Archive for category: Africa

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Women’s Rights in Rwanda

Women's Rights in RwandaRwanda, a small country in East Africa, has emerged as a beacon of hope in the realm of women’s rights. Following the devastating genocide in 1994, Rwanda has made significant strides in empowering women and fostering gender equality. However, challenges remain that need to be addressed.

The Gender Parity

In a landmark move, Rwanda implemented the Gender Parity Law, which mandates that women occupy at least 30% of decision-making positions in government and other institutions. As a result, Rwanda has one of the highest representations of women in parliament globally, with women holding 63.7% of seats in the Chamber of Deputies. This progressive legislation not only promotes gender equality but also enables women to contribute meaningfully to national development and policy-making.

Access to Education

Education plays a pivotal role in empowering women and Rwanda has made substantial progress in this area. The government has prioritized girls’ education through various programs, such as the Girl’s Education Program, which aims to ensure that girls complete their secondary education. As a result, the literacy rate for young women in Rwanda has increased dramatically, reaching 77% in 2022, from 69% in 2018. However, while these initiatives are commendable, ongoing efforts are needed to eliminate barriers that prevent girls from accessing education, particularly in rural areas.

Addressing Gender-Based Violence

Despite the progress made, gender-based violence (GBV) remains a significant challenge in Rwanda. The government has recognized this issue and is actively working to combat it through the National Gender-Based Violence Policy, which aims to prevent violence and provide support to survivors. Community-based programs have also been established to raise awareness about GBV and promote respectful relationships. In 2023, the Rwanda National Police reported a decrease in GBV cases, attributed to heightened awareness and increased reporting mechanisms.

The Role of NGOs

NGOs play a vital role in advocating for women’s rights and supporting government initiatives. Organizations like Women for Women International provide training and support to marginalized women, helping them to reintegrate into society and gain financial independence. The organization has reached more than 10,000 women in Rwanda, equipping them with skills and resources to overcome poverty and violence.

The Path Forward

While Rwanda has made remarkable progress in advancing women’s rights, continuous effort is required to sustain and build on these gains. Ensuring that women are not only represented in decision-making processes but are also active participants in their communities is crucial. The government’s commitment to gender equality, coupled with the support of NGOs, will play a pivotal role in creating an environment where women can thrive.

Ultimately, the advancements in women’s rights in Rwanda are commendable, showcasing a commitment to gender equality and empowerment. While challenges persist, the foundation has been laid for a brighter future for women in Rwanda. It is both reassuring and encouraging to see a nation recognizing the importance of women’s rights as fundamental to national development and progress.

– Jonny Wilkinson

Jonny is based in Paris, France and focuses on Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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EU and WHO Helping the Cholera Outbreak in Ethiopia

Cholera Outbreak in EthiopiaEthiopia has been suffering from one of the largest cholera outbreaks in recorded history, starting in August 2022. With very limited access to the Oral Cholera Vaccine, and other factors such as very little access to clean water and sanitation, many of the Ethiopian population remain at high risk of contracting cholera. In March 2024, Ethiopia reported a total of 37,497 cholera cases and 524 deaths, while calling for increased funding in June 2023 to improve the response to the current outbreaks and to better prepare the country for any future outbreaks.

Factors Contributing to Outbreak

Although Ethiopia remains “one of the fastest growing economies” in Africa, the per capita GNI stands at only $1,020, making it one of the poorest countries in this region, leading to access to health care, especially hospitals and physicians, being insufficient to those living in rural areas

A 2022 study identified that several factors immediately made Ethiopian citizens more susceptible to cholera, including cholera cases being higher for patients in the age group of 15-44, having another patient within the family and their dehydration status. Considering that 58% of the population in Ethiopia is between 15 and 64 years old, many people are at high risk of contracting cholera due to their age alone.

EU Response to Cholera Outbreak in Ethiopia

In November 2023, the EU first allocated €1 million to help fund humanitarian responses to the cholera outbreak in Ethiopia. This funding went to a series of designated causes, including supporting existing humanitarian organizations with their responses to the outbreak through the distribution of health care supplies, training of staff to help treat those with cholera and improving access to safe water and sanitation.

This funding came in the aftermath of floods that affected more than 1 million citizens and caused a further 470 cases of cholera in Ethiopia. However, in January 2024, 234 districts within Ethiopia could control the spread of cholera, with calls to aim responses towards improving sanitation to prevent open defecation and increasing access to clean water would provide a significant contribution to the prevention of cholera.

