Poverty and health issues share a link. Where one exists, the other is not far away. However, since 2002, organizations like the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI) have addressed this link through national immunization campaigns. The following is an overview of how health organizations are working to reduce child poverty in Mozambique.
About Poverty in Mozambique
Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranking 180 out of 189 countries in the UNDP’s 2019 Human Development Index ranking. Recurring natural disasters and conflict exacerbate the issue of poverty in Mozambique. Cyclones from the Indian Ocean cause regular destruction, drought is becoming more pronounced in the southern provinces due to climate change and insecurity in Cabo Delgado Province has displaced nearly a million people, including women and children.
Providing basic health services and humanitarian assistance to those in need is therefore challenging and many are lacking access to clean water, food and sanitation. As a result, many face the prospect of becoming ill from malnutrition and disease. Cholera infections are rising, as are occurrences of polio and measles, disproportionately endangering vulnerable groups like women and children.
Why Disease and Poverty Share a Link
Poverty does not only cause poor health, but it is also a consequence of it. By increasing the chances of poor health, disease traps communities in poverty and makes breaking free of its constraints difficult. For example, in countries like Mozambique, tropical diseases kill and weaken many because they are unable to generate an income. Alternatively, others have to care for sick relatives. As a result, instead of going to school, many children enter the labor market at a young age to support their families and their lack of education means they face a future of low-paid/low-skilled jobs.
Health Programs Reducing Child Poverty in Mozambique
Immunization and vaccine programs have been a cornerstone of global public health policy since 1974. These programs have sought to give children the best possible start in life by making them less susceptible to the risks of disease. The most famous of these is the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).
Because of many African countries’ high rates of child mortality due to diseases like measles, tuberculosis and neonatal tetanus, the EPI is a crucial part of the health care strategy for Africa. With countries like Mozambique having little money to fund public health programs, the EPI is a cost-effective intervention.
Currently, the program has evolved into what is commonly known as the Essential Programme on Immunization. With nearly every country today having a national immunization program, it highlights the belief that vaccines are one of the safest and most cost-effective public health strategies for preventing death and improving the lives of Mozambique’s children.
Organizations Helping Deliver Immunization Programs in Mozambique
Immunization programs like the EPI are a truly international effort. While guidelines and policy are written by the World Health Organization (WHO), its implementation is undertaken by several actors, including national governments, WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the vaccine industry, public health institutions and non-governmental organizations.
Collectively, these actors form the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI), which aims to provide children worldwide with access to vaccines, helping fight infectious diseases and reduce poverty.
GAVI works by providing a forum for partners to identify key issues and coordinate responses to outbreaks. It uses funds to strengthen immunization services and vaccination programs in countries that require assistance through a special financial mechanism called the Vaccine Fund. This fund receives commitments from wealthy nations like Norway, the U.K., the U.S., the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and the private sector.
Since 2002, health organizations have been working to reduce child poverty in Mozambique with assistance from GAVI. GAVI importantly has supported the country’s Ministry of Health in providing effective immunization services against several preventable diseases.
Currently, Mozambique is considered an example of the EPI’s success, having achieved several significant milestones. With many rural provinces now having immunization coverage rates of more than 95%, children are given a significant weapon to protect their future health and also escape disease-associated poverty traps.
The government, with GAVI’s help, has implemented a vaccination catch-up plan for children who missed shots due to COVID-19. They have also successfully coordinated responses to recent cholera outbreaks and rolled out the first phases of a measles-rubella vaccination campaign.
On December 10, 2023, the member organizations of GAVI returned to Mozambique to renew their commitment to the country’s immunization program following its success. In a statement, David Marlow, CEO of Gavi, said: “Gavi and Alliance partners reaffirm commitment to support Mozambique’s immunization efforts. The upcoming official visit presents an opportunity for sustained engagement, detailed conversations and the strengthening of our partnership towards our shared vision: a well-resourced and effective immunization program that improves health outcomes for the people of Mozambique.”
Looking Ahead
In the efforts against poverty, one effective approach is safeguarding children from the long-term social and economic impacts of diseases. Organizations like GAVI provide successful immunization strategies, which serve as valuable tools for governments in their fight against illnesses. These efforts not only save lives but also create opportunities to break free from the cycle of poverty associated with diseases. This exemplifies the work of health organizations striving to reduce child poverty in Mozambique.
-Cameron Mason
Photo: Flickr
Oxfam Cymru’s Making Strides in Poverty Reduction in Wales
The Landscape of Poverty in Wales
For the past decade, Wales has consistently grappled with a higher poverty rate than England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Recent statistics reveal that between the financial years ending (FYE) 2020 and FYE 2022, 21% of the Welsh population lived in relative income poverty. Notably affected groups include families with children, young people, disabled individuals, single parents, renters, women, as well as Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic communities. Primary drivers of poverty encompass escalating living costs, particularly housing-related expenses, reduced working-age benefits and poor work quality.
