Archive for category: Global Poverty

Key articles and information on global poverty.

Fighting Poverty With AI

Fighting Poverty With AIFrom identifying the best ways to improve agriculture, finance and education in impoverished areas, to finding those who need help the most through satellite images, fighting poverty with AI is becoming a common practice. Although the idea of using artificial intelligence to address such sensitive issues can be unsettling for some, the technology has delivered some remarkable benefits.

Identifying Poverty

According to a Big Cloud article, identifying poverty is an important first step in addressing it. AI technology can identify the direst of situations, thereby enabling poverty-relief programs to provide aid swiftly, efficiently and effectively. The technology also helps identify the primary causes of poverty in different regions. Factors such as war, a lack of resources and political instability all represent some of the causes of poverty. Each of these situations has different solutions. This means that war-induced poverty should have a different solution from poverty that’s a result of a lack of resources. And AI can facilitate the identification of root causes and appropriate alleviatory measures.

Agriculture

Numerous challenges hinder agricultural work, posing obstacles for farmers worldwide, especially those relying on their yields for sustenance and livelihood. Beyond mere survival, food plays a vital role in employment and personal advancement. The advent of AI not only enhances agricultural practices but also contributes to the fight against poverty.

While farmers in developed nations have access to information on innovative farming techniques and impending natural disasters, their counterparts in developing countries struggle to obtain such resources. Here, AI can offer valuable assistance. One of its key contributions is providing farmers with crucial insights on optimal fertilizers and crops tailored to their specific regions. Additionally, AI enables swift detection of contamination and crop diseases, surpassing the capabilities of traditional farming methods. Consequently, farmers can salvage a greater portion of their yields.

Finance and Education

Employment and education equality are crucial factors that directly impact individuals’ vulnerability to extreme poverty. The use of AI to address these issues holds the potential to aid organizations and governments in the fight against poverty. With the increasing reliance on the internet and AI in finance and education, leveraging these tools becomes more feasible to eliminate inequalities in these domains, as highlighted by Big Cloud. While the idea of AI teachers may evoke apprehension, it also presents exciting possibilities. An AI teacher or a teacher assisted by AI can personalize education based on a student’s needs and abilities.

AI can also create new financial opportunities for impoverished communities worldwide. In developed nations, both employers and job seekers already utilize AI algorithms, and these technologies can effectively strengthen job markets. Additionally, AI has the potential to assist impoverished families in establishing robust credit scores. By prioritizing essential data for families and lenders, AI can facilitate the identification of loans that best suit individuals’ needs, enabling those in dire need to improve their quality of life.

Satellites and AI

AI also works in tandem with other technological solutions to fight poverty. For example, Stanford University scholars used satellite images from throughout sub-Saharan Africa to predict poverty in various regions. Nighttime images of electric lights and daytime images of infrastructure like roads and agriculture were used as indicators of a region’s wealth.

When an algorithm used these images to make these poverty predictions, the level of accuracy was between 81% and 99%, as reported by Big Cloud. Burke and his team suggest that anti-poverty programs and NGOs could use this technology to better understand the most effective ways to fight poverty.

Looking Ahead

AI is proving to be a powerful tool, enabling swift identification of those in need and the root causes of poverty. The technology holds the potential to promote employment and education equality, creating new financial opportunities and personalized learning experiences. Its various applications and capabilities in fighting poverty suggest that it can be a vital tool in the exploration and implementation of initiatives that can improve living conditions for all.

– Christina Albrecht
Photo: Flickr

Economic Integration with India could lower Poverty Rates in Sri Lanka

Economic IntegrationSri Lanka has been facing one of the harshest economic declines in the last decade. The country’s poverty rate has jumped from 11.3% in 2019 to 25% in 2022. More than 2 million people in Sri Lanka are suffering from the economic contraction. Some of the causes include food insecurity, lack of fuel, hyperinflation, supply chain interruptions and rising unemployment rates due to market shrinkage. The country’s northern neighbor, India, has contributed more than $3 billion toward alleviating this hardship. The leaders of both countries have been discussing economic integration, an undertaking that could benefit Sri Lanka greatly.

The Economic Integration

India’s economy has been performing better than many other countries in the world. The country’s GDP ranks as the fifth highest in the world, trailing behind only the U.S., China, Japan and Germany.

With India’s economy continuously growing, economic integration with Sri Lanka could be beneficial for both parties. Two factors will need special attention for this to work according to the Indian Council of World Affairs. The factors include profitability collaboration and foundational incorporation.

Indian Council of World Affairs notes that there are several subcategories that will need attention. These subcategories  include integration, labor market, education and integration with the Indian electricity grid.

