, four in 10 of the nation’s youth work in the informal sector. Informal employment often entails unregulated work, and that pays below minimum wage. This type of work can be entrapping for those living in poverty, often lacking opportunities for career progression.  Since 2014, Fundlife has directly helped over 80,000 people in the Philippines, providing them with opportunities to escape inequality and empowering them to find long-term careers.

Closing Thoughts

Although many organizations are working to combat inequality in The Philippines domestically, tackling the nation’s inequality is no small task. The efforts of the NGOs mentioned in this article cannot be understated, but progressing towards eradicating inequality in the Philippines is no small task. Though the work of FundLife, UNIDO, and PTFIP has already impacted the lives of thousands across the Philippines, there are still many within the nation that still require support. Though progress will be gradual, the impact of the efforts of these and many more NGOs is invaluable.

– Malik Vega

Malik is based in Miami, FL, USA and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Poverty in France’s Banlieues: Organizations Bridging the Divide

Poverty in France's Banlieues: Organizations Bridging the DivideThe word ‘banlieue’ is unique to French society in meaning. Stripped of culturally-formed connotations, it translates into ‘suburb’ in English. However, it has also come to refer to specific urban communities associated with pervasive poverty, soaring crime rates and smoldering social tensions. These neighborhoods lie on the fringes of large cities and, subject to extreme stigma, are peripheral in every way possible. 

An Issue Decades in the Making

A complex lattice of past events lies behind the present reality of France’s banlieues. In the 1950s, the French government funded the construction of Habitations à Loyer Modéré (HLM) or low-cost housing, on the outskirts of cities. These apartment complexes housed mostly working-class families and were considered a rung on the ladder to home ownership. Over the following decades, numerous waves of immigrants, primarily from ex-colonies like Algeria and Tunisia, settled on French shores. Discrimination forced many into ‘bidonvilles’ (meaning shantytowns). However, in the 1970s, the government took action to dissolve these informal settlements. By then, the initial occupants were moving out of HLM and it is there that many immigrants were re-housed. 

Over time, these neighborhoods ceased to be ports in the passage to progress and became vacuums for France’s most impoverished populations. The banlieues were born. 

A Social Chasm

Currently, poverty in France’s banlieues is rampant. These communities suffer from a significant lack of public investment and stark shortfalls in services, leading to unemployment rates three times higher than the national average. Furthermore, the intense stigma associated with living in a banlieue often hinders residents’ ability to participate in mainstream society, particularly in securing employment.

Banlieues also host a large minority and immigrant population (their inhabitants are twice more likely to be immigrants than the average) and have become incredibly politicized, situated at the focal point of French political discourses surrounding immigration and integration.

Over the years, feelings of state neglect and discrimination amongst the banlieues’ youth have repeatedly exploded into riots, catalyzed by police violence. In 2005, when riots raged across the country for several weeks, France declared a state of emergency. More recently, in 2023, the deadly shooting of 17-year-old Nahal M. by a police officer in Nanterre sparked renewed unrest and led the United Nations Human Rights Office to urge that France “seriously address the deep issues of racism and discrimination in law enforcement.”

Espérance Banlieues: Looking to the Future

Espérance Banlieues is a nongovernmental organization (NGO) addressing the inequalities in France’s education system that mark the beginning of long-term social tensions and lead to high rates of unemployment among underprivileged young people. Since 2012, the charity has opened 17 schools delivering high-quality teaching to children from underserved neighborhoods across France.

The organization views school as a place where children develop their first societal ties and treats education as a way of easing the crisis in the banlieues. It fosters integration by entrusting students with responsibilities in the school’s daily running, building within every child a sense of being a valuable part of their community’s fabric. It also strives to ensure no sense of exclusion from the French identity by providing access to cultural experiences that build the student’s relationship with the country’s culture and reinforce their status as its inheritors. Recent activities include a music discovery event at the Hôtel des Invalides museum in Paris and participation in a rugby tournament at the renowned Stade Français club. 

With the guiding conviction that “chaque enfant est une promesse” (“every child is a promise”), Espérance Banlieues employs an approach that prizes individuality and autonomy, which has led to impressive results. In 2020, 94% of students finishing the first grade demonstrated a satisfactory reading level, compared to a 66.7% average for schools in the Réseau d’Education Prioritaire, which the government considers to serve an underprivileged student body.