Advocacy and Partnerships
Oxfam Cymru serves as a vocal advocate for change, actively engaging in partnerships with the Welsh government and other stakeholders to ensure poverty reduction remains a central focus. Chairing the Wales Overseas Agencies Group (WOAG), the organization plays a pivotal role in influencing global responsibility commitments at the regional level.
Gender Equality as a Pillar
Oxfam Cymru places gender equality at the core of its strategy for poverty reduction in Wales, acknowledging the elevated risk of poverty faced by women. Recognizing the widespread impact of gender inequality on poverty, the organization actively strives to position women at the forefront of efforts to alleviate poverty. Initiatives like the 2019 feminist scorecard, produced by Oxfam Cymru in collaboration with the Women’s Equality Network, hold the Welsh government accountable for its commitment to becoming a “feminist government.” For example, the scorecard emphasizes the need for a more progressive council tax, citing its potential to benefit women in lower-income groups.
Food Poverty Reduction
In its 2019 report titled “South Wales Food Poverty, A Call to Action,” the South Wales Food Poverty Alliance revealed a startling picture of food poverty in Wales. From 2017 to 2018, about 98,350 three-day emergency food supplies were provided to people in crisis in Wales by food banks in the Trussell Trust. According to the Food Standards Agency, a fifth of people in Wales are worried about running out of food.
Oxfam Cymru proactively tackles the growing issue of food poverty in Wales through active engagement with the South Wales Food Poverty Alliance. In collaboration with partners, the organization played a pivotal role in the creation of the influential report titled “Food Poverty in South Wales, A Call to Action.” This report presents actionable recommendations to the Welsh government and highlights Oxfam Cymru’s commitment to drive change in the alarming situation.
Global Citizenship Education
Recognizing the role of education in poverty reduction, Oxfam Cymru advocates for citizenship studies in schools. Through collaboration with the Welsh Joint Education Committee (WJEC), Oxfam Cymru ensures that educational materials, including those for the Welsh Baccalaureate, instill a sense of active citizenship in young minds and address key issues related to poverty in Wales.
Inclusive Initiatives and Future Trajectory
Oxfam Cymru’s commitment to inclusivity is evident in its efforts to reduce poverty rates in Wales among specific groups. These efforts target young people, individuals with disabilities and chronic illnesses, single parents, social and private renters, women, as well as Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic communities in Wales. Amid the ongoing impact of the Coronavirus pandemic on vulnerable communities, Oxfam Cymru recognizes the heightened importance of its work. Although predicting the future trajectory of poverty in Wales remains challenging, the initiative remains dedicated to alleviating poverty for those already affected and preventing further hardships.
Looking Ahead
Oxfam Cymru’s tireless efforts in poverty reduction in Wales stand as a beacon of hope. By addressing root causes, advocating for policy changes and fostering inclusivity, the organization plays a crucial role in shaping a future where poverty is not a pervasive issue in Welsh communities.
– Madeleine Norris
Photo: Flickr
Reducing Child Poverty in Mozambique
About Poverty in Mozambique
Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranking 180 out of 189 countries in the UNDP’s 2019 Human Development Index ranking. Recurring natural disasters and conflict exacerbate the issue of poverty in Mozambique. Cyclones from the Indian Ocean cause regular destruction, drought is becoming more pronounced in the southern provinces due to climate change and insecurity in Cabo Delgado Province has displaced nearly a million people, including women and children.
Providing basic health services and humanitarian assistance to those in need is therefore challenging and many are lacking access to clean water, food and sanitation. As a result, many face the prospect of becoming ill from malnutrition and disease. Cholera infections are rising, as are occurrences of polio and measles, disproportionately endangering vulnerable groups like women and children.
Why Disease and Poverty Share a Link
Poverty does not only cause poor health, but it is also a consequence of it. By increasing the chances of poor health, disease traps communities in poverty and makes breaking free of its constraints difficult. For example, in countries like Mozambique, tropical diseases kill and weaken many because they are unable to generate an income. Alternatively, others have to care for sick relatives. As a result, instead of going to school, many children enter the labor market at a young age to support their families and their lack of education means they face a future of low-paid/low-skilled jobs.
Health Programs Reducing Child Poverty in Mozambique
Immunization and vaccine programs have been a cornerstone of global public health policy since 1974. These programs have sought to give children the best possible start in life by making them less susceptible to the risks of disease. The most famous of these is the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).
Because of many African countries’ high rates of child mortality due to diseases like measles, tuberculosis and neonatal tetanus, the EPI is a crucial part of the health care strategy for Africa. With countries like Mozambique having little money to fund public health programs, the EPI is a cost-effective intervention.
Currently, the program has evolved into what is commonly known as the Essential Programme on Immunization. With nearly every country today having a national immunization program, it highlights the belief that vaccines are one of the safest and most cost-effective public health strategies for preventing death and improving the lives of Mozambique’s children.
