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HIV/AIDS in CubaAccording to UNAIDS, in 2022, 42,000 people lived with HIV/AIDS in Cuba. Although the disease has claimed many lives since its discovery and initial cases, the threat has reduced significantly through Cuba’s handling of the pandemic. “Cuba’s national AIDS program is the most successful in the world based solely on statistics,” according to a research article by Sarah Z Hoffman published in 2004.

The First Cases

Cuba noted its first case of HIV/AIDS in 1985 — a heterosexual male returning from travel abroad. The country’s leading infectious disease specialist, Dr. Jorge Perez, spearheaded a drastic approach to contain the spread by destroying all foreign-sourced blood products while also commissioning a National AIDS foundation before the first reported death of AIDS in 1986. Cuba’s strategy continued to differ drastically from many countries, with many of its protection regulations already being sanctioned and declared lawful through existing health regulations. Decree-Law 54 for example, stated for the prevention of such diseases, individuals suspected of suffering from a communicable disease would be subject to immediate isolation and quarantine from the public and potentially infected individuals would need to suspend or limit their daily activities.

The Strategy

While many view Cuba’s approach to the pandemic as barbaric or controversial, Cuba’s stratagem has been the most effective in the world based on statistics. The United States caseload of HIV/AIDS infected persons was 10 times higher than Cuba, which had reported 1,177 back in 2003. In July 1983, the Ministry of Public Health in Cuba published an article stating that the Ministry itself would oversee the determination of which diseases pose a risk to the community as well as the adoption of diagnostic and preventative measures to contain the spread of the outbreak, reduce transmission and present options for mandated treatment.

From 1986 to 1994, the Cuban Government utilized these regulations to lawfully quarantine HIV-positive individuals in sanatoriums built and maintained by the Ministry. While these facilities were isolated from the general populace, the sanatoriums provided food, shelter, medication and education on the dangers of contraction and the importance of honesty, healthy behaviors and safe sex practices. The Cuban government rescinded this law in 1994 and relaxed mandated isolation protocols. However, the government required persons testing positive for HIV/AIDS to stay in a sanatorium for approximately eight weeks to receive thorough education on the disease. The government permitted people who completed their eight-week programs to leave and allocated a general care physician to help each person manage their conditions.

Today

Every year, a total of 1.4 million mothers living with HIV become pregnant. While untreated, they risk a 15-45% chance of transmitting the infection to their infant during pregnancy, labor or breastfeeding. Since 201, the WHO (World Health Organization) has partnered with Cuba and other countries in the Americas to implement a region-wide system that will virtually eliminate mother-son transmission of HIV and syphilis. This effort is achieved through rigorous HIV testing for both pregnant women and their partners. Cuba’s nationwide health care access makes this easy for mothers who may test positive to receive treatment and education to continue their daily routines without fear or transmission.

According to PAHO Director Dr. Carissa Etienne; “Cuba’s success demonstrates that universal access and universal health coverage are feasible and indeed the keys to success. Even against challenges as daunting as HIV.” In 2014, The WHO and supporting partners published an article titled “Guidance on global process and criteria for validation of elimination of Mother to Son transmission of HIV and Syphilis,” which outlined the requirements and the specificity of different indicators each country needed to meet to validate such elimination.

The Lesson

While many have critiqued Cuba’s HIV/AIDS management strategy, Cuba’s stratagem has been unlike any other implemented across the globe, with almost unprecedented results. As of today, only one sanatorium remains open. With quarantine and isolation laws no longer in place, the remaining sanatorium has become a hospital and a clinic for those who seek extensive HIV treatment by their own choice. With global health care, worldwide attention and universal access to everyone, the world can win the fight against HIV/AIDS. Everyone can be helped and everyone can be treated, regardless of financial means or societal status.

Anthony Durham
Photo: Flickr

HIV/AIDS in GreeceIt has been more than a decade since the start of Greece’s government-debt crisis in 2009. Although the Greek financial crisis received global coverage, the effect that it had on the number of people living with HIV/AIDS in Greece is less known.