Banlieues Santé: Healing a Wounded Society

Banlieues Santé is an NGO increasing access to health care and improving living conditions in the most underserved neighborhoods of Paris and Marseille. Since its inauguration in 2018, it has gathered 1,200 volunteers and serves 60,000 people annually. It partners with both on-the-ground organizations and large private corporations to operate its programs.

Through its ‘Bien-Aînés’ program, elderly residents can access support in navigating medical services and become more proactive and informed regarding their health. The program also involves events designed to engage elderly people and focuses especially on retired immigrant workers. Furthermore, the organization distributes hygiene kits throughout impoverished communities. In 2022, an incredible 80,000 people benefited from the initiative, and 1,500 volunteers and 185 organizations were mobilized. 

The empowerment of women from these communities is another of Banlieues Santé’s major focuses. The ‘Papillon’ program develops women’s soft skills and coaches them throughout the professional insertion process. Participants can also access training in specific sectors through the organization’s partner companies. Additionally, Banlieues Santé invests in women as agents of development by training them as ‘health ambassadors’. The participants work toward becoming community educators, learning about various contributors to health. In 2022, 26 women graduated from the program.

Closing the Gap

In nurturing its students’ self-confidence and sense of identity, Espérance Banlieues aims to promote a spirit of inclusion. Banlieues Santé’s commitment to the dignity of those experiencing poverty in France’s banlieues and efforts to equalize opportunity demonstrate the same dedication to human potential. The present situation of poverty in France’s banlieues is the manifestation of a complex historical context. What is certain, however, is that there are people working determinedly to erode the cycle of poverty and violence that has long kept these neighborhoods stagnated and to usher in a more prosperous and peaceful future. 

– Leila Powles

Leila is based in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Cycles of Poverty in the Philippines

Poverty in the PhilippinesIncome inequality is a huge contributor to the persisting cycles of poverty within the Philippines. In 2022, the country’s top 1% of earners reported 17% of all national income, while only 14% was shared between the bottom 50%. Outreach International argues that income inequality continues to exacerbate issues of poverty because many of the national efforts to reduce poverty have been focused in the most densely populated areas of the country, where the most opportunities already exist. Hence, Outreach International focuses its support initiatives on providing those in rural areas with long-term and sustainable solutions that help break the cycle of poverty.

The Cycle of Family Poverty in the Philippines

Income inequality in the Philippines stems from several different structural factors. These include the fact that access to higher education and job skills remains an impossible task for many, the societal norms that leave women and other minorities at a disadvantage socially and addition, the complex geography of the nation, which means that opportunities and natural resources are disproportionately located.

The cycle of poverty prevails when these structural disadvantages mean that households permanently lack the resources to cover their most basic needs. When individuals are forced to spend their whole lives struggling to meet these basic needs, it means that they lack the time and resources to address the core of the issues that keep them rooted in poverty. This cycle of poverty can last a lifetime. It can even be passed from one generation to the next – family poverty.

These cycles of poverty, extreme and chronic, are passed from one generation to the next when children are born into situations where they are unlikely to have the ability to pursue changes that would make life easier for them and even their potential children. Children who are born into poverty are less likely to enroll in school and maintain age-appropriate grade levels because their time is taken up by the need to help the family meet their daily and most basic needs. Limiting a child’s access to education also limits their access to opportunities in the future, their subsequent earning potential and even the prospective development of their community.

However, Outreach International recognizes that family poverty is caused and maintained by more than just a lack of access to education and other kinds of infrastructure. It acknowledges the role of the above structural and societal inequalities and predatory loan practices.

Community-Led Development

Community-led development (CLD) aims to help communities get to the root of social issues affecting them and hindering their economic growth and development. CLD projects result in the final product and help the involved communities develop skills, knowledge and confidence in many aspects of life and business.

When the involved group learns how to “identify, prioritize and mobilize to reach a goal, they don’t just reach that one goal,” they develop skills to reach every goal after that. Their development becomes continuous and sustainable. Unlike short-term monetary solutions, this continues to benefit the communities involved as these skills can be passed onto future generations.

Outreach International’s Rice Loans

An example of Outreach International’s focus on CLD programs is its rice loans. Local community leaders work directly with suppliers to obtain rice at a wholesale price. They negotiate a fair price and organize a delivery location that is accessible to all participating households. The rice is then portioned and delivered to families who cannot afford it at market price.