Cholera Treatment Centers

In February 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) helped with construction of 17 standard cholera treatment centres (CTCs) to help combat the cholera outbreak in Ethiopia. These centers are open and operating 24/7, to improve access to health care and the quality of treatment received, especially in more remote areas of Ethiopia where access to specialist cholera treatment is incredibly limited. The centers have handwashing facilities, baths and showers, all with access to clean water.

Each CTC has 718 beds, providing significant medical access to a larger proportion of the population. This scheme ensures efficient triage and treatment of cholera patients, which is crucial to save lives and help control the cholera outbreak in Ethiopia better.

In conclusion, EU and WHO solutions have been able to make a lasting difference. There will hopefully be further investment into health care facilities that could improve their quality and overall access to people. With the steady improvement of treatment across the country, the cholera outbreak in Ethiopia will likely become more controlled.

– Freyja Stone

Freyja is based in Manchester, UK and focuses on Global Health and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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5 NGOs in Malawi Successfully Addressing Poverty

NGOs in MalawiMalawi, a small country in southeastern Africa, faces one of the highest poverty rates in the world, with more than 70% of its population living below the poverty line. This figure highlights the urgent need for sustainable solutions to address the various challenges of poverty, including health, education, agriculture, and clean water access. Several NGOs in Malawi are actively working to alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life for the people.

MBF Lifesaver Clinics

The Medical Benevolence Foundation (MBF) focuses on maternal and child health through its Lifesaver Clinics in Malawi. It operates clinics through local churches and has a large community-based staff. One of its key locations opened in 1937, the Bembeke clinic serves more than 29,000 residents and delivers an average of 43 babies every month. By providing critical health care services, including prenatal care, vaccinations and health education, MBF aims to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates. The organization’s outreach efforts not only enhance access to medical services but also educate local families about health and nutrition, fostering a healthier future for impoverished mothers and their children.

Hope4Malawi

Education is a core pillar of sustainable development, and Hope4Malawi is one of the NGOs in Malawi that focuses on enhancing educational access for children in rural areas. It has made significant investments in building schools and creating essential educational resources, such as libraries and feeding programs. By supporting students from primary school through to university level, Hope4Malawi creates a cultural hub of learning and support. The organization also integrates e-learning opportunities, allowing students to access a broader range of educational materials.

Hope4Malawi intends to build and provide supplies for 12 classrooms and three libraries before 2029 through a partnership with the Ministry of Education. The organization provides sponsorships and additional support that allow students to attend secondary education who would otherwise not be able to. As a result, enrollment and retention rates have increased, creating a generation equipped with the skills and credentials needed for future success.

The Hunger Project

The Hunger Project is one of the NGOs in Malawi that has been active since 1999. The organization addresses poverty through sustainable agriculture and food security initiatives. Recognizing that food insecurity is a significant contributor to poverty, the organization provides training on modern farming techniques and crop diversification. Utilizing the Epicenter Strategy, this organization mobilizes community members against hunger and poverty until they have become self-reliant.

By promoting community gardens and cooperative farming practices, The Hunger Project empowers local farmers to improve their yield and nutrition. The organization has helped reduce malnutrition in Malawi and has provided economy-boosting initiatives to workers, such as beekeeping. The initiative not only enhances food security for families but also fosters economic empowerment, enabling communities to thrive sustainably.

WaterAid Malawi

Access to clean water is a fundamental human right, and WaterAid Malawi is at the forefront of efforts to improve water and sanitation across the country. Working in 14 towns and cities, WaterAid implements projects that provide clean water and educate communities about hygiene practices. This vital work significantly reduces the spread of waterborne diseases, improving overall health outcomes. This organization intends to provide clean water to the most impoverished communities by 2030 through a sustainable development program.

WaterAid works closely with the country’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector to provide innovative technology for new toilet and water collection systems. By ensuring access to clean water, WaterAid not only improves community health but also provides individuals with more time to devote to work or studies.

Concern Worldwide

Concern Worldwide has developed an approach to tackling poverty from multiple angles in Malawi. The organization provides food security initiatives, such as Food Systems for Food Security, prenatal care, and vaccination programs, alongside emergency response efforts during crises such as natural disasters. Concern has implemented agriculture programs that incorporate crop diversification, intercropping and other protective methods that prepare communities for unexpected weather fluctuations.