Between 2010 and 2011, the rate of HIV transmission in Greece increased by 60%, with data correlating the rise in HIV infections to the country’s declining GDP, decreased health care budget and increased national poverty. While Greece has seen a strong economic recovery in recent years, it continues to struggle with the aftermath of the recession-induced HIV/AIDS outbreak, which particularly affected its most vulnerable communities. However, there have been ongoing efforts to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS in Greece, support historically marginalized communities at higher risk of infection and educate the public to reduce stigma.

The Past and Present of HIV/AIDS in Greece

Prior to the recession, Greece had one of the lowest HIV infection rates in Europe. Yet, by 2010, the recession had left nearly a quarter of the country’s population at risk of poverty, living on incomes below 60% of the national median. The country’s worsening economic conditions and growing poverty levels had devastating effects on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS.

For instance, statistics reported by the Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention show that positive HIV results among people who inject drugs (PWID) increased 34-fold in Greece between 2010 and 2012. Furthermore, research has shown that lack of housing was “the most important predictor of HIV seropositivity” among PWIDs living in Athens during this period, with homelessness more than doubling their risk of HIV infection.

According to the World Bank, the overall prevalence of HIV among the Greek population aged 15 to 49 increased from 0.1% in 2011 to 0.2% in 2012, where it remained as of 2021. With an estimated 17,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, Greece is now among the top 10 European countries with the most HIV/AIDS-infected inhabitants, according to the CIA World Factbook.

The Good News 

Fortunately, several organizations are making a positive impact by providing support and resources for people living with HIV/AIDS in Greece. One notable example is Positive Voice, the Greek “Association of people living with HIV/AIDS.” Founded in 2009, Positive Voice is funded by the Los Angeles-based AIDS Health Care Foundation (AHF). Together, AHF and Positive Voice develop targeted interventions, for both people living with HIV/AIDS and the greater population. Positive Voice works to safely monitor and treat HIV/AIDS in Greece, as well as to educate the public and reduce stigma. It especially targets vulnerable communities most at risk of infection, including men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, sex workers, refugees, Roma communities and people in prison. 

In 2022, Greek lawmakers also approved the use of pre-exposure prophylactic drugs (PrEP). PrEP is an antiretroviral medication, most often prescribed in a daily oral dose. It is highly effective at preventing HIV among individuals who are HIV-negative but at risk of infection. In fact, a 2021 modeling study showed that, if officials had detected the 2010 HIV outbreak in Athens one to two years earlier and introduced interventions like PrEP, the country would have saved between €35.2 million and  €53.2 million. Experts now widely support the use of antiretroviral drugs like PrEP as a safe, cost-effective intervention for managing HIV/AIDS in Greece.

The Future 

Greek leaders and organizations like Positive Voice have made notable progress in the fight to treat, prevent and educate the public about HIV/AIDS in Greece. For example, in 2021, Positive Voice tested Greece’s former Prime Minister George Papandreou for AIDS in central Athens in a symbolic effort to reduce stigma and misconceptions surrounding the virus. In 2022, Positive Voice also, with Gilead Sciences and the Hellenic Society for the Study & Treatment of AIDS, held free HIV testing in Monastiraki Square, promoting the slogan, “If you want to learn, you put your finger.” The same year, Positive Voice met with current Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis to discuss legislative action that the government is taking to prohibit workplace discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS in Greece.   

While Greece has already seen new HIV diagnoses drop from 601 in 2020 to 402 in 2021, there is still room for progress. With continued efforts to target PrEP interventions at those most in need, provide support for the country’s most vulnerable and at-risk and eradicate stigma, Greece could improve the lives of those living with HIV/AIDS in the present and pave the way for a brighter, HIV/AIDS-free future.   

– Ben Hofmann
Photo: Flickr

Progress Against HIV/AIDS in ThailandIn the last decade, Thailand has made significant efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS transmission and deaths, resulting in a dramatic decrease in one of the world’s most stigmatized diseases and an effective model for other countries to follow.

HIV — first identified in 1981 — is a viral infection that attacks the human immune system and spreads through bodily fluids. If left untreated, it can cause AIDS, a condition with which most people only survive a few years. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS, but there are treatments such as antiretroviral therapy that can keep the infection from progressing to AIDS.