Organizations Helping Deliver Immunization Programs in Mozambique
Immunization programs like the EPI are a truly international effort. While guidelines and policy are written by the World Health Organization (WHO), its implementation is undertaken by several actors, including national governments, WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the vaccine industry, public health institutions and non-governmental organizations.
Collectively, these actors form the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI), which aims to provide children worldwide with access to vaccines, helping fight infectious diseases and reduce poverty.
GAVI works by providing a forum for partners to identify key issues and coordinate responses to outbreaks. It uses funds to strengthen immunization services and vaccination programs in countries that require assistance through a special financial mechanism called the Vaccine Fund. This fund receives commitments from wealthy nations like Norway, the U.K., the U.S., the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and the private sector.
Since 2002, health organizations have been working to reduce child poverty in Mozambique with assistance from GAVI. GAVI importantly has supported the country’s Ministry of Health in providing effective immunization services against several preventable diseases.
Currently, Mozambique is considered an example of the EPI’s success, having achieved several significant milestones. With many rural provinces now having immunization coverage rates of more than 95%, children are given a significant weapon to protect their future health and also escape disease-associated poverty traps.
The government, with GAVI’s help, has implemented a vaccination catch-up plan for children who missed shots due to COVID-19. They have also successfully coordinated responses to recent cholera outbreaks and rolled out the first phases of a measles-rubella vaccination campaign.
On December 10, 2023, the member organizations of GAVI returned to Mozambique to renew their commitment to the country’s immunization program following its success. In a statement, David Marlow, CEO of Gavi, said: “Gavi and Alliance partners reaffirm commitment to support Mozambique’s immunization efforts. The upcoming official visit presents an opportunity for sustained engagement, detailed conversations and the strengthening of our partnership towards our shared vision: a well-resourced and effective immunization program that improves health outcomes for the people of Mozambique.”
Looking Ahead
In the efforts against poverty, one effective approach is safeguarding children from the long-term social and economic impacts of diseases. Organizations like GAVI provide successful immunization strategies, which serve as valuable tools for governments in their fight against illnesses. These efforts not only save lives but also create opportunities to break free from the cycle of poverty associated with diseases. This exemplifies the work of health organizations striving to reduce child poverty in Mozambique.
-Cameron Mason
Photo: Flickr
2 Organizations Combating FGM/C
Given the consequences of it on health, the economy, national security and more, combating FGM/C is an important issue that also requires cultural competency. Currently, two organizations that are using cultural competency to fight FGM/C in their communities and beyond are Sahiyo and the Hope Foundation for African Women.
Sahiyo
Sahiyo is a founding member of the Global Platform for Action to End Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C). Sahiyo works within communities that actively practice female genital cutting (FGC), engaging in educational dialogue with them about the many risks associated with it. Sahiyo uses the term FGC, because ‘mutilation’ assumes an intent to harm, and approaching communities with hostility undermines its ability to create lasting change. The organization has two chapters: Sahiyo U.S. addresses FGC globally and Sahiyo India focuses on India, especially within Bohra communities where it’s a common practice known as khatna, and where four of its co-founders have connections.
There is currently no national law in India banning FGC, and of the 92 countries with active FGC practices, only 51 have laws explicitly banning it.
The Borgen Project recently sat down with Mariya Taher, one of Sahiyo’s co-founders and their U.S. Executive Director, to discuss the group’s work. Taher spoke about the importance of having laws worldwide that address FGC, stating that “particularly when FGM/C is considered such a widespread social norm within communities, laws and policies can help to influence behavior change when it comes to harmful norms […] there’s a lot of research that does show that having legislation in place that clearly articulates that FGM/C is illegal can help to influence behavior change within impacted communities, too, and to help highlight that a harmful social norm shouldn’t be allowed anymore.” Taher also articulated that policy and legislation shouldn’t just stop at criminalization of FGC, but also include education and outreach into impacted communities.
Additionally, Sahiyo highlights the voices of FGC survivors, whether from the Dawoodi Bohra community, other Asian communities, African communities, white American communities or anywhere else in the world. Taher explained the issue of pluralistic ignorance around FGC, which has hindered progress in eradicating it. Pluralistic ignorance is a social psychology term that “means this idea that no one wants something to continue, but they continue it because they think everyone else does, and that’s how they belong.” She stated that uplifting the voices of survivors, especially through their Voices to End FGM/C program, makes survivors feel less isolated in their experiences, as well as encouraging others to speak out.
Sahiyo maintains a podcast, blog and YouTube channel to share survivors’ stories. In addition, Sahiyo engages in research about FGC, conducts education training about FGC and, in 2021, it launched a program called Bhaiyo to engage men in the fight against FGC.