All households are members of their respective Community-Based Organizations. Over time, each recipient repays the cost of their food loan into a community-managed fund. This fund generates interest and will cover the cost of further rice acquisition. This means vulnerable households can avoid using loan sharks that will take advantage of them. It also means the community can develop the funds and skills to tackle rice shortages on a long-term scale.

By providing communities with the skills and confidence to overcome structural issues over time, Outreach International’s focus on CLD schemes results in long-term economic and social development that helps lift the most vulnerable in the Philippines out of the cycle of poverty.

– Kristina Grant

Kristina is based in Scotland and focuses on Technology and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pexels

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Guatemala’s Economic Growth and Equality

Guatemala’s Economic GrowthIn the past three decades, Guatemala has experienced a steady economic growth trajectory, yet this progress has not translated into significant reductions in poverty or inequality. Since the signing of the 1996 peace accords, which ended a 36-year civil war, the Guatemalan economy has grown at an average annual rate of 3.5%. This period of economic expansion saw the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates of 4.1% in 2022 and 3.6% in 2023​.

However, these figures mask a deeper issue: the benefits of this growth have not been evenly distributed across the population. Urban areas, particularly Guatemala City, have seen substantial investment and development, while rural and indigenous communities continue to lag. This disparity highlights the challenge of achieving inclusive growth that benefits all segments of society.

Key Drivers of Economic Growth

Guatemala’s economy is largely driven by the private sector, which contributes approximately 85% of the country’s GDP. The services sector is the largest, accounting for 68% of GDP. This includes a wide range of activities such as banking, tourism, retail and telecommunications. The manufacturing sector, contributing 14%, is also a vital component, with industries such as food processing, textiles and pharmaceuticals playing significant roles​​.

Agriculture, though comprising only 10% of GDP, remains a critical sector, employing a substantial portion of the population and producing key exports like coffee, sugar and bananas. Additionally, remittances from Guatemalans living abroad, particularly in the United States (U.S.), are a crucial economic lifeline, contributing significantly to household incomes and foreign exchange reserves​.

Persistent Poverty and Inequality

Despite Guatemala’s economic growth and stability, poverty and inequality remain pervasive issues. As of 2023, approximately 55.1% of Guatemala’s population lives in poverty, with indigenous and rural communities bearing the brunt of this economic hardship​​. These communities often have limited access to education, health care and employment opportunities, perpetuating a cycle of poverty.

The informal sector is a substantial part of the economy, accounting for 49% of GDP and employing 71.1% of the workforce​. This sector is characterized by low wages, job insecurity and lack of social protections, which further exacerbate economic disparities. The country faces significant human capital challenges, with high rates of child malnutrition and limited access to basic services such as clean water, sanitation and electricity​.

Efforts and Challenges

Various initiatives have been undertaken to address these socioeconomic challenges. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has been active in Guatemala, implementing programs aimed at improving financial management, fostering innovation and supporting entrepreneurship. These programs are designed to create a more conducive environment for business growth and to empower local entrepreneurs.

However, the effectiveness of these initiatives is often undermined by systemic issues such as corruption and governance weaknesses. Corruption remains a significant problem, affecting public trust and the efficient allocation of resources.

Potential for Future Growth

Guatemala has considerable potential for future growth, thanks to its rich natural resources, cultural heritage and strategic geographical location. The country is rich in minerals such as gold, silver and nickel, which present opportunities for the mining sector. Its cultural heritage and natural beauty make it an attractive destination for tourism, which can be a significant source for Guatemala’s economic growth. 

– Sofia Reynoso

Sofia is based in Tampa, FL, USA and focuses on Business and New Markets for The Borgen Project

Photo: Pexels

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Balancing Prosperity and Income Inequality in Luxembourg

Income Inequality in LuxembourgEconomically, Luxembourg is rated one of the most affluent and prosperous countries in Europe. Acclaimed for high standards of living, a strong economy and a strategic geographical position to become a doorway for international business, the Grand Duchy has made its own identity in the international arena. Nevertheless, one of the greatest challenges of the country comes in the form of income inequality and societal differences.

Economic Prosperity

Luxembourg has a very high economic potential, with a strong financial services industry, high-quality steel and a strategic position in geography. Its financial sector acts as the backbone of its economy. It attracts world corporations, investment funds and financial institutions who are looking for stability and fine regulatory frameworks.