In a three-year program, Concern helped local farms raise annual harvest intake by 72%, improving the security and nutrition of community youth. By addressing immediate needs while also working on long-term solutions, Concern Worldwide helps build resilience within communities. Its lifestyle-focused approach ensures that families can survive as well as prepare for the future of the next generation.

Overall Impact

The work of these NGOs in Malawi illustrates the diverse and integrated approaches necessary to combat poverty in Malawi. By addressing health, education, agriculture, and water access, they demonstrate that sustainable development requires collaborative efforts that engage local communities. The ongoing commitment of these organizations plays a crucial role in improving the quality of life for vulnerable populations in Malawi.

– Lauren Sellman

Lauren is based in Rochester Hills, MI, USA and focuses on Good News and Global Health for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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The Enough Project: Easing Poverty in DRC

The Enough ProjectFor more than 30 years the people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have endured the perpetual reverberations resulting from ongoing economic and political conflict. The obstructive effects of conflict on the Congolese people continue to attract the attention of multiple organizations, including the Enough Project. Armies and rebels continue to use violence to control natural resources and have repressed independent voices to maintain financial and physical power. Indeed, 75% of the people live in poverty, compounded by “the second largest internally displaced people’s crisis in Africa.” is having devastating effects.

Natural Resources Creating Conflict

The DRC is rich in natural resources. Yet its wealth has not benefited local communities. Children as young as 11 work in mines or work as child soldiers without pay. Congolese families face cycles of violence and challenges that have led to insecurity and poverty.

The trade of the “conflict minerals” (3TG) cobalt, coltan and tantalum, continues to fuel the armed civil conflict in the DRC. Coltan, (67% of the world’s supply) is the source of tantalum. Cobalt (70% of the world’s supply) is essential to manufacture smartphones.  Combined, tantalum and cobalt are used to power batteries.

In addition, the DRC has one of the largest reserves of potential wealth, including 200 million acres of cultivable land. Combined, the DRC’s natural resources total more than $24 trillion worth of minerals.

The World Food Program (WFP) identifies key drivers or motivators of food insecurity and their complex relationship with conflict and economic shocks.

Conflict minerals are a natural resource that has motivated conflict and desperation in the DRC. While the WFP provides emergency food assistance to conflict-affected areas of Eastern DRC, the Enough Project advocates from a different position.

The Enough Project

Founded in 2007, the Enough Project, a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. has advocated civilian protection strategies and supported peace in Eastern Congo. In 2008, the Enough Project broadened its strategies. To upgrade the Enough Project’s effectiveness, it formed the Raise Hope for Congo campaign. The campaign aims to educate activists to help alleviate conflicts in Eastern Congo.

In 2016, the Enough Project adopted another campaign, Sentry, to address the increase of civil conflicts and an unyielding situation of food insecurity.  Sentry’s mission is to “produce hard-hitting investigative reports and dossiers on individuals and entities connected to grand corruption and violence.”

Addressing the DRC’s situation of malnutrition, illness, and poverty is a primary concern. Confronting the DRC’s volatile civil conflicts, the pressing situation of poverty and food insecurity can benefit the people of the DRC.  “The conflict, which has persisted in the east of the DRC for almost 30 years, and is the deadliest since the Second World War, is mainly economic,” explains Nobel Laureate Denis Mukwege. The conflict displaced more than 10 million people, with plenty of them being forcibly recruited into armed groups or killed.

Looking to the Future of the DRC

The children of the DRC are its future.  Nearly half of the population of the DRC is under the age of 15. Working in mines or serving as soldiers instead of attending school is not a well-grounded path for any child. Of the 30,000 fighters involved in the ongoing conflicts, one-third are children. The Congolese children are the most vulnerable population. They are witnesses and forced participants.

The threat of conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is immediate. The sale of conflict minerals can be faulted for the existing high levels of food insecurity. The primary concern of the Enough Project has been to liberate government officials and families of the DRC. These actions have enabled them to address the immediate concerns of “malnutrition, illness and poor education that are making the DRC one of the hardest places on earth to raise a family.”