Linking Power Grids

The economic integration process has been underway since the countries signed an official pact “to link their power grids and start negotiations on an upgraded trade agreement.” Apart from boosting power generation in Sri Lanka, the linkage of power grids could also increase the usage of renewable energy. The plan is to place a transmission line leading from southern India to the north-central province of Sri Lanka. And from the Indian electricity grid, Sri Lankans could have a continuous power supply and drive an ambitious economy.

Free Trade

Sri Lanka is known for trading high-quality textiles and garments. In 2019, the country hit $2.7 billion worth of imports to the United States (U.S.), becoming the 60th biggest supplier to the U.S. The top two categories were knit and woven apparel.

During the economic integration, the leaders of Sri Lanka plan to make that one of the big exports when it comes to the free trade agreement. There was already an agreement between the two countries. However, making updates to the arrangements could open Sri Lanka to a higher probability of creating trade pacts with China and Thailand. For this to work, Sri Lanka may need to find a way to advocate itself to its partners that it is a profitable investment for new trades and businesses. To the country’s advantage, the short commute to India is highly convenient, and with Sri Lanka’s capital being Colombo, promoting itself as a business destination may not be challenging. And that is because Colombo has a great reputation as a hub for tourism.

The Future

Based on suggestions, India and Sri Lanka would need to come together to create more means of transportation. The increase in foot traffic could create an economic boom for Sri Lanka. Overall, an economic integration between the two countries could boost the labor market in Sri Lanka and give agricultural workers more time to recover from the chemical fertilizer ban in 2021 (it was one of the major reasons for the economic contraction). As things stand, collaborating with India carries the potential to bring about economical upliftment for the people of Sri Lanka.

– Zyairah White
Photo: Flickr

Renewable Energy in Bolivia: On the Road to Sustainability

Renewable Energy in BoliviaThe history of renewable energy in Bolivia is not very long, as many of its significant developments unfolded a few years ago. However, that has not stopped the country from achieving important milestones in its transition to renewable energy during the said short period.

Renewable Energy Initiatives

One major breakout for renewable energy in Bolivia was the construction of its first wind power plant in 2014, located in Qollpana, Cochabamba. This was followed by the release of the “Electric Plan of the Plurinational State of Bolivia 2025,” a document explaining the government’s long-term vision of an energy-independent country inclusive of renewable energy sources.

Fast forward to 2022, and the Minister of Hydrocarbons and Energy is reporting a gas use reduction of 50% due to efficient management and increasing use of hydroelectric, wind, solar and biomass energy.

Renewable Energy and Poverty Reduction

The transition to renewable energy in Bolivia carries the potential to advance poverty reduction efforts in the country. It could reduce the energy access breach in Bolivia, with 2.4% of the population lacking access to electricity. This translates to limitations in basic needs such as lighting, cooking and heating. While non-renewable energy could also reduce this energy gap, Bolivia’s Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy made it a point to include renewable energy sources in its “To Live with Dignity” electricity program, launched in 2008. This program aims for total accessibility of electricity services in Bolivia.

Renewable energy can also potentially reduce unemployment through the creation of more solar, hydroelectric and wind power plants that need staff to handle operations. It is estimated that 15 million jobs will be created in Latin America by 2030. Moreover, Bolivia has a total of 11 renewable energy projects, each focused on either solar, hydroelectric or wind power.

Efforts to Advance Renewable Energy

Despite the country’s efforts, natural gas still makes up 80.7% of total energy production. Nevertheless, Bolivia is not short on ways to keep pushing toward renewable energy production. For instance, Bolivia is part of RELAC, an alliance between Latin American and Caribbean countries for renewable energy development. One of its aims is for renewable energy to reach 70% of the regional electricity matrix. Aside from its previously mentioned electric plan, there is the “Alternative Energy Development Plan 2025,” a ten-year plan to consolidate renewable-based electric generation.

Bolivia continues to make efforts to upgrade the infrastructure needed for renewable energy production. The National Interconnected System (SIN), which the government has put in place, aims to improve the nation’s capacity for producing electricity by building additional power plants, transmission lines and substations. Additionally, it is anticipated that the SIN will make it easier to integrate renewable energy sources into the national electrical network.

Looking Ahead

Although Bolivia’s journey toward renewable energy is still in its early stages, the nation has made considerable strides in a short amount of time. By transitioning to renewable energy, Bolivia can reduce poverty-related issues such as unemployment and unequal access to energy. Bolivia’s commitment to renewable energy is a welcome step toward a more sustainable and just future for all.