Financial services are one industry that heavily contributes to Luxembourg’s gross domestic product (GDP). Luxembourg for Finance reports that “the financial sector accounts for approximately 26% of the GDP of the country, making it one of the greatest contributors to the economy.”

Although not quite as prosperous as in its heyday, Luxembourg’s steel industry remains another important sector of the country’s economy. Its location in the center of Europe makes it easy to trade and carry out commerce, making it a good place for international businesses to have their headquarters or regional offices.

Income Inequality in Luxembourg

Despite its prospering economy, Luxembourg is faced with sharp income inequality, a challenge pervading many aspects of society. According to a report by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Watch Europe, the top 20% of earners in Luxembourg take home about five times what the bottom 20% earn.

Differences between the well-off and the underprivileged are reflected in the accessibility of basic services: education, health and housing. While the country is generally characterized by a high living standard, spots of poverty and social exclusion do remain, particularly among certain groups.

Government Response

The government of Luxembourg has implemented social welfare policies that try to alleviate poverty and enhance social mobility. At the very core of these lies a comprehensive social safety net. They include salient welfare programs in the form of unemployment allowances, housing subsidies and even health support schemes. These range from better education and training opportunities to job prospects that economically empower marginalized communities.

Conclusion

Of course, Luxembourg’s impressive economic success is praiseworthy. The government continues with new social welfare policies and programs intended to level the playing field in society.  They aim to foster mobility and bring the nation closer to achieving its vision of an equitable society.

– Honorine Lanka Perera

Honorine is based in Highland, NY, USA and focuses on Business and Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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Career Building Initiatives for Working Women in Kazakhstan

Working Women in KazakhstanKazakhstan has taken several steps to encourage and protect employed women, including implementing legal safeguards and diversifying political representation. Despite these efforts, there are still disparities between women and men in the workforce. On average, women are 10% less likely to participate in the paid workforce. Similarly, according to the World Bank, women are less likely to be business owners, with 71% of businesses run by men as opposed to 29% run by women. In addition, almost a quarter of working women in Kazakhstan are vulnerably employed, meaning that there are little to no protections in place to guard against economic shocks.

The most notable disparity for working women in Kazakhstan is their participation in domestic labor. A study by the World Bank notes that “women in Kazakhstan spent 19% of their day and men spent 6.3% of their day on unpaid work.” This means that working women in Kazakhstan spend approximately three times more energy and time on domestic tasks in addition to their paid jobs than their male counterparts.

Combating Gender Stereotypes in Kazakhstan

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) notes that gender stereotyping persists among Kazakh citizens. For instance, men are more likely to seek higher education, especially technical and vocational education, as women remain associated with the domestic sphere. Cultural norms in Kazakhstan are generally positive toward gender equality, however, women are less likely to be seen as political and business leaders. Instead, there is a widespread expectation of women to assume roles associated with family. 

The Kazakhstan Country Gender Assessment urges Kazakhstan to implement strategies to diversify the workforce and make jobs more accessible to women. It highlights gender equality in diverse sectors as an important theme to be mainstreamed into initiatives to build regional knowledge platforms. Furthermore, it encourages the country to implement initiatives such as raising awareness on gender equality, career or leadership advising services for female students and empowering female perspectives, especially on a government level. 

Operation Mercy’s Comprehensive Approach

Several initiatives aim to create opportunities for working women in Kazakhstan. A notable program that promotes female empowerment is Operation Mercy, founded in 1991. It advocates the Self Help Approach, which encourages women to cultivate self-worth on an individual and community level. In addition, it specifically focuses on impoverished communities and relationship building on an interpersonal, community and faith-based level, providing education services through academic establishments. The operation’s ongoing programs cover taboo topics, such as STDs, unwanted pregnancy and trafficking, all of which disproportionately affect young women. By providing this information, Operation Mercy motivates young Kazakh women to prioritize their well-being, enabling them to focus on their careers and futures. Each year, the organization serves more than 2,000 students.

Skill-Building for Women in STEM

In Astana, a skill-building marathon organized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) specifically targeted women in STEM, hosting 37 women with science education backgrounds. The Skillathon aimed at demonstrating to participants how to develop soft skills for career advancement and promote research. The seminars began by raising awareness around the importance of dismantling prejudice and stereotypes in the STEM field and empowering women to showcase their knowledge and skills, leading by example for future generations. In addition, the initiative led sessions to sharpen technical skills, like communication, commercialization of scientific projects and systems thinking.