– Pamela Fenton

Pamela is based in Wall Township, NJ, USA and focuses on Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Gender-Inclusive Pathways for Poverty Reduction in Nigeria

Gender-Inclusive PathwaysAccording to the World Bank, by the end of 2024, 40.7% of Nigerians are expected to live below the international poverty line of $2.15 per day. In October 2021, the Policy Innovation Center (PIC) was created to promote better policy-making in Nigeria. PIC is Africa’s first national initiative aimed at helping governments and organizations make better decisions through behavioral insights and evidence-based solutions. Each year, it hosts the Gender and Inclusion Summit to promote gender equality and inclusive governance in Africa.

PIC’s 2024 Summit

The 2024 summit (GS-24) took place on September 4 and 5 under the theme, “Reimagining Gender-Inclusive Pathways and Partnerships for Poverty Reduction.” The event focused on poverty reduction through gender-inclusive strategies, bringing together policymakers, stakeholders and organizations to influence national policy reforms and address issues like health, education and living standards.

The summit highlighted how gender equality is essential for economic growth, improved health and community well-being, emphasizing gender inclusion as a foundation for broader development goals. Its nine primary objectives, the Summit Tracks, provide a framework for gender-inclusive policies contributing to poverty reduction. They also align with the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development through its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for global peace and prosperity. Here are the four main summit tracks focused on poverty reduction in Nigeria.

Equitable Access to Health Care

According to the BMC Health Services Research, women in Nigeria have significant barriers to health care access. In 2021, 60% of providers believed women could not choose family planning methods without a male partner’s presence, while 23.2% thought unmarried clients should not use these services. With harmful practices occurring in 59.6% of deliveries, “Equitable Access to Health Care” is crucial.

The goal is to ensure gender-sensitive health care systems that improve community well-being. By focusing on this issue, PIC is working on inclusive policies that will enhance health care delivery and reduce health disparities – fighting “heath-related” poverty and aligning its work with SDG 3, “Good Health and Well-Being,” SDG 10, “Reduced Inequalities” and SDG 17, “Partnerships for the Goals.”

Educational Equity

Gender inequalities heavily affect the Nigerian population, with one in seven needy individuals – 19.1 million – living in households where a man has completed primary school, but no woman has. In 2022, more than 50% of girls were out of school at the elementary level, showcasing the importance of this second pillar’s emphasis on equal access to quality education. Indeed, the vision of education as a key driver of poverty reduction aligns with SDG 4, “Quality Education,” SDG 5, “Gender Equality,” and SDG 17, “Partnerships for the Goals.”

Advancing Gender Equity in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Nigeria is improving its Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) access, with 70% of people having drinking water, according to the Nigeria Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022. However, the amount and quality of water remain below the standard. Each person gets an average of nine liters daily when the recommended minimum is 12 to 16 liters.

Thus, to advance poverty reduction in Nigeria working on strategies to stop gender inequality in WASH services in needed. While women mainly handle household water, sanitation and hygiene in Nigeria, when these services are lacking, they often face extra burdens, including health risks, safety concerns and emotional stress and are without control over household decision-making. Work on this Summit track matches SDG 5, “Gender Equality,” SDG 6, “Clean Water and Sanitation” and SDG 17, “Partnerships for the Goals.”

Creating Secure Livelihoods and Decent Jobs for All

In 2022, 84.9% of women in Nigeria were in vulnerable employment and the labor force participation rate among females was 52.2% compared to 65.9% for men in 2023. Workers in vulnerable jobs lack formal contracts and social protection, making them more likely to fall into poverty. Furthermore, the labor force participation rate among females is 52.2% and among males is 65.9% for 2023.

The last point focuses on developing stable and secure employment opportunities while enhancing female economic empowerment. This point is linked with SDG 5, “Gender Equality,” SDG 8, “Decent Work and Economic Growth” and SDG 10, “Reduced Inequalities.”

Final Remark

The 2024 Gender and Inclusion Summit on “Reimagining Gender-Inclusive Pathways and Partnerships for Poverty Reduction” was centered on tackling gender inequality and poverty in Nigeria. By addressing health care, education, WASH access and secure jobs through its Summit Tracks, the event highlighted various ways to create a more inclusive society.

PIC’s efforts align with important Sustainable Development Goals and aim to drive policy changes that address the root causes of poverty. Indeed, as Nigeria faces considerable challenges with poverty and inequality, these gender-inclusive strategies are crucial for building a fairer and more prosperous future for all.