– Luciana Mena
Photo: Flickr

Mental Health in Romania: Issues and Solutions

Mental Health in RomaniaThe history of Romania represents the bloodiest regime change in Eastern Europe in 1989. The Communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife got executed. And the transition between governments was the most violent in the whole Eastern region. Romania’s past plays a huge role in the current situation of mental health issues in the country. Its population had been suffering from collective trauma, depression and the absence of food and free speech for decades. The country has the highest poverty rate in the E.U., with almost 5 million people living on less than $5.50 per day. Social seclusion of poor people and inequality remain relatively high. Also, stigmas and traumas continue to increase the risk of mental health issues in the country. 

More than a decade after Romanian Communism collapsed, psychiatrists made the government aware of the rising rates of suicide and the extension of mental health disorders in the population. In 2005, Romania had 1,300 psychiatrists for 22 million citizens, representing a major deficit of specialists.

The Opinions of Psychiatrists

Romania has a frightening 1% of people having mental disorders, and there are new cases coming along, as children whose families work abroad also struggle with their psychological health.

Recent studies detail the most frequent of the following mental illnesses: conduct disorders (24.19%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (22.65%), anxiety disorders (19.23%), autism spectrum disorders (14.47%), depressive episodes (9.14%) and attachment disorders (4.3%). Teenage pregnancy (children aged 10-14 years) is more than eight times higher than the E.U. average. Unfortunately, many schools do not have mental health programs. The case is alarming among adults as well, with several affected people not seeking professional help.

Personnel Shortage

Research from years ago revealed that the Romanian mental health care system had 86% fewer social assistant employees than the official requirement. Professionals highlighted numbing facts, revealing that the competence of psychological workers is inadequate. They also mentioned that social assistants received inadequate salaries and training. There was also a shortage of psychologists, with about 60% less than required. According to researchers, 200,000 Romanians had been suffering from severe mental issues.

Ongoing Efforts and Signs of Progress

The Council of Europe has put a plan into action with a two-year project to affirm Romania’s mental health care in prisons, and this includes an increase in medical staff. It started in January 2022, alongside major financial support until the end of 2023.

The Romanian Ministry of Health has set a mental health strategy as a national program in Transylvania. This includes efforts that aim to protect separated and vulnerable children. It also highlights school education as an important role in the progression. Older people are getting available treatments and services, and social exclusion and poverty are being countered by a national plan in an effort to expunge stigmas from Romanian society.

Looking Ahead

Despite the challenges stemming from Romania’s turbulent history and the current mental health issues it faces, there are signs of progress and ongoing efforts to address the situation. Initiatives such as the Council of Europe’s project to improve mental health care in prisons and the national mental health strategy set by the Romanian Ministry of Health are steps in the right direction. These efforts aim to provide better access to services, educate the public and combat social exclusion and stigmas, offering hope for a brighter future in mental health care in Romania.

– Klaudia Laura Sebestyen
Photo: Pixabay

The Links Between Disability and Poverty in Poland

There exists a significant correlative link between disability and poverty in Poland. In 2021, the most severely disabled people in Poland faced a 33.5% risk of falling into poverty, which is double the poverty rate of the general Polish population, the European Semester 2020-2021 country fiche on disability in Poland reveals. In recent years, the government has offered benefits for the families of people with severe disabilities. However, activists argue that the benefits must be expanded to support the high costs of living in the nation.

Government Initiatives

In 2018, the Government of Poland launched a program called “Accessibility+,” which is set to last until 2025. The program allocated 23.2 billion zlotys to fund special schools and general welfare. It also established the Accessibility Council as “an advisory body to the Minister for Regional Development.” In theory, this council pushes for laws that mandate high accessibility standards in all areas of life, such as health care, public transportation and public institutions.

For example, public transportation services must provide tactile paving, braille maps and easy passage for wheelchair users. Accessibility+ is a significant achievement for the Polish disability movement because the first step of integrating those with disabilities into the economy is to ensure their safety in public. In addition, the government has introduced measures, such as the 2019 Solidarity Fund for Persons with Disabilities, to provide “social, professional or health support for persons with disabilities,” the government website says. All of these measures serve to address the link between disability and poverty in Poland.

Activist Protests in 2018 and 2023

Political Critique tells the story of Iwona Hartwich, the mother of 25-year-old Kuba who has cerebral palsy and is one of nearly 300,000 severely disabled persons in Poland who cannot live independently. Hartwich is a Civic Coalition opposition party member and a key organizer of protests demanding greater state care for those with disabilities. In 2018, she led demonstrators, mostly parents of disabled children, to occupy the Sejm (the lower house of the Parliament) for 38 days. In response to this demonstration, the government unveiled Accessibility+, the Solidarity Fund and other initiatives to help disabled people.