Hope Foundation for African Women
Located in Kenya, the Hope Foundation for African Women (HFAW) works on reducing FGM/C primarily among the Kisii and Maasai communities. Although Kenya banned FGM/C in 2011 and the High Court of Kenya upheld that ban in 2021, around 97% of Kisii and Maasai girls in Kenya still undergo FGM/C, as the practice goes on underground.
HFAW combats FGM/C through education about its risks and impact on the community and through leadership training. The organization has provided training to 120 health and human rights personnel, students and staff in nine schools and 25 men, some of whom work in law enforcement. It is also training at least 50 youth to become anti-FGM youth leaders.
Looking Ahead
Combating FGM/C appears to be a challenging feat. Taher shared the sentiment that “no matter how much we’ve talked about this with some community members […] they will be very staunch in continuing it because they very much believe that it’s connected to their identity in some way.” The dedication that Sahiyo and HFAW have toward combating FGM/C, however, is tremendous and their culturally competent approach could result in lasting change.
– Natalie Coyne
Photo: Courtesy of Sahiyo
Waterborne Diseases in Urban Slums: Improving Sanitation in India
Waterborne Diseases in Urban Slums
The prevalence of waterborne diseases in urban slums is a pressing issue exacerbating the health disparities already present in impoverished communities. Diseases such as cholera, typhoid and dysentery spread rapidly due to contaminated water sources and unsanitary living conditions. According to recent statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), a substantial portion of waterborne diseases in India are concentrated in urban slums, affecting the most vulnerable populations.
In urban slums, access to clean water is a luxury many cannot afford. Often shared among households, contaminated water sources become hotspots for transmitting waterborne illnesses. Insufficient sanitation infrastructure further compounds the problem, contributing to the perpetuation of a vicious cycle of disease and poverty.
Poverty, Public Health and Sanitation
The link between poverty and public health is undeniable. Poverty restricts access to essential resources, including clean water and proper sanitation facilities. As families in urban slums grapple with meager incomes and inadequate housing, their ability to prioritize health and hygiene is severely compromised. The dire economic conditions force residents to rely on unreliable water sources, risking their well-being.
Improving public health in India, especially in urban slums, necessitates addressing the root causes of poverty. It involves implementing policies and initiatives that uplift marginalized communities, providing them with means to access necessities such as clean water and sanitation. Recognizing the inherent connection between poverty and health is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat waterborne diseases.
Government Initiatives for Sanitation Improvement
The Indian government, conscious of the urgent need to enhance sanitation in urban slums, has undertaken significant steps to address the issue. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission), launched in 2014, is a flagship program to achieve universal sanitation coverage. The initiative focuses on constructing toilets, promoting proper waste disposal practices and ensuring access to clean water in urban and rural areas.
In urban slums, where the challenge is particularly acute, the government has implemented community-driven sanitation programs. These programs engage residents in planning and executing sanitation infrastructure projects, fostering a sense of ownership and sustainability within the communities. Initiatives like the WASH program, which concentrates on water purification, hygiene education and the construction of sanitation facilities, have played a crucial role in enhancing the overall health conditions in urban slums.
Conclusion
Addressing waterborne diseases in urban slums is not merely a matter of public health; it is a crucial step towards breaking the cycle of poverty that afflicts these communities. The concerted efforts of the government, NGOs and community-driven initiatives have demonstrated the potential for positive change. By prioritizing sanitation and access to clean water, India can pave the way for healthier and more resilient urban slums, ultimately fostering a more equitable and sustainable future.
– Srishti Arora
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
A Spotlight on StrongMinds’ Mental Health Initiatives in Africa
Specifically dedicated to addressing the frequently overlooked issue of depression, particularly impacting women in the region, StrongMinds sets itself apart as a singular organization scaling a cost-effective solution to the prevailing mental health challenges. Established in 2013, the organization operates strategically in Uganda and Zambia. What distinguishes StrongMinds is its dedication to the cause and its unique position as the sole organization implementing a scalable and cost-effective solution to the depression epidemic in Africa. Through partnerships and collaboration with NGOs and government entities, StrongMinds efficiently scales access to depression treatment, reaching communities utilizing a priceless resource — the community.
The Borgen Project had the opportunity to speak with StrongMinds’ Acting Uganda Country Director, Vincent Mujune, who is actively involved in the organization’s mission. In the interview, Mujune delves into the inspiration behind StrongMinds’ exclusive focus on women, the vital role of community health volunteers, the importance of mental health in development, destigmatization strategies, the success of group therapy and the organization’s unique approach.
Impact of Depression on Women’s Lives
The foundation of StrongMinds is rooted in recognition of the staggering impact of depression on women’s lives – about twice as many women as men experience depression. “When a woman is depressed, she works less, she may experience physical ailments, and she will even disengage from her family and community. And when a woman is depressed, the negative outcomes can extend to her children, who are more likely to miss school or have poor physical and mental health themselves,” Mujune says.