– Alissa Naydenova

Alissa is based in Colchester, Essex, UK and focuses on Good News and Politics for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Pexels

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The NDP and Poverty Reduction in the Congo

The NDP in the CongoThe Republic of the Congo (ROC) begins to see light at the end of a dark tunnel filled with poverty and famine. Situated in the central-western portion of sub-Saharan Africa alongside the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), ROC heavily relies on its exports of petroleum, timber and raw materials to sustain its economy.

Although it remains under tight strain due to ongoing riots and armed conflict in the DRC, the ROC is determined to continue its “march toward development” and enable the country to “join the circle of emerging developed countries,” according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Hence, shortly after the 2021 elections in the Congo, President Denis Sassou Nguesso introduced the National Development Plan (NDP) for 2022-2026.

The NDP in the Congo: An Overview

The NDP aims to alleviate poverty alongside other necessary economic measures to reduce the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. It is dedicated to improving the standard quality of life in the Congo. According to official records by the ROC in its NDP, economic activity contracted to a gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of around -6.2% due to the impacts of the pandemic and the later collapse of world oil prices, from which the country heavily depends economically. The poverty rate has also been estimated to have increased dramatically to 52.5% as of 2020.

The plan, developed by Nguesso and approved by the Congolese government, prioritizes diversifying exports and income sources. This focus aims to mitigate the impact of global economic shocks that have slowed the Congo’s GDP growth in recent years. However, with the NDP and its funding of around $14.7 billion, the plan aims to develop agriculture broadly to fight against the growing issue of poverty in the nation.

Through legislation such as the National Social Action Policy (NSAP) and the NDP, the Congolese government aims to create many decent jobs and provide a “noncontributory social protection base” for those in need. This approach is intended to enhance the economic prospects of impoverished rural and urban populations, reduce poverty and improve the overall quality of life in the Congo.

The ROC Today

Due to these initiatives being undertaken by the Congo Government, the World Bank notes that the GDP of the Republic is expected to grow at a rate of 3.5% in 2024 and hover at a consistent 3.4% on average in 2025-2026, signaling that the plan is having its intended effect on the Congo’s economy. The World Bank also notes that “although debt vulnerabilities remain elevated to this day, the debt-to-GDP ratio (a measurement of how much total federal debt is there as a percentage of the current GDP of the nation) is projected to decline slowly to 81% by 2026”, a massive step from the previous 96% in 2023.

The United States currently has a debt-to-GDP ratio of around 122%, highlighting how much progress has been made to improve the general quality of life in the Congo and calling for good times ahead for the Congolese and the Republic of the Congo.

– Aarush Kanduri

Aarush Kanduri is based in Iselin, NJ and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Maternal Support in Ghana

Maternal Support in GhanaResearch by Economic and Social Research Council-funded doctoral student Winfred Dotse-Gborgbortsi examined how travel time to vital health facilities and the quality of obstetric services affect women’s access to high-quality maternal health care in Ghana. His study, which used spatial analysis to integrate health facility databases with routine health data for more than 40,000 women in more than 150 facilities across 33 districts in Eastern Ghana, revealed disparities in the provision of skilled obstetric care.

In this region, 95% of the required hours for obstetricians and gynecologists were unmet, highlighting the significant gap between the care women need and what is available. Dotse-Gborgbortsi says: “My use of disaggregated data highlights the danger of national estimates, which can mask regional and district shortages of the most skilled health care staff.”

Since this research was conducted, it has contributed to addressing the geographic inequalities women face in accessing birth services and maternal support in Ghana. Despite expanding primary care facilities, the study suggests that improving the quality of health care services, rather than simply increasing the number of nearby facilities, is essential for increasing the uptake of skilled birth attendance and enhancing maternal health outcomes. Therefore, here are some organizations providing maternal support in Ghana.

Amref Health Africa

Amref Health Africa is enhancing maternal health by supporting women in giving birth safely and with dignity. The organization employs various strategies to improve maternal support and related issues in Ghana, including training and supporting midwives through in-person and online training to upskill their current roles. Additionally, Amref trains community health workers to provide local communities with advice and information on available support and how women can access it.

The organization also incorporates sexual and reproductive health into its maternal health programs, empowering women to make informed choices about family planning and contraception. Furthermore, Amref advocates at the highest levels for increased investments in maternal health care, including a significant rise in trained midwives and nurses available to support women throughout their pregnancies.

Eni Foundation

The Eni Foundation supported a Ghana health care project to improve primary medical services for mothers and children. The project focuses on enhancing staff’s medical and management skills, developing infrastructure and increasing community knowledge of hygiene, health issues and healthy living to serve mothers and children better.