But, protesters and activists criticize the government initiatives in response to the 2018 protests as surface-level and insufficient. Hartwich notes that while the government allocated 33 billion zlotys to the Solidarity Fund, households with disabled people have received only 12 billion zlotys. In March 2023, demonstrators led by Hartwich again occupied the Sejm.

As of March 1, families of adults incapable of living independently due to severe disabilities received an allowance of 1,588.44 zlotys ($378.9) a month before tax, which is less than half the statutory minimum wage of 3,490 zlotys ($832.56). After tax, this allowance became 1,217 zlotys ($290.32). In light of record inflation and unemployment, this allowance amounts to what Hartwich has dubbed a “starvation pension.” To properly address the link between disability and poverty in Poland, protesters are calling for their disability benefits to increase to the level of Poland’s minimum wage. In addition to better benefits, demonstrators are fighting for the right to keep their benefits while employed. As it stands, the government denies allowances to employed caregivers.

New Government Proposals in 2023

In light of the recent grassroots campaigns concerning the relationship between disability and poverty in Poland, the government unveiled a set of proposals in 2023. This represents a “change in logic” in how it assists households with disabled family members. The proposals place a newfound emphasis on the autonomy of disabled adults by giving benefits specifically to them, not to their caregivers. This could cultivate independence as the adults could then use the money to pay for their own care instead of relying on their parents. This change of logic more closely aligns with the U.N.’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which Poland ratified in 2012 and which emphasizes the individual autonomy of people with disabilities.

The Power of the Polish Disability Movement

Grassroots activists lead the way in raising public awareness about the condition of people with disabilities. For example, the group Protest 2119 played a role in organizing the 2023 occupation of the Sejm. The number “2119” references the 2119 zlotys afforded to families per disabled child. The group’s Sejm demonstration forced the public to reevaluate not only the state’s treatment of disabled people but also its own ableist prejudices, which affect hiring and play a crucial role in the link between disability and poverty in Poland.

Campaigns raise international awareness as well. The U.N. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) monitors countries’ implementation of the Convention. In response to the 2018 protests, the CRPD conducted an investigation of the Polish government’s treatment of people with disabilities. The committee reaffirmed the conclusion of grassroots campaigns that people with disabilities in Poland are “still not fully enjoying their human rights.” The committee did, however, commend Poland’s adoption of the 2018-2025 Accessibility+ program. Groups like the CRPD are instrumental in pressuring the Polish government to adhere to international disability rights standards.

What is Ahead?

Activists like Iwona Hartwich continue to advocate greater state care for those who cannot live independently. Each wave of demonstrations demands attention from the public, the international community and those with the power to implement social policy. With persistence and perseverance, the activists have seen success in improving the material conditions of people with disabilities.

– Eric Huang

Photo: Wikimedia

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Recent USAID Successes

USAID SuccessesThe United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is the nation’s premier agency for delivering foreign aid. Its website says its mission is to promote “efforts to save lives, reduce poverty, strengthen democratic governance and help people progress beyond assistance.” Although it is based in the United States (U.S.), the agency operates all around the world, providing humanitarian aid. As an organization that has been around for more than 60 years, it has involved itself in various undertakings and acts of service. The following are some recent USAID successes.

COVID-19 Pandemic

Due to the impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, people all over the world, especially those who live in poverty require assistance. The organization recognizes this, with one of the prominent recent USAID successes on its website being its COVID-19 response. The organization provided more than $10.6 billion in efforts to make the U.S. a global leader in the fight against the Coronavirus. After vaccines were released, the country also aimed to make a difference there. To that end, the organization distributed more than 682 million vaccines to 116 countries. This success was built on previous work. For example, in the U.S., it was the domestic American Rescue Plan that was put in place to deal with the pandemic. In fact, USAID had been dealing with pandemics for years, from Ebola to malaria.

Crisis in Sudan

In more recent news, USAID has been closely monitoring the ongoing political crisis in Sudan. The organization highlighted issues such as the continuing food crisis, lack of medical care and gender-based violence. Already the biggest provider of foreign aid to Sudan, the U.S. worked with USAID alongside other international partners to coordinate its response. In April 2023, USAID administrator Samantha Power announced that a Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) was set up in Kenya, as well as a Response Management Team in Washington D.C. Operatives on the ground are providing food, water and maternal health care.

Earthquakes in Haiti

In 2021, a massive 7.2 earthquake struck Haiti, killing 2,200 people and leaving 600,000 in need of assistance. Responding swiftly, USAID mobilized a response team on the day of the earthquake. Despite the unpredictability of earthquakes, Haiti’s 2010 earthquake prepared the team for the worst possible outcomes. Search and Rescue workers were able to do immediate work assessing the damage. USAID led the way in international efforts to provide aid. One year later, it provided nearly $60 million in humanitarian assistance for people in the worst affected areas.