Tailored Therapy and Women Empowerment
Mujune discussed how the benefit of tailored therapy for women stems much further than just the women themselves in the community, “Conversely, when a woman recovers from depression, our data show that she is able to work more, provide her children with more regular meals and schooling, and she will generally feel more connected to others in her community.” Women from StrongMinds’ mental health initiatives further reduce the stigmatization in the community by speaking out on their personal experiences with mental health and opening a space in which others can reach out to receive help. “We like to say that when a woman recovers from depression, she changes the world around her.”
The Role of Community Health Workers
StrongMinds’ mental health initiatives not only utilize health professionals to treat depression but also the community as a whole. The involvement of community members, mainly community health volunteers, is integral to the success of StrongMinds’ therapy model. “Through psychoeducation and awareness-raising, community members help create a safe space that reduces stigma and encourages women with depression to seek help. Social support is a crucial element to helping women overcome isolation and enhancing the overall effectiveness of group therapy,” Mujune explains.
The Interconnectedness of Mental and Physical Health
While infectious diseases are often pressing matters to address, StrongMinds brings awareness to the interconnectedness of both mental and physical health. Depression is linked bidirectionally with infectious diseases, impacting behaviors and adherence to health care. Addressing mental health contributes to overall development by breaking the cycle of poverty perpetuated by depression-induced limitations in education, job opportunities and economic participation.
Overcoming the Stigmatization of Mental Health
One of the most significant barriers to mental health is stigmatization in low-income countries where the same notion of mental health isn’t recognized as it is in the West. StrongMinds implements various strategies to relay the impact of mental health and the importance of speaking on the issue. Psychoeducation provided through mobilization and therapy efforts aims to educate individuals and communities about mental health disorders, fostering understanding and empathy. The organization extends psychoeducation to parents and teachers, creating a support network that aids recovery and reduces stigma at school and home.
Success and Impact
Measuring the effectiveness of mental health can vary; in the context of StrongMinds’ group therapy programs, a successful outcome is defined by a clinically significant reduction in the “depression score” measured by the PHQ-9 depression screening tool. Approximately 75-85% of clients achieve a depression-free status by the end of therapy, as indicated by a minimal depression score.
The success of group therapy is illustrated through countless impactful stories. Years after their treatment, women express gratitude for life-changing experiences. Some become volunteer peer therapy facilitators, leveraging their experiences to help others. The collaborative nature of group therapy empowers women to overcome seemingly insurmountable barriers, leading to transformative outcomes such as starting businesses and turning their lives around.
Organizations like StrongMinds contribute to breaking the cycle of poverty perpetuated by untreated depression. The initiative creates a transformative domino effect that reaches families, communities and societies by changing individual lives. As Mujune emphasizes, “mental health is foundational to overall health and is a fundamental human right.” Mental health may display itself differently among communities; nevertheless, StrongMinds’ mental health initiatives have proven that finding solutions is possible, and its effects ripple into the community. The organization’s commitment to this principle promises even more significant positive change. The trajectory of StrongMinds invites anticipation and excitement as it continues to lead the way in mental health treatments, undoubtedly leaving a mark and inspiring other organizations on the global landscape.
– Bella Oliver-Steinberg
Photo: Flickr
Community Tourism Helping Alleviate Poverty
Community-Based Tourism
Community-based companies are promoted to encourage inclusive tourism. Rather than confining tourists to conventional and mainstream tourist hubs, the attention is directed towards developing connections between tourists and indigenous communities. Moreover, community-based tourism provides indigenous communities with opportunities to generate income directly from tourist-based activities. An example of this is the Manu Wildlife Peru company, founded in 2008 by Fidel. Both Fidel and staff alike are local to Manu.
To Fidel and his team, inclusive tourism is more than attracting tourists. It is a commitment to wildlife and jungle conservation in the Manu National Park. There is an emphasis on providing indigenous communities with opportunities to work in the tourism industry and raising awareness about conservation efforts. In a region where limited alternatives often force indigenous individuals into low-paying jobs, Fidel’s focus is on empowering young people through education and employment. He told The Borgen Project, “Our focus is young people who come from the jungle, teaching them about jungle conservation through tourism.”
According to Fidel, money made from jungle expeditions is used to contribute to the preservation of the wildlife and the indigenous communities who live there. He said, “We frequently visit schools asking who would be interested in working as a tour guide. We also help parents afford school materials wherever we can.”
Peru’s inclusive tourism goes beyond cultural exchange; it serves as a catalyst for economic empowerment. By creating opportunities for indigenous communities to engage with tourism, the nation is fostering a more equitable distribution of the economic benefits from tourism. Whether through local tour operations, artisanal markets or eco-friendly accommodations, indigenous communities are becoming active contributors to the tourism sector.