HIV/AIDS in Thailand

The first case of HIV/AIDS in Thailand was in 1985, and the country continues to have one of the highest rates of the disease in Asia and the Pacific. An estimated 470,000 people are living with HIV/AIDS in Thailand, and 14,000 AIDS-related deaths occurred in the country in 2019.

Like in other countries, the Thai populations most at risk for HIV/AIDS are those living in poverty or otherwise on the margins of society. These circumstances can reduce access to healthcare and testing, which is made worse by the heavy stigmatization of the disease.

Progress in Thailand

However, the Thai government has made substantial progress against the virus after making it one of the country’s prioritized health initiatives. In 2006, Thailand incorporated HIV services into its universal healthcare system, and now testing and treatment are free for anyone who might need them.

Awareness campaigns have also had a large impact on the state of HIV/AIDS in Thailand. The government has partnered with civil society groups to increase public knowledge both about the disease and preventative measures. Another important aspect of these partnerships has been specific efforts to reduce the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS.

Since 2010, the rate of new infections in Thailand has dropped 65%, and AIDS-related deaths have fallen 44%. These improvements have directly resulted from the efforts to increase awareness and improve access to healthcare and testing. Of the Thai population living with HIV, 80% are on antiretroviral treatment, and 78% have suppressed viral loads preventing the infection from progressing to AIDS.

Thailand is also the first country that has nearly eliminated mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS. Now, less than 2% of children test positive for HIV after being exposed. This has significantly reduced the number of children who are infected and need antiretroviral care.

Future Goals

With all of this progress, the government is in a strong position to continue reducing the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Thailand. The country still has not met UNAIDS’ 90-90-90 targets where 90% of those HIV positive are aware of their status, 90% are on antiretroviral treatment and 90% have suppressed viral loads. However, Thailand’s efforts remain an important international model of effective policy against HIV/AIDS.

Through its focus on decreasing the number of new infections and improving access to antiretroviral treatment, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Thailand has decreased. Along with its prioritization of spreading information and awareness about the disease and its transmission, Thailand has created an effective method for tackling HIV/AIDS.

– Nicole Ronchetti
Photo: Flickr

Cricket Without Boundaries

Cricket Without Boundaries (CWB) is a U.K. based charity, founded in 2005. The organization is dedicated to raising awareness about the HIV/AIDs epidemic occurring in various impoverished communities.

CWB does this through integrating lessons about HIV and AIDs with cricket instruction. These cricket programs are designed to, “break down the barriers of discrimination, empower individuals and educate about HIV/AIDs prevention and testing.”

This charity is currently involved in five African countries: Botswana, Cameroon, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Within these countries, CWB offers cricket coaching programs as well as comprehensive sexual education.

The organization aims to go beyond the traditional approach to understanding sexual education as a method for fighting transmitting STIs. This traditional method involves abstinence, being faithful to a single partner, condom use and testing (ABC and T). CWB includes this approach in its lessons but also understands that HIV spreads despite abstinence and faithfulness.

The charity wants to provide accurate sexual education to both genders to further protect women and girls (among the most vulnerable) from HIV. By eliminating the gender gap in sexual education, CWB has a stronger impact in these communities.

By focusing on prevention and healthy sexual relationships, the organization has successfully educated thousands of adults and children. CWB trains various coaches within these countries to create a sustainable community-level program.

The charity states that it has, “coached over 65,000 children, who will be the next generation of cricketers, passing on skills and knowledge in cricket grounds, schools and communities, both about cricket and about the disease.”

By utilizing sport to build a supportive community that educates both adults and children about HIV/AIDS, Cricket Without Boundaries provides a model of disease prevention that can be applied globally.

CWB has gained traction over the years in major news sources such as BBC and CNN. In 2014, CNN conducted interviews within one of the charity’s projects in Rwanda.

Eric Hirwa, a member of Rwanda’s national cricket team, is among the individuals interviewed who train and educate hundreds of Rwandan children each week. The most recent UNAIDS data estimated 210,000 people living with HIV in the country.