The War in Ukraine

During wartime, there is a need for people to stay connected, not just with loved ones, but with fellow citizens. Apart from USAID offering humanitarian aid, it is also working with contemporary social media. In 2020, Ukraine launched the Diia app, which gives ordinary citizens more of a voice in their government and promotes their businesses. The organization provided additional funding to improve the app and expand its services during the war. This turned out to be even more necessary after the Russian invasion, where Diia helped with sharing information about airstrikes.

USAID also credited the app, noting that half of Ukraine’s adult population has downloaded it. Ukraine would like to expand the app to countries in the global south, and Moldova has shown an interest. This is still a new program, with only $650,000 set aside to promote its development thus far. But based on the trends in Ukraine, it could do great things in politically unstable countries in the future.

Fighting Hardship

These recent USAID successes show the scope of the agency’s work in fighting hardship across the world. It works with many global organizations to deliver help to countries that are less fortunate. From its robust response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including vaccine distribution, to its swift assistance in crisis-stricken regions like Sudan and Haiti, USAID has demonstrated its commitment to saving lives and alleviating suffering. Additionally, its support for innovative initiatives like the Diia app in Ukraine showcases the agency’s dedication to fostering connectivity, empowerment and progress in politically unstable regions.

– Josh Sobchak
Photo: Flickr

Freedom of the Press: The Story of 4 Freed Journalists

Freedom of the PressThe work of journalists is vital in many societies. Unfortunately, journalists often put themselves at risk, even facing prosecution. The fact that reporters can face imprisonment for sharing information that authorities don’t want published underscores the necessity of their work. The lack of freedom of press continues to be a pressing issue, with 363 cases reported last year. On the bright side, however, there have been uplifting developments for freedom of the press, as journalists continue to push for freedom.

Roman Pratasevich’s Story

Roman Pratasevich, a journalist, reported on protests against the Belarusian government. This was considered a dictatorship despite the low poverty rate in the country. While covering the events, he used social media to share information. Following this, authorities diverted his plane and placed him under house arrest in 2021, charging him with 1500 offenses. Initially, he was sentenced to eight years in prison, but he was later pardoned and released.

Ali Latifi

Since the Taliban regained control of Afghanistan in 2021, the situation has become perilous for reporters. More than 200 press freedom violations have been documented. Ali Latifi, a renowned Afghan-American journalist, was recently detained for meeting with the brother of Afghanistan’s former leader. He was imprisoned in Kabul but was released after one day, following negotiations. Advocacy groups for press freedom celebrated his release while emphasizing that his arrest should never have happened.

Olivier Dubois

In March, pro-freedom of the press groups achieved a major victory when journalist Olivier Dubois and NGO leader Jeffrey Woodke were freed in Mali. Woodke had been imprisoned since 2016 and Dubois since 2021, both held captive by religious extremists affiliated with al-Qaeda. Reporters Without Borders made Dubois’s release a top priority, especially since he is a French journalist. Large rallies and advertisements were organized in support of Dubois’s freedom, with the government of Niger playing a role in the release. U.S. Secretary of State Anthony Blinken welcomed their freedom, prioritizing the release of political prisoners.

Siddique Kappan’s Case in India

In 2020, Indian Muslim journalist Siddique Kappan was arrested and his detainment involved various political factors, including his religion. He was traveling to report on the assault of a young Dalit woman. Dalits, who are traditionally from the lower class, face higher levels of poverty. While Kappan’s bail was granted by the courts, he remained imprisoned. In February, he was finally released after alleging torture and mistreatment during captivity. Despite the hardships he faced, Kappan remains determined to continue his work as a journalist.

Looking Ahead

Among these cases of freed journalists, a common theme emerges. Many of them were fighting against poverty and injustice in their societies. Although not all problems have been resolved, there are ongoing efforts that seek to address these issues.

– Josh Sobchak
Photo: Flickr

How Locally-Led Development Can Foster Inclusive Systems

Development theorists have debated the best methods to foster sustainable development since the advent of international development. The development industry is now recognizing that those it intends to help must lead the way and this is achievable through locally-led development.

The Importance of Locally-Led Development

Locally-led development recognizes that development is not a one-size-fits-all solution and acknowledges that the countries, cities and communities receiving foreign aid have unique needs, perspectives and expertise that groups must consider when designing and implementing development programs.

Through locally-led development, local actors such as communities, networks, governments, private organizations and individuals own the development process, creating programs that address their needs within their unique contexts.

International development actors such as foreign governments and development contractors take an advisory role, supporting the capacity and resources of local actors as they work to solve their development needs. Locally-led development plays an instrumental role in promoting sustainable development, particularly through its potential to promote inclusive political and economic systems.