Gender Equity in Renewable Energy

Efforts by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to promote gender equity in Kazakhstan’s renewable energy sector addresses the low participation rate of women, which stands at a mere quarter of the workforce. Recognizing the historical gender imbalance, USAID has initiated training events, site visits and networking opportunities aimed at breaking down barriers for women in this field. Furthermore, USAID’s introduction of internship opportunities in 2019 is a strategic move to create more inclusive employment prospects within the energy sector.

Looking Forward

As Kazakhstan continues to address gender disparities in the workforce, initiatives like Operation Mercy, the UNDP Skillathon, and USAID’s focus on renewable energy offer promising pathways toward greater equality and empowerment for women. These efforts, aimed at breaking down barriers and promoting female participation across diverse sectors, lay the groundwork for a more inclusive and equitable future.

– Anna Williams

Anna is based in Burlington, VT, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Updates on SDG 1 in Chile

Updates on SDG 1 in Chile
The U.N.’s first and most important Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for all nations is to “End poverty in all its forms everywhere.” Chile has experienced an economic miracle since the fall of Pinochet, and here is an explanation of how this economic transformation has translated into modern development.

Poverty

The U.N.’s SDG 1 measures poverty rates across the globe, the number of people who live on less than $1.90 a day and the amount those who live on less than $3.20 a day. Chile’s transition from the Pinochet kleptocracy to a market-based economy in 1990 helped develop the Chilean economy through foreign investment and internal economic development, which increased the quality of life and living standards across Chile.

Although the World Bank estimates that in 1990 38.6% of Chile’s population lived below the poverty line, as of 2022, the U.N. estimates that 0.03% of Chileans live on less than $1.90 a day and just 0.18% live on less than $3.20 a day. These scores show that the updates on SDG 1 in Chile are that significant progress has occurred. Market orientation to has effectively eradicated poverty in Chile, but that does not tell the whole story about the updates on SDG 1 in Chile.

The second aspect of the U.N.’s SDG 1 in Chile is measuring relative poverty, the share of a population whose income is less than half of the median disposable income in that country. Chile scored particularly badly in this metric at 16.5% in 2017. The U.N.’s long-term goal is for all countries to score around 6%, and Chile is wide of this margin.

Inequality

Chile has had long-run problems with inequality stretching back to the Pinochet era and the beginnings of marketization. The focus on Chile’s growth was firmly based on poverty eradication and little investment went towards structures that allow a thriving middle class to develop. The Chilean governments of the 2000s and 2010s did not sufficiently invest in educational infrastructure and a true welfare state, resulting in what has become known as “Santiago style-inequality,” where a lower class lives above the poverty line with little prospect of any further development.

Education in Chile is almost fully privatized, resulting in a system designed only to help high achievers and leave behind those who often need good education the most to improve their economic situation. This includes high school education, a sector traditionally run by the state in developing nations to ensure a decent outcome for all students. According to The Guardian, the cost of education in Chile is astronomical, with the average university degree costing 41% of an average yearly income which further prevents social mobility, keeps those above the poverty line in that class and creates “Santiago style-inequality.”

Major Reforms

Chile’s president from 2014-2018, Michelle Bachelet, made major reforms to education, improving the quality of and access to primary and secondary education. Still, Bachelet’s main reform was to make higher education free for those with the lowest incomes. The bill protected a certain amount of the budget to pay for the higher education of some of the poorest Chileans, which at the time made higher education free for 60% of the country. The bill also set up a national body to set tuition fees for all students apart from the 10% richest Chileans. Private universities can only charge whatever fees they choose for the richest 10% of students rather than all students.

People are seeing the benefits of Bachelet’s reform in the updates on SDG 1 in Chile today. Social mobility has increased by breaking down these educational barriers and making education available to all Chileans, reducing poverty and inequality. Poorer Chileans are going to university in larger numbers than ever. However, there is still much of done on future educational reform to help reduce inequality in the long term.

Overall, the updates on SDG 1 in Chile are that Chile is on track to achieve the poverty eradication aspect but is failing in inequality reduction. Still, hope exists for the future if Chile can put the right educational reforms in place.