This same report estimated 85,000 children to be orphaned as a result of AIDS and 3,000 deaths due to the virus. Rwanda is just one example of the vulnerable communities CWB targets.

Funding Cricket Without Boundaries and other similar organizations can significantly improve the current state of the HIV/AIDS crisis in the developing world.

Saroja Koneru

Photo: Flickr

Hydeia Broadbent
Growing up in the ’90s, it is not easy to forget those who mustered up the courage to appear on nationally syndicated talk programs, where they detailed impactful incidents while addressing how they managed to not let it interfere with their lives. Hydeia Broadbent embodied that example, and years later she is still addressing an issue: smiling in the face of AIDS.

Since her birth on June 14, 1984, Broadbent, a Las Vegas native, has been HIV positive. Abandoned by her drug-abusing biological mother and raised by adoptive parents, the young Broadbent sought medical treatment throughout her early life, traveling from state to state in a desperate attempt to find an answer to the life-threatening disease.

The time would come when Broadbent, at five-years-old, was enrolled at the Maryland-based National Institutes of Health (NIH). There, Broadbent garnered attention from famous AIDS activist Elizabeth Glaser, who branded Broadbent her hero and willingly asked Broadbent’s mother, shortly before her death, if the young AIDS sufferer could speak publicly of her experience.

Her mother agreed, and what soon followed were iconic visuals featuring Broadbent advocating for increased awareness of the misconceptions concerning HIV/AIDS.

Among those pieces included the 1992 Nickelodeon televised special featuring famed basketball player Magic Johnson. The televised event presented a group of kids whose lives had been altered by the contraction of AIDS, and also featured a weeping Broadbent who cried and yearned for the comfort of former playmates that lost their lives to AIDS.

The awareness statement soon accumulated not only news coverage, but also assorted views from several activists and entertainers, including Broadbent’s favorite singer, Janet Jackson.

Just two years following the child-targeted special, Broadbent already possessed various experiences and accolades under her belt. The young activist toured with the likes of Billy Ray Cyrus at AIDS-benefit concerts, established the Hydeia L. Broadbent Foundation and soon attained her first honorific recognition from the Black Achievers Awards, as documented in the March 1994 issue of JET Magazine.

The philanthropic win would open the door to more opportunities for Broadbent to voice the adjustments she had to make as means to survive with an AIDS infection.

From guest college lectures to documentary segments, Hydeia Broadbent earned eligibility as a guest attendant on a 1996 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show.

During her televised appearance, Broadbent disclosed the horrors of how AIDS altered her immunity and health. The tiny advocate shared that fungus was growing on her brain and that blood infections increased her chance of dying, but among the most difficult for Broadbent to fathom was the reality that AIDS-infected friends of her own had died.

Her emotional plea was not the only massive reception-generator of 1996; an esteemed hearing at a Californian Republican rally would position Broadbent for popular philanthropic stardom.

“I am the future, and I have AIDS” served as vital words that emphasized Broadbent’s command upon the political stage and would go on to captivate a nation, placing pressure on politicians to up the ante on awareness of and medical tactics towards combating the harrowing sexual disease.

With high achievements and laudable recognition channeling from coast to coast, Broadbent felt inner torment eating away at her as she struggled with the overwhelming responsibilities of being a humanitarian success, all while battling a deep depression. By the late ’90s, it became all too much for the young AIDS sufferer.

From 1998 to 2011, Broadbent kept a low profile to explore what she had left of her youthful years. But during her public absence, Broadbent’s name still managed to surface in scarce reports and rare public television appearances.

The Broadbent family’s book, “You Get Past the Tears,” published in 2002, and their 2004 feature on ABC’s “Extreme Makeover: Home Edition” were close enough to what the nation would get as far as Hydeia Broadbent’s health progress was concerned.

However, she would not be missing from the public eye for long. In May 2012, Broadbent’s name reemerged when she was tapped for commentary in a CNN article detailing her involvement with the ESPN documentary “The Announcement,” a visual featuring AIDS sufferer Magic Johnson, who had previously met Broadbent in his Nickelodeon-sponsored special decades prior.