Inclusive Systems

Inclusive systems are vital for the long-term growth of a country. Nations with inclusive political and economic institutions, where governments distribute power widely and people can participate in the political and economic process, tend to be more prosperous. In contrast, nations with extractive political and economic institutions, where power is concentrated in the hands of a few and most people face political and economic exclusion, tend to struggle with poverty and underdevelopment.

Inclusive systems prioritize the participation and representation of all members of society and ensure that everyone has a voice in decision-making processes that affect their lives and that governments design programs and policies to benefit the entire population, not just a privileged few. This is alongside prioritizing innovation, investment and economic growth. Ultimately, inclusive systems ensure that governments design policies and programs to benefit those who are most marginalized and disadvantaged.

According to the United Nations (U.N.), inclusive institutions are not the natural or inevitable outcome of economic development or technological progress but are the result of negotiation and internal political reform. The creation of inclusive institutions requires a broad-based coalition of citizens who are willing to challenge and dismantle extractive institutions that concentrate power.

Locally-led development is vital for foreign aid to work in building inclusive systems because it allows change to be led from within instead of being orchestrated by an outside force, a necessary aspect of constructing inclusive systems.

Making Locally-Led Development Work

USAID and other key donors have begun acknowledging the importance of locally-led development. The organization announced goals for localization, such as committing 25% of its budget by 2025 to local institutions taking part in development activities. Additionally, “50[%] of programming will place local communities in the lead by 2030,” according to USAID.

In addition, USAID has developed a locally-led development checklist that allows its missions and partners to gauge the amount of local adaption and development in their projects. Donors are also working with governments to build inclusive systems in foreign aid through direct cash transfers. Direct funding shifts the paradigm of international development projects, moving away from the traditional project life cycle where a government contractor goes into a country to accomplish a particular development objective over a selected amount of time.

Instead, funding is directly given to national governments to facilitate the delivery of inclusive services while development practitioners work with governments to manage the cash flow and protect against corruption through risk mitigation, monitoring and capacity building. A current USAID program using direct funding mechanisms has seen scalable success in Malawi.

Key Facets of Successful Locally-Led Development

  • Development must recognize the critical roles of civil society, community leaders and advocacy organizations while empowering governments as conveners and connectors. Without this step, inclusivity will not manifest.
  • Strengthen local and preexisting capacities to achieve their own missions versus restructuring them to become donor contractors or grantees.
  • Development agencies and country partners must align with common development objectives for which the local partners are accountable. This is achieved through co-designed work plans and risk mitigation plans that outline the main activities for funding and supporting local agencies.
  • Development partners are responsible for supporting and advising local partners, rather than executing work on their behalf.
  • Establish a shared understanding between the development agency and country counterparts regarding milestones and necessary resources. This roadmap may include indicators as triggers for payment milestones. Prior to implementation, both parties must agree on the potential investments and resources required to achieve each milestone.
  • To balance the power of national governments, the focus must move to involve building the capacity of local institutions such as community-based organizations, local government bodies and civil society organizations. These institutions can act as conduits for citizen participation in systems and provide channels for feedback and accountability.
  • Development initiatives must prioritize marginalized communities, including women, youth and minorities.
  • Place focus on local economies by promoting community entrepreneurship and local enterprise development. This can help create jobs and increase economic opportunities, which can, in turn, lead to greater participation in systems and decision-making processes.

A Look Ahead

Overall, inclusive systems can help promote pro-poor growth by ensuring that economic policies and programs benefit the entire population, especially the marginalized. Locally-led development plays a critical role in building inclusive systems by empowering local communities and marginalized groups and facilitating participation in the decision-making processes.

By putting funding in the hands of the communities that require aid, locally-led development can be the catapult for the formation of inclusive systems that promote sustainable long-term growth.

-Andrew Giganti

Photo: Flickr

The Housing Crisis in Hawaii

The tourism industry in Hawaii is successful and continues to grow as Hawaii is further globally marketed as an idyllic holiday destination. In 2019, before the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, approximately 10 million tourists visited Hawaii. In 2021, the number of tourists visiting Hawaii remained at 6 million, despite ongoing travel restrictions.

Although Hawaii has reaped the economic benefits of tourism, there have been growing tensions surrounding the prominence of tourism. Hawaii’s native population has protested against increasing house prices and the environmental impact of Hawaii’s large tourism industry. The housing crisis in Hawaii has forced many people into poverty and even homelessness.

Poverty in Hawaii

The poverty level in Hawaii grew from 9% in 2018 to 15% in 2022. John Fink, the Aloha United Way CEO, stated in December 2022 that roughly 200,000 people in Hawaii were living in some degree of poverty. Due to growing financial insecurity, many Hawaiian families cannot afford basic necessities, such as housing and food. In terms of the most affected ethnic group, “Native Hawaiians [have] the highest poverty levels at 27%.” In 2022, nearly half of Hawaii’s youth population resided in households unable to afford basic life necessities.