The foundation’s aims are divided into four categories:

  1. Community Level: Expanding essential maternal and child health services in eight underserved areas, including large-scale vaccination programs and educational initiatives.
  2. Sub-District Level: Enhancing maternal and child medical services and emergency obstetric and neonatal care in 10 health centers.
  3. District Level: Improving key inpatient and outpatient maternal and child services at two district hospitals, particularly in emergency obstetric and neonatal care (including surgery).
  4. District and Regional Level: Strengthening health care management through improved data collection, planning, monitoring and assessment of health care programs, training medical staff and teaching at nursing colleges.

Maternal Rights

Maternal Rights is a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum outcomes for marginalized women. Through advocacy, education and access to resources, the organization aims to enhance maternal and infant health and reproductive and sexual health. Maternal Rights collaborates with local health facilities and communities in Ghana to enhance maternal health care in low-resource settings.

The organization offers volunteering opportunities for individuals to become agents of change and make a difference. It strives to amplify the suppressed voices of women and children in underprivileged communities and provide collaboration opportunities and partnerships to improve the quality of life for women and children.

Final Note

Pregnancy and childbirth pose significant risks to women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ghana, most women have their first child by age 22, making maternal support initiatives crucial for the health and well-being of the population. Organizations like Amref Health Africa and the Eni Foundation enhance health care services and train local health workers, while Maternal Rights amplifies the voices of marginalized women and provides access to vital resources. Together, these initiatives aim to ensure safer pregnancies and better maternal and child health outcomes in the country.

– Sadie Virgin

Sadie is based in Newport, South Wales, UK and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Understanding and Addressing Gendered Poverty in Mozambique

Gendered Poverty in MozambiqueIn the southeast African nation of Mozambique, around 63% of the population lived in poverty in 2020, surviving on less than $1.90/day. Gender inequality further exacerbates this phenomenon – Mozambique ranks 139th out of 159 countries on the UNDP Gender Inequality Index. Gendered poverty in Mozambique takes the form of women having fewer educational and employment opportunities and being confined to a traditional role as mothers. While the government has fought this issue, much more is necessary to bring gender equality and economic prosperity to Mozambicans.

The Current State of Gendered Poverty

Most Mozambican women are in employment, but they work primarily in the informal sector for meagre wages. For example, in agriculture, the nation’s largest industry, 52.9% of employees in rural areas are women.

Most women engage in agriculture to provide for their families, but they are still mostly in traditional roles while men pursue more private sector jobs and economic mobility. With COVID-19 disproportionately affecting young women by halting access to education, employment, and food, they have since become even more disposed to early marriage and living in poverty compared to Mozambican men.

The nation’s government has attempted to combat gendered poverty in Mozambique. For example, a 2019 law banned the marriage of girls under the age of 18 to promote female autonomy and engagement with the economy rather than becoming mothers at too young of an age.

Furthermore, the Family Law and Law Against Domestic Violence have protected women’s rights in marriage and the family, such as inheritance, divorce, and personal rights.

Internationally, the government of Mozambique has signaled its intentions to protect women’s individual and family rights by adopting The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women the Optional Protocol to the African Charter on Human Rights and Peoples‟ Rights and the Rights of Women.

Although this emphasis on gender equality has seen positive effects like near-equal levels of female representation in low-level government positions, government policies have not done nearly enough to bring about gender equality as a tool for overcoming poverty.

International Efforts

Instead, foreign assistance and international organizations have stepped up to reinforce gender equality efforts. For instance, the United States Agency for International Development has implemented several programs targeting impoverished women in Mozambique. Working with the Mozambican government, USAID has introduced female farmers to more nutritious crop varieties and seeds while sharing efficient agricultural strategies and technology to provide for a growing population, according to its website.

USAID has also enforced the President’s Emergency Plan for Aids Relief (PEPFAR) in Mozambique, reducing HIV rates in the country and providing safe testing and medical equipment to Mozambicans with HIV/AIDS, primarily women.

Additionally, USAID’s Vamos Ler! Program promotes higher rates of girls’ attendance in school through a curriculum that encourages role models of both genders, while also ensuring that students have the hygiene they need to remain enrolled in school, according to its website.

Another effort that recognizes the role of education in eradicating poverty is the World Bank-funded “Eu Sou Capaz” program, which gives both school uniforms and bicycles to young girls in school as an incentive for education and provides skills training to girls who have already completed schooling, according to World Bank.