Within the news report, Broadbent was deemed a “life changer” by Johnson for her courage in sharing her turbulent struggles of living with AIDS at such a young age.

Further media buzz skyrocketed when Broadbent was highly requested by audiences to be featured in a 2014 “Where Are They Now” special on The Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN), catching viewers up on how her personal life has progressed, specifically concerning romantic relationships and steady donative work.

Broadbent, now 31-years-old, is still vowing to remain a pivotal voice in the HIV/AIDS community to convey her message that AIDS is neither something to play around with nor something that should be viewed as an easy way of living.

Broadbent feels the burden day-in and day-out of taking a handful of medications each day to prevent potential AIDS-induced infections, citing the responsibility as a “life sentence” rather than a “death sentence,” especially when dealing with financial hardships relating to medical insurance.

Nevertheless, the series of frustrations stemming from medical visits has not interrupted her diligent work ethic as a key speaker for AIDS awareness programs.

As recently as February 2015, Broadbent has added another endorsement to her extensive list of accolades: she was chosen as a partner for “Ampro Pro Style” beauty line to raise awareness of the National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day. This was part of a campaign to increase efforts to educate black communities on the basics of how to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

Yet it is not only endorsements that Broadbent continues to accumulate on her shelf of awards. Known for the lectures and speeches she gives yearly in college and academic settings, in early June 2015, she secured a keynote speaker role at Louisiana-based Southern University’s annual O.M.G. Youth Conference, to elaborate on the AIDS crisis with young women in a “girl talk-style outlet.”

With further academic orations and pending documentary plans still going strong, Broadbent works effortlessly to remind the unaware of the dangers that await them if protection is not fully recognized when engaging in sexual activity.

Broadbent, whose hometown of Las Vegas has commemorated a holiday in her honor, believes that with time and the right medical innovations, HIV/AIDS will eventually be fully eradicated. She concedes, however, that it is going to take time and full knowledge from the public to understand that this is not a disease to joke around with.

As the optimistic Broadbent proclaimed to CNN reporting staff: “[The current generation] thinks [they] can pop a pill and be OK, [but] they don’t know the seriousness of the disease, [let alone medicated] side effects and financial realities of the situation. They really don’t know that you can die.”

– Jefferson Varner IV

Sources: CNN, People, Las Vegas Sun, The Advocate, Huffington Post, PR Newswire, POZ
Photo: Wikimedia Commons

fighting-hiv-aids-honduras-arts-opt
The Garifuna people of Honduras have an HIV infection rate of 4.5 percent – higher than any nation in the Western hemisphere, and five times higher than Honduras as a whole. Those affected by the virus are finding new and creative ways to fight HIV/AIDS in Honduras.

According to an NPR report funded by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, the Garifuna are using traditional music and theater to raise awareness of HIV, and to combat stigmas surrounding the disease. Musician and singers perform traditional celebratory Garifuna songs to draw listeners, and then enact a play in which actors put HIV on trial.

Many Hondurans who are HIV-positive are reluctant to seek help, even though HIV clinics provide medical care and antiretroviral medication to patients at almost no cost. They deny having the problem because they fear judgment or ostracization, and for good reason. Lack of education has been a major contributor to high infection rates. Women infected with the virus report being rejected by family and unable to find work.

Widespread poverty and migration also contribute to new infections. In some areas it is socially acceptable to have multiple sexual partners. Testing facilities are not widely used, and communication between sexual partners is nonexistent in some cases.

Participants in the Garifuna theater group believe that theater, music, and other community activities are more engaging than books or pamphlets around such complex social and medical issues. Fighting HIV/AIDS in Honduras, especially among rural populations, is a challenge. But the creative approach is working well so far.

USAID and the Honduran government are funding theater groups like the Garifuna’s. A USAID official reported a decline in the rate of HIV infection among program beneficiaries: the 30 members of the theater group are living safer lives, and encouraging others to do so. The problem of HIV/AIDS in Honduras is not yet resolved, but community engagement through the arts is a step in the right direction.

– Kat Henrichs

Source: NPR