The Cost of Residency In Hawaii

The housing crisis in Hawaii stems from rapid increases in housing prices over the last few years. The average price of a house in O’ahu, the third largest island in Hawaii, increased from $789,000 to $1.15 million between 2019 and 2022. The challenge of maintaining residency in Hawaii is further amplified by the fact that “out-of-state buyers, who routinely bid well above the listing price” purchase 25% of sold homes.

High house prices have disproportionately affected Kānaka Maoli, also referred to as Native Hawaiians. Many people who have lived in Hawaii for generations can no longer afford the cost of residency and have to move elsewhere. The Hawaii Public Housing Authority (HPHA) and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) help to ease the impact of the housing crisis in Hawaii. The HPHA maintains 6,000 units that have an average rent of less than $400. This scheme is used to support low-income residents who cannot otherwise afford housing. The DHHL provides Native Hawaiians with 99-year leases at $1 a year: as of July 2022, 28,000 Hawaiians remained on the waiting list.

Hawaii’s Tourism Industry 

Hawaii’s tourism industry is one of the biggest in the world. However, the recent increase in tourism, including “tens of thousands of extra” visitors, has put pressure on the industry and caused residents and businesses to suffer. With 30 miles of beaches that “draw in up to 300,000 arrivals each month,” Maui experienced a water shortage in 2022.

The Council for Native Hawaii Advancement formulated a response to the tourism crisis in Hawaii. It pledged to spend $27 million on managing tourism over the next two-and-a-half years. The money will help the government track where tourists frequently go during their stay through a “Hawaii visitor smartphone app.” Hawaii’s government hopes to redirect visitors to new and less-frequented attractions, to assuage the strain on businesses and tourism.

Environmental Concerns 

The housing crisis in Hawaii has had an environmental impact on its wildlife and nature reserves. Significant investment into infrastructure, such as hotels and resorts on many of Hawaii’s islands, has drastically reduced the number of natural habitats left in Hawaii. With over 25,000 native species, Hawaii accounts for over 44% of the United States’ endangered animals. However, due to Hawaii’s farmland becoming less fertile over the past few decades, much of Hawaii’s wildlife has dwindled in number and become far less active. Additionally, many native Hawaiians have left the fishing industry because of decreased marine life on Hawaii’s shores.

Excessive construction on Hawaii’s land has also resulted in residents receiving foreclosure notices on their properties and being “forced off of their land as a result of a new golf course or resort being built.” Many Native Hawaiians are concerned about the natural beauty of their island being destroyed by excessive tourism. In May 2023, Hawaii’s government hoped to implement a tourist charge that required all visitors to pay a conservation fee of $50 if they visited Hawaii’s parks and nature trails. While the Hawaiian politicians involved have not yet passed the legislation, the implementation of the tourist fee looks increasingly likely.

Looking Ahead  

The housing crisis in Hawaii has worsened significantly in recent years as a result of Hawaii’s growing tourism industry. Rising house prices have resulted in many Hawaiians experiencing a declining standard of living. Residing in the country has become so expensive that people who are unable to afford basic necessities have to seek out subsidized living. Housing support schemes managed by the DHHL and HPHA help Native Hawaiians to maintain residency in their generational lands. However, high demand and a limited supply of available housing units challenge these schemes. But while it appears that there is a need for significant efforts to overcome the housing crisis in Hawaii, ongoing plans and initiatives show promising signs for the future.

– Jennifer Preece
Photo: Flickr

The Effect of Poverty on Mental Health in Costa Rica: Bridging the Gap

Mental Health in Costa RicaThe connection between poverty and mental health in Costa Rica perpetuates hardship for individuals. Mental, neurological, substance-use disorders and suicide cause 22% of all disability and 35% of all years lived with disability in Costa Rica. These trends necessitate the need to investigate the ways in which impoverished people’s mental health is affected in Costa Rica and to provide suggestions for resolving these issues.