The initiative has seen a narrowing in the educational gender gap and intends to expand its resources to cover more young Mozambicans in the coming years.

Looking Forward

These efforts toward gender equality are the first step in remedying gendered poverty in Mozambique. With decreased AIDS and maternal deaths and increased education and employment opportunities, Mozambican women will be able to step outside the home and become integral members of their developing nation’s economy. However, these programs cannot assert their full force without changing cultural views in Mozambique. Currently, society remains dominated by men in practice and in the minds of Mozambicans who perceive traditional family structures as the nation’s backbone.

A combined approach of national, international and cultural changes emphasizing a new role for women could help uplift Mozambique from extreme poverty.

– Cole Zickwolff

Cole is based in Carlsbad, CA, USA and focuses on Good News and Technology for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash

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The ABCs for Poverty Reduction in Ghana

Poverty Reduction in GhanaIn Ghana, 38% of the population is between 15 and 35 years old. Young people have the desire and capacity to contribute to national development, which, in turn, supports poverty reduction efforts in Ghana. To get young people involved, they must be given a seat at the table. The government has committed to creating more opportunities to enhance their involvement. Millennials and Gen Zs are skilled at using innovative and creative approaches to improve technologies and systems that benefit growing sectors, such as agriculture and entrepreneurship. 

Agriculture

Agriculture remains one of Ghana’s oldest and most vital professions, employing 33% of the population and encompassing crops, livestock and fisheries. The sector accounts for an impressive 54% of the country’s total gross domestic product (GDP). Currently, only 5% of agricultural jobs are held by youth. Hence, the government is implementing targeted policies and providing sustainable funding to boost youth participation.

The 8th annual Agricultural Innovation for Africa (AIA) Conference was held in Accra in August 2024. It aims to produce a policy paper on attracting and supporting youth in the agriculture sector. The conference focused on the future of agricultural innovation, youth employment and food security in Africa — all crucial factors in reducing poverty in Ghana.

Count on Crops Hub Limited is an African-led, youth-based organization dedicated to improving agricultural production and driving inclusive agrarian transformation in Ghana. In addition, it runs the Agric4Girls initiative, which addresses the urgent need for economic opportunities and contributions that women and girls can make to the agricultural sector.

Business

Post COVID-19, the Ghana government has created the COVID-19 Alleviation and Revitalisation of Enterprises Support (CARES) specifically to engage youth. CARES aims to:

  • Make the Ghana Stock Exchange a leading source of long-term financing for domestic business,
  • Facilitate foreign companies’ investment in the country,
  • Create the Development Bank Ghana (DBG) with more than $180 million loan from the European Investment Bank.
  • Fund the YouStart Initiative that will create over one million jobs for young people by giving them access to capital and mentorship to launch and grow their businesses.

The Enterprise and Youth Support Fund (EYSF) was started in conjunction with Ghana CARES in 2021. It offers an online investment platform and “youth bank” that will specifically target start-ups for young Ghanaians. They are encouraged to use innovation and fresh perspectives to create a sustainable economy that reinvests in its people.

One business that has flourished under these government initiatives is Gold Coast Tokota, a footwear brand founded by Kwaku Kumi. The Ghana-based company prides itself on using eco-friendly materials that minimize environmental impact. Supporting this brand promotes traditional craftsmanship, strengthens the local economy and advances sustainable fashion — all contributing to poverty reduction in Ghana.

Communicate Knowledge

Ghanaian President Akufo-Addo is urging all citizens who study abroad to return and share what they have learned with their communities. Access to correct information is integral in ending the cycle of poverty. Students and recent graduates can bring new knowledge and ideas back to the country. This knowledge can teach people across many sectors how to grow in their endeavors.

The Oxford and Cambridge Society of Ghana is a significant society for the Ghanaian people. Alums from the two universities work toward spreading and explaining how this knowledge contributes to the transformation of Ghana.

Summary

Ghana is modernizing its agricultural sector by applying the skills of young Ghanaians to create food security. Furthermore, the agriculture sector is providing employment opportunities in one of the country’s oldest professions. Supporting young entrepreneurs is another key focus. Investing in the youth today will help grow businesses that strengthen the economy and create jobs for the community. Additionally, making critical information accessible to all Ghanaians fosters growth across various sectors, ensuring that education and knowledge-sharing drive innovation and progress.