– John Cordner
Photo: Flickr

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Gender Inequality: A Pop-Up Restaurant in Afghanistan

Gender Inequality: A Pop-Up Restaurant in AfghanistanBanowan-e-Afghan is a pop-up restaurant in Afghanistan that opened in 2023.  A couple of women comfortably lounge across the wooden tables; some reading books, listening to music, or, conversing with others. Suddenly, a tantalizing aroma disseminates across the atmosphere. A cordial woman wearing a hijab and white apron walks over and places a symphony of flavors in front of the seated women. These women enjoy the delight while finally finding a special community of safety, security and opportunity.

Amidst a bustling street in Northwestern Kabul, a small intimate sanctuary is present. From mantoos (lamb-filled dumplings) to bolani (vegetable-stuffed flatbread) this welcoming Afghani abode serves a wide range of traditional and Western foods. However, this restaurant is not your ordinary dine-in. Instead, it is the result of the first step taken by a courageous woman toward a greater national vision.

Gender Inequality in Afghanistan

Gender inequality has been a persistent and perennial issue in Afghanistan. In 2021, despite prior positive efforts against this concern, all progress was nullified due to the Taliban’s inception. The Taliban has issued 80 edicts, including 54 contradicting women’s rights and freedom. Additionally, women were banned from visiting parks, gyms, public bathing houses and constrained girls’ education beyond the sixth grade.

To prevent further Taliban abuse, these Afghani women were forced into surveillance, assault, arbitrary detention, torture and exile. As a result of these restrictions and more, it has been a norm for women to not leave their homes. Women harassment is ubiquitous and even a simple errand or stroll down the street can put a woman in danger. On top of that, in rural Afghanistan, society forbids women from stepping out of the house without a mahram (a male relative by blood).

Societal restrictions also limit women’s job opportunities, prohibiting them from working in NGOs or government jobs. The women’s only chance of employment is in the private sector, but many women are hesitant to do this because of the risk it puts them in. Nonetheless, Samira Muhammadi believes in utilizing this opportunity to provide hope for a more women-friendly future.

By Women, For Women

Muhammadi, the owner of this unique pop-up restaurant in Afghanistan, launched it with a mission to provide women with a safer, more trustworthy and serene haven. In a typical Afghani restaurant, there is a separate family section for only women accompanied by male relatives. Despite this, male threats still endanger women.

Therefore, this rare pop-up restaurant addresses this widespread caveat. For starters, the restaurant is exclusively by women, for women. In other words, all the employees and customers are only women. This allows both the employees and the customers to feel more secure and surrounded by people going through similar circumstances. Instead, these women reclaim their true authentic selves, freely choose their attire and recultivate their public life which has been unethically stripped from them. With this substantial solution, powerful relationships are developed over mouth-watering meals in an elevated state of joy and laughter.

Empowerment Through Employment

In addition, this pop-up restaurant directly supports women facing poverty in Afghanistan. It provides unprivileged women with job and work opportunities in a field that adheres to their talents. The workforce of this restaurant consists solely of women taking refuge at a local women’s shelter, the Afghan Women Skills Development Center (AWSDC). Furthermore, many women living on the streets and in substandard living conditions have approached Muhammadi to work at her restaurant. Most of these women tend to be widows or the sole breadwinner in their families, making them desperate for money as they are the primary source of income. Ultimately, this restaurant provides impoverished women a ticket out of financial deprivation and can provide food and shelter for their families.

Today, the restaurant has hired more than 17 employees including 10 chefs and 7 waitresses. Most of the employees are around the age of 20, the youngest being 13 and the oldest being 40 years. However, all of these employees have gone through rough hardships and dreadful turmoil such as family violence, domestic abuse, parental drug addiction and more. Working at this restaurant allows them a second chance to positively invigorate their lives.

Future Plans

As this pop-up restaurant flourishes and evolves, Muhammadi plans to provide more job opportunities to unfortunate women, as well as more adequate salaries. She also wants to expand the size of the restaurant, to host mini-exhibitions for women to display handicrafts like clothes or jewelry for customers to purchase.

Inspired by her own experience and odyssey, Muhumadi wants to continue to enhance women’s lives in Afghanistan. “I thought these vulnerable women should have a source of income,“ Muhammadi says.

– Sai Sidharth Kanyaboena
Photo: Unsplash