Fidel’s company stands as a beacon of hope in the realm of inclusive tourism. By intertwining tourism with conservation, education and economic development, Fidel and his team demonstrate a holistic approach that benefits both visitors and the local population. As Peru continues to navigate the delicate balance between tourism and cultural preservation, success stories like Fidel’s provide a roadmap for a sustainable and empowering future for indigenous communities in the country.
The Role of Tourism in Indigenous Economic Development
Engaging in community-based travel often empowers communities to diversify their sources of income. Instead of relying solely on traditional livelihoods, communities can develop and offer diverse activities, reducing economic vulnerability. Furthermore, the economic benefits of inclusive tourism are profound and extend beyond traditional tourism models, particularly when it comes to empowering indigenous communities.
This is achieved through the V Social Foundation, which “provides training and workshops” not only to educate locals but also to facilitate “connections with other organizations,” creating a larger network for community-based tourism. The V Social Foundation has operated as a nonprofit for more than two decades. The foundation’s commitment involves endorsing inclusive tourism projects that yield tangible benefits for both the local community and travelers. The sustainability of the foundation’s initiatives is ensured by an understanding of local development needs and the essential elements to foster meaningful connections through travel.
The surge in tourist numbers empowers indigenous communities by creating markets for local products, resulting in increased income for these communities. Additionally, inclusive tourism strives to reduce the economic dependency of indigenous communities on unsustainable practices. By actively involving residents in tourism-related activities, these communities can achieve a level of financial independence.
Conclusion
The emergence of more community-based organizations in Peru contributes to a more sustainable, inclusive and culturally rich travel experience for tourists, simultaneously empowering indigenous communities economically. Through the preservation of their culture and natural heritage, these initiatives pave the way for a more responsible and mutually beneficial tourism industry.
– Mia Deniz Duru
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
USAID programs in Rwanda
Poverty in Rwanda
Since the turn of the century, poverty has been declining promisingly in Rwanda, especially when looking at Rwanda’s domestic poverty line. The country experienced an 18.5% decrease in the number of people living in poverty between 2005 and 2016. Median consumption and inequity also all moved favorably in all regions, with increased possession of household assets such as mobile phones, irrigation and electricity all of which facilitate the further ascension from poverty.
However, between 2022 and 2024, the World Bank forecasted only a 2 percentage point drop in those living in poverty, due to the decreasing magnitude of the effect between GDP per capita increase and poverty decrease.
The population is vulnerable to malaria, with an incidence of 76 out of every 1,000 at risk in 2022. Malaria epidemics tend to strain a country’s resources, hindering poverty alleviation.
Also, Rwanda’s public sector has been running consistent fiscal deficits with an increase in public debt over the last few years, this has led to a very high debt-to-GDP ratio (56.7% in 2019), making poverty alleviation spending for Rwanda more risky and sparing.
Household Economic Security and Innovation
USAID has issued the largest development investment grant for a decade, through its Development Innovation Ventures program, in a continued effort to assist in the alleviation of extreme poverty, through USAID programs in Rwanda. The nonprofit organization Village Enterprise, which seeks to scale its operations in poverty alleviation in Rwanda, will utilize this $6.5 million grant, and will implement it via its programs on the ground, targeting people at the individual level and also state level. This is an extremely useful source of funding for the organization to roll out its “Poverty Graduation” model. This will allow individual households to innovate and be entrepreneurial, helping themselves out of poverty.
For more than 30,000 impoverished households, Village Enterprise is now ready to provide training and skills within the realm of business and finance, through a year-long mentored program. This, in the hope of encouraging entrepreneurship, will allow households set up a diverse range of businesses, including retail sales of clothing and also more technical services such as bike repairs. Government staff and parasocial workers will mentor the individuals and this flourishes from another avenue of the utility of this grant.
Village Enterprise will train government personnel to be capable mentors who teach household entrepreneurs how to be successful, as well as monitor the capability and efficacy of government programs. Over time, this could enable Rwanda to self-sustain its development and achieve its goal to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030, as part of its NSSG.
Health Care Support
In terms of health initiatives, USAID programs in Rwanda work with local governments within the country, to improve the function of their health services. This means that they can more adequately access finance and manage their agencies, whilst USAID facilitates the supply of drugs to treat illnesses and also aids in the monitoring of potential future diseases. More specifically, the USAID program in malaria reduction has led to the provision of mosquito nets, and insecticide spray has led to a decrease in malaria incidence by as much as 70% in some rural villages.
More recently, in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, community health workers were able to transfer their knowledge in identifying and isolating malaria cases in Rwanda, through more sophisticated monitoring and tracking practices. Materially Rwanda has received 32% of its total vaccine supply from the U.S. Disease and mortality relief plays a large role in poverty reduction, as greater access to health care allows for greater economic participation, stops a loss of talented human capital due to death, and facilitates a decline in birth rates, stopping overpopulation and overstrain on state resources.