– Alysha Miller

Alysha is based in Toronto, Canada and focuses on Technology and Solutions for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Flickr

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Overview of Poverty in Mali

Poverty in MaliMali, a country of 22.9 million, faces some of the highest poverty rates in the world. The country’s extreme poverty rate, defined as making less than $2.15 per day, has only increased since COVID-19, hitting 19.1% in 2022. The most vulnerable populations have continued to lose purchasing power as prices climb higher and economic growth dwindles. Yet the economy itself has continued to grow, raising 3.5% in 2022. This article outlines quick facts about poverty in Mali.

Poverty in Mali: Political Context and Basic Needs

Mali has had five military coups since gaining its independence from France in 1960, the most recent being in 2021. The coup in 1991 was relatively successful, but the country has faced instability since the coup in 2012. There was another government breakdown in 2020 and a Head of State was named in 2021, but that was quickly overthrown by the original coup leaders. This has led to further government instability and a lack of access to public services, contributing to poverty in Mali.

In 2020, 2021, and 2022 only 45% of Malians had access to basic sanitation, 48% had access to electricity, and 40% had access to clean drinking water, respectively, according to the Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI). Access to these basic needs is unequal between regions, with access being the worst in the northern region and sparse rural areas.

Unemployment and Children’s Rights

Agriculture makes up 80% of Mali’s employment, yet 65% of the country’s land is a total desert or semi-desert area. This forces most agriculture to stay along the Niger River, making the sector much more vulnerable to natural disasters. The country also faces land degradation, a lack of fertilizer, and post-harvest losses from poor storage and processing capacity, according to the World Food Programme (WFP). All of this contributes to smallholder farmers having higher-than-average poverty rates.

“More than 2 million children between 5 and 17 do not go to school,” according to UNICEF,  despite national efforts to improve education over the last decade. More than half of Mali’s young people are still not literate. Children in Mali often have to drop out of school to work, enter child marriages or because of school closures. Besides dropout rates, Malian schools also struggle to find enough qualified teachers and textbooks for students. Only 73.8% of girls and 85.5% of boys are enrolled in primary school and only 15% of girls and 21% of boys continue to secondary school, UNICEF reports.

Every year of education can increase an individual’s income by up to 10%. Education provides people with the skills and knowledge they need to secure employment and become financially independent. It is considered to be one of the most effective ways to combat poverty in Mali, yet so many Malians still cannot access it.

Conflict and Displacement

Many of the poorest in Mali struggle with internal displacement. At the end of 2023, internal displacement affected around 344,000 people in Mali due to conflict and violence or natural disasters such as flooding. Many people lose their income due to displacement, plunging them into poverty. Almost two-thirds of internally displaced households lacked a stable income source in 2023, compared to less than 20% of non-displaced households, according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC).

A combination of the above issues, armed conflict and restricted humanitarian access are pushing nearly 1 million Malian children under 5 into acute malnutrition. Close to 5 million children are in urgent need of humanitarian assistance in Mali and at least 200,000 are at risk of dying of hunger if they do not receive aid. In Northern Mali, the Sahara desert is quickly expanding and encroaching on farmlands, directly leading to food shortages in the country.

Addressing Poverty in Mali

Many international organizations are working to address the complex web of issues contributing to poverty in Mali. UNICEF, for example, has programs aiming to strengthen and spread access to education in Mali. UNICEF supports Mali’s Ministry of National Education, the Ministry of Vocational Training and the Ministry of Higher Learning and Scientific Research to support education at all levels, according to its website. It also works with in-country partners to offer education opportunities to out-of-school children. The organization works to build up the capacity of school management committees, train more teachers and increase access to school materials for teachers and students.

USAID currently has eight active programs in Mali fighting to eradicate malnutrition. Mali is one of USAID’s 12 “Feed the Future” target countries for focused investment under the U.S. Government’s Global Food Security Strategy. The U.S. has made strategic investments in 113 communities addressing malnutrition, low dietary diversity, improving agricultural trade and investment, and bullying capacity among farmers, the private sector, civil society and public institutions. These programs are a part of the five-year USAID/Mali Health Strategy, which “seeks to achieve sustained improvements in health and facilitate Mali’s journey toward self-reliance.”

– Anna Thibodeau

Anna is based in Omaha, NE, USA and focuses on Good News for The Borgen Project.

Photo: Unsplash