Mental Health in Costa Rica

  1. Limited Access to Mental Health Services: Individuals living in poverty in Costa Rica meet a gross degree of obstruction in endeavoring to access mental health care. The World Health Organization reports that there is a critical lack of psychiatrists and psychologists in rural Costa Rica. Inadequate access to mental health care derails existing mental health problems. It discourages or disallows people from getting the help they need. This highlights the need for the government of Costa Rica to prioritize access to mental health care, especially in rural and remote communities. Telemedicine projects, upgrades to existing facilities and the recruitment of more mental health specialists represent potential necessary steps in this direction.
  2. Social Stigma and Discrimination: Mental health-related stigma and prejudice are pervasive in Costa Rican culture. Because of the country’s economic condition, people living in poverty frequently experience added stigma, and this leads to increasingly isolated conditions and a lack of necessary social support. People’s mental health problems stay unchecked and untreated because of this stigma. On the bright side, community-based organizations and support groups provide welcoming environments free from criticism where people can safely share their stories and receive help. A government-led initiative in Costa Rica, under the direction of the PAHO/WHO national office, promoted primary health care (PHC)-led, universally accessible recovery program during the COVID-19 pandemic. Enhancing mental well-being, combating gender-based violence and providing comprehensive support for individuals with chronic health conditions are three key areas identified for targeted intervention through PHC, with a particular emphasis on underserved communities. This helped to alleviate social stigma towards mental illness and showed the government’s interest in reducing the burden of social stigma on those facing mental health difficulties.
  3. Financial Strain and Anxiety: People in Costa Rica who are already struggling financially experience a greater degree of stress and anxiety. Several factors counterbalanced the benefits of economic growth over the past decade. Income generation opportunities for less-educated workers eroded in virtually all sectors, population aging led to an increasing dependency ratio in many households and labor force participation rates of women continued to be among the lowest in Costa Rica. The contribution of labor to household income declined, especially in the poorest quintile, from over 70% in 2010 to about 55% in 2021, indicating a dramatic change. Inadequate housing, a lack of financial stability and restricted access to quality education and medical treatment all play a role in perpetuating the cycle of mental decay in Costa Rica. When adequate resources are afforded to expand access to high-quality education, health care and work, financial stress and anxiety may be alleviated among those living in poverty. Countries such as Canada are providing financial support to countries that need help in the creation of community-based organizations. The Canada Fund for Local Initiatives (CFLI) aids Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras. It financially supports impactful, small-scale projects aligned with Global Affairs Canada’s priority areas. CFLI focuses on directing funding to local civil society organizations, NGOs and institutions, fostering human rights and inclusivity in communities.
  4. Lack of Social Support: Various socioeconomic variables contribute to the fact that people living in poverty often lack a solid support system. Fewer social connections means more isolation, pessimism and the possibility of mental health issues. Those in need of emotional support and direction may find it via community-based support networks, including mentoring programs, support groups and peer counseling. Establishing and sustaining these kinds of support networks requires close cooperation between government agencies, nonprofit groups and community leaders. A nationally accredited nonprofit group that has served a remote town in Costa Rica since 2005 has brought social support to underprivileged citizens in that area. CEPIA empowers underprivileged children, teens, families and adults in Guanacaste’s coastal communities through culture, education, employment, health and social cohesion programs. In addition, in 2015, President Luis Guillermo Solís initiated a poverty-reduction plan. It aimed to uplift 54,600 families from extreme poverty through various forms of assistance such as housing, food subsidies, health insurance, pensions, training and scholarships.
  5. Abuse of Substances: Poverty and drug abuse exacerbate the country’s already severe mental health crisis. Unfortunately, substance abuse may be both a cause and effect of economic hardship. It perpetuates a cycle that has a negative impact on mental health. As a result, Costa Rica currently implements drug demand reduction policies covering health promotion, prevention, intervention, treatment, rehabilitation and social integration. These efforts, in line with the Hemispheric Plan of Action on Drugs, aim to minimize the negative health and social impacts of substance abuse through comprehensive and balanced approaches.

Responses and Ongoing Efforts

Prominent organizations in Costa Rica, like the Costa Rican Humanitarian Foundation (CRHF) and the International Federation of the Red Cross, drive positive change. The CRHF tackles social issues creatively and affordably, promoting friendship, aid and resources across cultures and socioeconomic classes. The Red Cross aids Costa Rica in responding to crises, building resilience and addressing pressing humanitarian concerns. These organizations work to combat social and economic hardship and to support the basic needs of Costa Ricans.

Concluding Thoughts

Limited access to mental health services, discrimination, financial strain, lack of social support and substance abuse have an impact on mental health in Costa Rica. Although the problems still exist, progress is being made throughout the nation to address the situation. The government of Costa Rica has limited funding in regard to its National Mental Health Plan. However, several government initiatives have shown a positive side to mental health in the nation. Through sustained investment and economic growth, poverty rates dropped significantly, from 32% in 1991 to 18% in 2003. Additionally, during the same time frame, extreme poverty dropped from 12% to 5%. Ultimately, while there is still room for work and progress, the positive trends so far continue to have a real impact on the lives of the people of Costa Rica, signaling a healthier future for all.

– Valentina Ornelas
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