Educational Initiatives
USAID programs are present in every public school in Rwanda. The organization launched its new LEARN project in 2020. This built upon the previous USAID programs in Rwanda, furthering educational objectives by increasing focus on alleviating the gender disparities women face in education and creating a program that includes vulnerable and disabled people so that the program is as effective for them as for others. Rwanda has experienced great success in education with 2,742,551 children in primary school in 2022, the highest in sub-Saharan Africa.
The core of the mission is to be able to “improve the literacy outcomes for all Rwandan children by the end of Grade 3,” according to USAID. The LEARN project is working to alleviate poverty amongst women and girls by changing some of the cultural and social stigmas associated with women and education, for example, by creating inclusive teaching environments, to mitigate the issue of teacher behaviour negatively influencing female participation, and facilitating the uptake of more teaching roles by women through mentoring programs.
USAID programs continue to be successful, with non-readers in Rwanda standing at 20% in 2022, a 27% drop from 2018. This is especially positive when viewed in the context of post-COVID-19 activity, which yielded a worldwide reading loss.
The Future
Future grants will support proven solutions to reduce poverty and promote self-reliance. The World Bank recognizes the importance of encouraging domestic savings in Rwanda’s development. This includes creating business opportunities and learning how to manage them. Alongside aid, there appears to be a need for infrastructural improvements and a strong welfare system for health, education and social services. These measures can potentially foster a culture of savings and investment, reducing poverty in Rwanda in the long term.
– Tevin Muendo
Photo: Flickr
Period Poverty in Samoa
How Period Poverty Affects Women
There are health challenges that can arise when women are not getting the proper sanitation or products when menstruating. If there is a lack of sanitation, women may wear products for too long, which can lead to infections such as toxic shock syndrome. Toxic shock syndrome occurs when a tampon is left in for too long; it can progress rapidly, which can lead to shock, renal failure and death. Lack of menstrual products or sanitation can also lead to irritation.
Period poverty in Samoa can affect the mental health of girls and women, as many of them feel shameful when menstruating. Women may begin to isolate themselves by sleeping or living separately. Women may also begin to ask for a leave of absence to hide a period. Over time, this can lead to depression and anxiety.
Period Poverty in Samoa
Period poverty in Samoa causes many girls living in remote areas to not attend school while menstruating. This is because they do not have the proper products needed during a period. Period products can be expensive to purchase, so some women may resort to using other things or nothing at all. When girls skip school, they miss out on opportunities to learn, which impacts their ability to rise out of poverty, considering that education is a proven pathway out of poverty.
Samoa, along with the other Pacific Islands, has the lowest rate in the world for basic drinking water and sanitation services. According to the U.N. water report, in 2020, only 55% of people had access to drinking water and only 30% had sanitation services. This can make it extremely difficult for girls and women who are menstruating. Due to a lack of clean water, girls and women are unable to maintain proper hygiene while menstruating.
Making a Difference
Angelica Salele is a Samoan entrepreneur who is striving to fight period poverty in Samoa. On May 28, 2018, she launched MANA Care Products, a startup that produces reusable sanitary pads locally in Samoa and provides impoverished or low-income Samoan girls and women access to more affordable and sustainable menstrual products. The business is normalizing menstruation and addressing menstrual stigma through open discussions in Samoa. It is also part of the Pacific Menstrual Health Network, which strives to help Pacific women and girls understand their menstrual health rights throughout their lives.
There are limited solutions to fight period poverty in Samoa. Salele believes that MANA Care Products will be the solution that Samoan women need. Reusable sanitary pads are designed to help women continue to work and attend school while menstruating, live a normal life and have an affordable option.
There is also work underway to help restore the water system in Samoa. An article published in March 2023 on the U.N. Sustainable Development Group website highlights that the U.N. worked with partners and communities in Samoa to create the Vai O Le Ola (Water of Life) Report in preparation for the March 2023 U.N. Water Conference in New York. The report “draws on insights from these consultations to set out a response to the Triple Planetary Crisis and propose integrated approaches of restoring the quality and resilience of Samoa’s water system,” the website says. The National Human Rights Institution in Samoa is also discussing legislating the right to “a clean, safe and sustainable environment.”
A Promising Future
Although period poverty in Samoa is still a significant concern, local entrepreneurs are taking action to ensure the health and well-being of impoverished girls and women in Samoa through creative, affordable and sustainable innovations.
– Abby Trussell
Photo: Flickr
Harvard and Roche Discover Antibiotic for Drug-Resistant Disease
Northern Africa
North Africa has the lowest rates of poverty across Africa, achieving, in 2019, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of 3% in poverty. Post-COVID, during the years 2021-2023, the region has maintained a steady GDP growth at close to 4.0%, 4.5% and 4.2% respectively. However, these figures mask the continued struggle against poverty that North Africa endures.
Of the seven North African countries, Sudan has the highest poverty rates with an estimated 35% living in conditions of extreme poverty. That figure is projected to rise as we head towards 2025, and more than half of the 42 million people living in Sudan are in need of humanitarian assistance.
Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco account for close to half of North Africa’s population but only 25% of the region’s GDP. In addition, dwindling economies and lack of job opportunities continue to remain areas of concern. The prospect of extreme poverty threatens to rear its head, going by current data.
Health Care in North Africa
The geography of North Africa significantly influences its health care infrastructure, or lack thereof. Being the least connected to other regions of the continent makes it difficult for North Africa to collaborate and benefit from any progressive medical approaches that have served other regions well.
Of the North African countries, Egypt possesses an advanced ability to manufacture vaccines and other pharmaceuticals. The $450 million World Bank investment into providing ambitious health reforms and services for all in Morocco is a significant step toward enhancing health care initiatives in the North African region.
The Pitfalls of Health Care in North Africa
Despite concerted efforts, what persists throughout hospitals in North Africa is suboptimal antibiotic stewardship and sparse surveillance data. These factors make critical priority WHO diseases such as Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) become a major concern.
CRAB diseases are up to 90% resistant to treatment in North Africa. Besides manifesting as pneumonia and killing hundreds of thousands across Africa each year, CRAB diseases mainly attack the respiratory system, and respiratory infections constitute close to 10% of all deaths in North Africa.
Zosurabalpin and Its Potential
The novel antibiotic, Zosurabalpin, offers some hope against these worrying numbers. Founded by Swiss pharma company, Roche, this new antibiotic hopes to shift medical discourse globally and have an immense impact in North Africa.
In early trials it has shown to be an effective treatment against the very diseases that have high rates of mortality in North Africa, namely, the highly resistant strains of CRAB manifesting as pneumonia and sepsis.
Since its announcement on January 3, 2024, Zosurabalpin has gained mass support from the global scientific community, and Harvard has become involved in the testing stages too.
Zosurabalpin in 2024
Due to the lengthy period and the many stages of antibiotic testing, it is a given that the rolling out of the novel antibiotic is a multi-year goal.
However, the medical properties of Zosurabalpin cannot be ignored. Not only could the antibiotic bring with it a fresh approach to hospital protocol, but also a relief to drug-resistant disease in North Africa. Both bring hope for the future of mortality rates on the African continent to be one of steady decline.
– Joseph Wray
Photo: Flickr
The Ongoing Battle on Poverty Reduction in Sierra Leone
A Higher Minimum Wage
Historically speaking, Sierra Leone’s economy has been reliant on natural resources such as diamonds and various other materials such as iron ore and bauxite. Despite earning more than 250 million USD in revenue from the diamond industry per year, the diamond industry often fails to uplift the local communities, and on the contrary, has contributed to growing poverty rates within Sierra Leone amidst inflation. Fortunately, this has been resolved through the recent increase in the minimum wage of 33% per month as of April 2023, from 600 to 800 leones per month. This will be incredibly impactful in relieving poverty in Sierra Leone as it allows households to afford more necessities and provides better financial security in the long run.
Diversification of the Economy
Despite the diamond industry turning over more than $250 million per year, the country has taken an impressive initiative to diversify their economy by turning away from the finite mining industry. As seen through the ‘Sierra Leone Diversification Project,’ the country has executed the PRSP’s (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) framework to grow the economy by boosting investment in non-mining industries such as tourism, energy and fisheries. This is essential in lowering the rate of poverty in Sierra Leone as it provides a sense of stability in the economy, which improves the competitiveness of their exports, encouraging more investments into the country. This will in turn potentially bring more jobs and income into Sierra Leone.
Access to Healthcare
Lack of access to proper healthcare was highlighted in the PRSP as one of the pressing problems in Sierra Leone, with poor healthcare being a prominent limiting factor to poverty alleviation. Low life expectancy, high malnutrition rates and infant mortality contributes to a struggling economy, unable to yield a higher economic production. Encouragingly, the Sierra Leone government has launched the ‘Free Health Care Initiative’ (FHCI) as of 2010, offering free mother and child healthcare support across the country, as part of their plan to lower infant mortality rates. Furthermore, the FHCI decreases the number of children suffering from stunted growth, which could possibly affect their progression to higher education. As a result, the gradual improvement of the public healthcare system provides a stronger possibility of a more productive labor force, encouraging economic growth in the long run, which will alleviate poverty in Sierra Leone.
Conclusion
While there has been encouraging improvements within Sierra Leone in their efforts to alleviate poverty, the west African nation is still struggling economically amidst a period of unfavorable exchange rates and growing inflation. Furthermore, the country has been unable to introduce more job opportunities by attracting more foreign direct investments. The lack of better job opportunities limits upward progression away from poverty, limiting many to lower paying jobs. This could be credited to the government’s poor reputation as being corrupt as well as the region’s historic political instability.
– Matthew Fung
Photo: Wikimedia Commons